Academics

, 16–17

tourism research on emotion

, 47

Action simulation

, 67

Active participation

, 198–199

Adoption of cognitive paradigm

, 317–318

Advertising effectiveness

, 292

Aesthetics

, 186

Affective neuroscience, toolbox of

, 277–280

Affordances

, 186

studies

, 65

in tourism

, 71

Agency

, 91–92

Alpha oscillations

, 285–286

Amodal information processing

, 62

Amygdala

, 118

hijack

, 118

Anger

, 165, 168–169, 171

Antecedent-focused regulation

, 167

Appraisal(s)

, 40, 92

agency

, 91–92

of certainty

, 92

certainty

, 92

definitions

, 90

dimensions

, 88–90

emotional intensity

, 92–93

goal congruence

, 90–91

novelty

, 92

process

, 53, 55, 167–168

satisfaction

, 93–95

theories of emotion

, 88, 92, 94–95

theorists

, 190

tourism applications

, 95

Arousal

, 35, 116, 293, 298–299

Atmospherics concept

, 185

Attention

, 4, 14, 26–27, 119, 187–188, 201–203, 227–229, 238, 261, 292, 300, 322

effect on

, 120–121

mechanism

, 262

stories and

, 249–250

Attentional response to novel stimuli

, 119–120

Attitudes

, 110

schema and

, 146–147

Attribute–attribute relationship networks

, 148

Attributes

, 148–149

Augmented reality

, 194–195, 205

Authenticity

, 53

Autobiographical memory

, 29, 130–131, 138–139

in tourism

, 138–140

Autonomic nervous system

, 193, 293

Awareness

, 229

dimensions of

, 230–231

Awe

, 214–216

awe-inspiring encounters

, 223–224

Behaviour

, 8, 12

Behavioural learning concepts

, 99–100

Behavioural psychologists

, 24

Behaviourism

, 22

Blood oxygenation level-dependent response (BOLD response)

, 279

Bottom-up attention

, 119–120

Bottom-up attentional processing

, 261

Bottom-up processing

, 62–63

Bottom-up theory

, 105–106

Brand attribute network

, 148

Buddhism, mindfulness in

, 229–230

Buddhist meditation

, 230

Cautionary tale

application of cognitive psychology

, 306–312

criticisms of particular cognitive theories

, 309–311

debates in cognitive psychology

, 311–312

Central gaze cascade effect

, 203–204

Certainty

, 92

Classification schemes

, 87

Clinical psychology, mindfulness in

, 230–232

Co-creation

, 186–187, 198, 201, 203–204, 322–323

disambiguation of

, 199–207

of experiences in cognitive psychology

, 200–204

Cognate phenomena

, 32

Cognition

, 11, 182, 230, 311

Cognitive appraisal process

, 123, 167

Cognitive appraisal theory (CAT)

, 12, 27–28, 40, 52, 79, 86, 88, 95–96, 100–101, 163–164, 171–172, 191, 213–214, 307, 310

of emotions

, 47–48, 121–122

Cognitive emotion elicitation process

, 86

Cognitive engagement

, 254–255

Cognitive functions

, 254

Cognitive linguistics

, 145

Cognitive load theory

, 312

Cognitive models

, 12

Cognitive narratology

, 241–242

Cognitive neuroscience, toolbox of

, 277–280

Cognitive paradigm

, 20, 319

examples of development of

, 16

Cognitive processes

, 238

Cognitive psychological measurement techniques

, 9

Cognitive psychological models

, 12, 183

Cognitive psychological perspective

, 275–276

Cognitive psychologists

, 24, 102–103

Cognitive psychology

, 5, 11, 23, 29, 80–81, 86, 101–102, 133, 144, 182–185, 194, 254, 274, 305–306, 316, 318, 321, 323

application of

, 306–312

on aspects of memory in tourism

, 137–141

attention

, 187–188

co-creation of experiences in

, 200–204

cognitive psychology-consistent disambiguation

, 55

conscious episodes and tourism experiences

, 80–82

of consciousness

, 75–82

consciousness and tourism research

, 78–80

current debates in

, 311–312

eye-tracking and

, 260–269

forgetfulness in tourism

, 137–138

improvements using cognitive psychology theory

, 39–40

key concepts in

, 187–188

models of consciousness

, 75–77

and neuroscience

, 243–244

perspective

, 51

prospection and retrospection

, 82

reconstructive memory

, 137

research

, 148

schema and schema change

, 140–141

semantic and autobiographical memory in tourism

, 138–140

sensory memory in tourism

, 137

themes in

, 244–250

unconscious mental activity and decisionmaking

, 77–78

Cognitive reappraisal

, 169

Cognitive science

, 13, 23

assumptions

, 11–13

cognition

, 11

concepts

, 9–10, 14

folk psychology

, 13

goals in

, 101

interacting mental control processes

, 12

scope

, 13–14

Cognitive technologies and experience co-creation

, 204–206

Cognitive theories

, 99–100

criticisms

, 309–311

Cognitive wave

, 4, 8, 11, 30

attention

, 26–27

consciousness

, 24–25

coping

, 28

emotion

, 27

emotion appraisal

, 27–28

emotions and feelings

, 28–29

key concepts

, 24–29

memory

, 29

paradigm

, 5

perception

, 26

sensation

, 25–26

tourism psychological theories

, 22–23

Cognitivism

, 22

Collective memory

, 128

Commonalities, schema based on

, 148

Concept map

, 149

Congruity

, 146

theory

, 61–62

Conscious awareness

, 25

Conscious episodes

, 80–82

Consciousness

, 5, 18–19, 24–25, 181–182, 184, 188

cognitive psychology of

, 75–82

definitional ambiguity

, 74–75

effect on

, 120–121

models

, 75–77

and tourism research

, 78–80

Construal level theory

, 106

Constructivist emotion theories

, 87–88

Constructivist theories

, 87–88

Consumer behaviour research, model in

, 34–35

Consumers

, 73

Coping

, 28, 167–168

in COVID-19 context

, 174–175

strategies

, 163–164

Coronavirus (COVID-19)

, 174

illustration of coping in

, 174–175

Criticisms

and developments of original model

, 37–38

of particular cognitive theories

, 309–311

Cue-dependent forgetting

, 133

Cultural tourism context

, 288

Cutting-edge technologies

, 194–195

Data collection techniques

, 310–311

Decision-making process

, 16, 18, 77–78

Declarative memory

, 130

Definitional ambiguity

, 74–75

Descriptive decision theories

, 101

Destination image formation

, 148–149

Digital sensory marketing

, 70

Disambiguation

, 8, 17–18, 45–46, 318

of co-creation

, 199–207

cognitive appraisal theory

, 54

of emotion-related concepts

, 48–49

examples of

, 53

of feelings

, 49–50

of novelty

, 50–51

process

, 199

surprise

, 52

unexpectedness

, 52–53

usage of term ‘emotion’

, 47–53

Diversity Council of Australia, The

, 225

Doctoral candidates

, 4

Dreams

, 80–81

Drive theory

, 106

Dual process framework

, 173

Dual process theory

, 25, 81–82, 117–119

Dual systems framework

, 75–76

Dualism

, 24

Eastern Buddhist meditative mindfulness practices

, 230

Eco-immersion

, 213

Ecphory

, 132

Electrodermal activity (see Skin conductance (SC))

Electroencephalography (EEG)

, 9, 269–270, 274–275, 280–281, 286

components

, 282–283

oscillations

, 284–285

studies in tourism

, 286–288

Embodied cognition

, 238

effects on tourist behaviour

, 67–68

Embodied perception

, 26

Embodiment

, 64

cognition theory

, 64, 67

phenomena

, 83

Emotion(al) coping

behaviours

, 28

framework for negative emotions

, 172–173

process

, 164, 174–175

strategies

, 166, 171

in tourism

, 170–172

Emotion(al)

, 4–5, 12, 14, 18–19, 27–29, 47, 53, 86, 95, 160–161, 190–191, 219–220, 275, 277, 294–295, 308, 310, 320

appraisal

, 27–28

appraisal theories of

, 88–92

classification schemes

, 87

cognitive appraisal theory of

, 121–122

disambiguation of

, 48–49

elicitation process

, 49–50, 96, 123

emotion-related ERP components

, 284

experiences

, 214

goal appraisals and

, 191–192

intelligence

, 169

labour

, 170–171

model and research on

, 36–37

processing of

, 284

psychological theories of

, 86–95

regulation

, 164, 167–168

research on emotion

, 324

stories and

, 246–248

Emotional intensity

, 93

dimensions affecting

, 92–93

Empathy

, 246–247

Encoding of memories

, 131–132

Environmental psychology

, 33–34

Episodes

, 81

Episodic events

, 144–145

Episodic memory

, 29, 130–131, 155

Episodic prospection

, 157

Errors of prospection

, 158–159

and tourist experience biases

, 160–161

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

, 142, 281–283, 287

Events

, 32

stories and

, 244–246

Evidence

, 317

Evolutionary psychology

, 115

Executive functions

, 25, 103

Expectancy theory

, 108

Expectation

, 108

congruency theory

, 94

Experiences

, 5, 121–123, 233

co-creation of experiences in cognitive psychology

, 200–204

cognitive technologies and experience co-creation

, 204–206

design

, 180–182, 193, 322–323

disambiguation of co-creation

, 199–207

episode

, 227–228

experiential learning

, 206–207

Experiential approach

, 123

Experiential episodes

, 276

Experiential learning

, 206–207

Expressive suppression

, 169

External validity of eye-tracking research

, 271–272

Eye movement

exploring psychological mechanism of

, 269–270

index

, 271

indicators

, 262–263

process

, 261

standardise research procedure of

, 272

Eye tracking

, 9, 12, 310–311

applications of eye-tracking in tourism

, 265–269

background to

, 261–263

bottom-up and top-down attentional processing

, 261

and cognitive psychology

, 260–269

exploring psychological mechanism of eye movement

, 269–270

eye movement index

, 271

focusing on visual material processing mechanisms

, 270–271

improve external validity of eye-tracking research

, 271–272

metrics and specification

, 263–264

research

, 269–270

standardise research procedure of eye movement

, 272

technology

, 142, 266

Facial feedback hypothesis

, 49

Feature integration theory

, 311–312

Feelings

, 28–29, 192–193

disambiguation of

, 49–50

‘Feelings-as information theory’

, 18, 49–50, 75

Figuration

, 243–244

Fine-grained concepts

, 8

‘First’ generation’ cognitive science

, 242

Flashbulb memory

, 132–133

Flow theory

, 181

Folk psychology

, 13, 47, 52, 116, 124

Food label design

, 268

Forgetfulness

, 132–133

in tourism

, 137–138

Foundation disciplines

, 32

Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA)

, 286

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

, 142, 279–281, 310–311

BOLD

, 279–280

Future research

, 312

Galvanic skin response

, 142, 310–311

‘Gaze’ concept

, 12–13

Global workspace model

, 24–25, 76–77, 319–320

Goal Systems Theory

, 101

Goal-directed theory

, 106

Goal-oriented action

, 102–103

Goal–oriented behaviours

, 102–103

Goals

, 40, 90–91, 102

appraisals and emotions

, 191–192

in cognitive science

, 101

congruence

, 90–91

congruity

, 38

disambiguating goal definitions

, 102

early cognitive theories

, 99–100

early theories

, 99

effortful goals and executive control

, 102–103

later cognitive theories

, 100–101

motivation and

, 5

neuroscience

, 104–105

particular motivation for trip

, 106–110

pursuit

, 103–104

realization

, 93

relevance

, 92–93

theories and concepts

, 98–110

tourism applications

, 105–106

Grounded cognition

, 65

Halo effect

, 80

Haptic prospection

, 157–158

Hearing

, 61

Heart rate variability (HRV)

, 278–279

Heat map

, 262–263, 271

Hedonism

, 136

Higher-order theories of consciousness

, 77

Hospitality

, 32

Human autobiographical memory

, 138–139

Human memory

, 127–128

Human neuroscience

, 277

Humanistic theories of motivation

, 99

Image schema

, 148–149

Imagination

, 238

Immersion

, 212–213

Immersive tourism experience

, 212–221

awe

, 214–216

case study

, 217–221

cognitive appraisal theory

, 213–214

recommendations

, 223–226

scuba diving

, 217–219

whale-related tourism

, 219–221

Implicit association test

, 63, 82

Implicit attitude test

, 63

Incentive theory

, 99–100

Information processing model

, 24

Intelligence systems

, 205

Intensive emotions

, 132

Internet of Things, The

, 205

Interpersonal strategies

, 172–173

Introspectionism

, 15

Involvement

, 109, 198–199

KLM (aviation company)

, 15

Kolb’s experiential learning theory

, 207

Labelling

, 74–75

Landscapes

, 68

Learning cycle

, 206

Limitations

, 310–311

Long-term memory

, 29, 121, 129

structure

, 130

Measurement methods of memorable tourism experiences

, 135–137

Mechanoreceptors

, 61

‘Meditative mindfulness’ concept

, 228, 233

Memorable tourism experiences (MTEs)

, 80–81, 135, 142

Memory

, 4–5, 14, 29, 89, 120–121, 127–128, 135, 189–190, 238

cognitive psychology on aspects of memory in tourism

, 137–141

concepts

, 128–141

encoding and retrieval of memories

, 131–132

episodic, autobiographical and semantic memories

, 130–131

flashbulb and forgetfulness

, 132–133

measurement methods of memorable tourism experiences

, 135–137

sensory and related memories

, 129–130

stories and

, 248–249

structure

, 133–134

tourism and

, 135

Mental activity

, 26

Mental biases and misattributions

, 77

Mental control processes

, 12

Mental imagery

, 138, 154, 156

experiences based on

, 188–189

Mental process

, 164, 181–182

of information

, 14

prospection from

, 154–161

Mental time travel

, 154–155

Menu label design

, 268

Mere exposure effect

, 63

Mind body connections

, 64–66

Mind–body problem

, 321–322

Mindfulness

, 229–235

in Buddhism

, 229–230

in clinical psychology

, 230–232

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

, 231–232

mindfulness-based interventions

, 231

mindfulness-based psychotherapy treatments

, 231

mindfulness-based stress reduction

, 231

in tourism

, 232–235

Mnemonic techniques

, 131

Monism

, 24

Motivation

, 105, 322

disambiguating goal definitions

, 102

early cognitive theories

, 99–100

early theories

, 99

effortful goals and executive control

, 102–103

goal pursuit

, 103–104

goals in cognitive science

, 101

later cognitive theories

, 100–101

neuroscience

, 104–105

particular goals for trip

, 106–110

theories and concepts

, 98–110

tourism applications

, 105–106

Motivational relevance (see Goal—relevance)

Multimodal perception

, 62

Narrative

disambiguating

, 238–240

psychology

, 241

transportation

, 185–186

Nature

, 211–213

Need for accommodation

, 215–216

Negative emotion coping strategies

cognitive appraisal and coping

, 165

coping, appraisal process and emotion regulation

, 167–168

in different disciplines

, 168–170

emotion coping framework for negative emotions

, 172–173

emotion regulation in cognitive appraisal and coping process

, 168

emotional coping in tourism

, 170–172

illustration of coping in COVID-19 context

, 174–175

and several debates

, 166–167

‘Neural coupling’ process

, 247

Neuroimaging

studies

, 154–155

technology

, 274–275

Neuroscience (see also Cognitive science)

, 104–105, 242, 252

cognitive psychology and

, 243–244

EEG studies in tourism

, 286–288

EEG vs. fMRI

, 280–281

research methods for tourism

, 275, 281, 286, 288

techniques

, 142

themes in

, 244–250

toolbox of cognitive and affective neuroscience

, 277–280

Nonconscious neuronal activities process

, 25

Nondeclarative memory

, 130

Novelty

, 5, 51, 92, 136

attentional response to novel stimuli

, 119–120

cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

, 121–122

definitions and difference

, 116–117

disambiguation of

, 50–51

dual-process approach

, 118–119

effect on attention and consciousness

, 120–121

problems associated with research in tourism

, 124–125

processing

, 117–125

tourism applications

, 122–124

Olfaction

, 61

Olfactory prospection

, 157–158

Olfactory sensations

, 68–69

Ordinary experiences

, 276–277

Perception

, 14, 26, 60, 62, 64, 71, 311

of time

, 69–70

in tourism

, 66–70

Personal psychology

, 122

Personality analogies

, 69

Pleasure

, 35

Prediction

, 155

Predictive brain

, 77

Primary appraisal

, 165, 175

Priming

, 80

Problem-focused coping behaviours

, 28

Product-country incongruence

, 150

Pro–environmental attitudes

, 212, 222–223

Prospect realization

, 93

Prospection

, 82, 154–155

errors of

, 158–159

errors of prospection and tourist experience biases

, 160–161

forms of

, 156–158

from mental processing perspective

, 154–161

prospection-related concepts

, 156–157

in tourism

, 159–160

Psychodynamism

, 22

Psychological mechanism of eye movement

, 269–270

Psychological paradigms

, 15, 22, 319

Psychological process

, 62

Psychological theories of emotions

, 86–95

Psychology

, 32, 241, 274

paradigms

, 22–23

Psychophysiological measurements techniques

, 12

Push–pull approach

, 107

Rational decisionmaking

, 79

Rational goal-directed decision-making models

, 18–19

Rationality concept

, 18–19, 79, 184–185

Reappraisal

, 173

Recognition of novel event

, 116

Recollection

, 132

Reconstruction process of tourist memories

, 160–161

Reconstructive memory

, 137

Reconstructive process

, 189

Reductionism

, 24

Regenerative tourism

, 212

Regulation strategies

, 169

Research inconsistency

, 125

Retrieval

failure

, 133

of memories

, 131–132

Retrospection

, 82, 155

Robotics

, 205

Rosy view

, 80

Royal Australian Navy warship

, 217–218

Satisfaction

, 93–95

Schema

, 120, 133, 143–144, 150, 189–190, 215

applications

, 147–150

and attitudes

, 146–147

based on commonalities

, 148

change

, 316

concept

, 144

congruity theory

, 146, 149–150

definitions of

, 147

features and functions of schemata

, 144–145

image

, 148–149

and schema change

, 140–141

storytelling

, 149

theory

, 120

types of schemata

, 145–146

Schemata

, 147

features and functions of

, 144–145

types of

, 145–146

Scoring process

, 295

Script theory

, 140–141, 248–249

Scuba diving

, 217–219

‘Second generation’ cognitive science

, 242

Secondary appraisal

, 165, 175

Self-congruity

, 151

Self-efficacy

, 99–100

Self-report measure

, 294

Self–determination theory

, 100, 181

Semantic memory

, 29, 130–131, 161

in tourism

, 138–140

Seminal work

, 181

Sensation

, 4, 14, 25–26, 60, 62, 71

amodal information processing

, 62

mere exposure effect

, 63

metaphors

, 65

mind body connections

, 64–66

perception

, 62–64

perception of time

, 69–70

presence

, 66

sensation and perception in tourism

, 66–70

senses communicate intrinsic value

, 61–62

sensory design

, 70–71

sensory marketing and design

, 70–71

Stroop effect

, 63

taste

, 61

technological embodiment

, 68–69

top-down and bottom-up processing

, 62–63

Sensory and related memories

, 129–130

Sensory design

, 70–71

Sensory experiences

, 64–65, 67

Sensory marketing and design

, 70–71

Sensory memory in tourism

, 137

Servicecape model

, 35–36

Short-term memory

, 121, 129

Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCI)

, 296

Simulations

, 155

Sitting meditation

, 230

Situated cognition

, 64

‘Situation modification’ approach

, 175

Skin conductance (SC)

, 277, 293

measures

, 293–294

responses

, 278

Skin conductance levels (SCLs)

, 293

value for advertisement

, 298

waveform

, 298–299

Skin conductance responses (SCRs)

, 293–294

number for advertisement

, 298

Smellscapes

, 68–69

Social connectedness

, 225

Social interactions

, 225

Social sciences, assumption in

, 17–18

Soundscapes

, 69

Southern hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)

, 219

Spreading activation theory of memory

, 148

Stimulus-cognitive appraisal response model

, 40–41

Stimulus–organism response model (S-O-R model)

, 22, 33, 36, 38, 41

criticism and developments of original model

, 37–38

development of model

, 35–36

improvements using cognitive psychology theory

, 39–40

model and research on emotions

, 36–37

model in consumer behaviour research

, 34–35

stimulus-cognitive appraisal response model

, 40–41

traditional S-O-R vs. updated stimulus

, 38–39

Stories

, 185–186

and attention

, 249–250

bringing closer cognitive psychology and neuroscience

, 243–244

disambiguating

, 238–240

and emotions

, 246–248

events, and temporality

, 244–246

figuration

, 244

and importance

, 238

linking mind and world with

, 240–251

and memory

, 248–249

storytelling

, 240

themes in cognitive psychology and neuroscience

, 244–250

tourism research on stories and storytelling

, 250–251

Storytelling

, 149, 238, 240

disambiguating

, 238–240

tourism research on stories and

, 250–251

Stroop effect

, 63

Structured experience theory

, 81–82

Subjective norms

, 100

Surprise

, 52

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

, 111

Sympathetic nervous system

, 278

Synaesthesia

, 72

Systematic process

, 70–71

Taste

, 61

Tastescapes

, 69

Technological embodiment

, 68–69

Temporality, stories and

, 244–246

Theoretical ambiguity

, 125

Theory

, 32, 37

Theory of planned behaviour

, 100–101

Time

, 253

perception of

, 69–70

Tonic data

, 293–294

Top-down attentional processing

, 261

Top-down processing

, 62–63

Top-down theory

, 105–106

Touch

, 61

Touchscapes

, 69

Tourism

, 14, 17–18, 32, 135, 139–140, 149–150, 181, 260–261, 274

academy

, 4

advertisement design

, 267–268

advertising

, 292

as application area

, 19–20

applications

, 95, 105–106, 122, 124

applications of eye-tracking in

, 265–269

assumption in social sciences

, 17–18

cognitive psychology on aspects of memory in

, 137–141

consciousness, rationality and emotion

, 18–19

EEG studies in

, 286–288

emotional coping in

, 170–172

evaluation of tourism resources

, 269

examples of development of cognitive paradigm in experiences

, 16

forgetfulness in

, 137–138

literature schema

, 140–141

meditative mindfulness in tourism contexts

, 234

menu and food label design

, 268

mindfulness in

, 232–235

neuroscience research methods for

, 275–288

organisations

, 223

paradigm shift in recent tourism research

, 16

problems associated with research in

, 124–125

profile of eye-tracking research in tourism

, 265–266

prospection in

, 159–160

psychological theories

, 22–23

psychology concepts

, 14–19

psychology studies

, 23

researchers

, 4

resident emotions

, 171–172

schemata

, 148

semantic and autobiographical memory in

, 138–140

sensation and perception in

, 66–70

sensory memory in

, 137

service marketing

, 268

settings

, 234–235

stakeholders

, 260

studies

, 95

study of experiences

, 16–17

tourism service marketing

, 268

tourism/hospitality studies

, 170–171

tourism–memory nexus

, 135

website layout optimization

, 266–267

Tourism commercials, direct effects of

SC measures

, 293–300

SCL value for each advertisement

, 298

SCR number for each advertisement

, 298

study methodology

, 296–297

study results

, 297–300

Tourism experiences

, 80, 82, 319

aesthetics

, 186

affordances

, 186

co-creation

, 186–187

design

, 185–187

emotion

, 190–191

experiences based on mental imagery processing

, 188–189

feelings

, 192–193

goal appraisals and emotions

, 191–192

key concepts in cognitive psychology

, 187–188

memory and schema

, 189–190

stories

, 185–186

Tourism research

, 5–6, 8

consciousness and

, 78–80

on stories and storytelling

, 250–251

Tourist experience biases

, 160–161

Tourists

, 198

Touristscape

, 260

Traditional S-O-R

, 38–39

Traditional self-report data collection methods

, 260

Transformative change

, 224

Translation problem

, 8

Two-pronged cognitive appraisal process

, 88

Unconscious biases

, 79–80

Unconscious mental activity and decisionmaking

, 77–78

Unexpectedness

, 52–53

UNWTO

, 122

Urry’s gaze concept

, 124

Value

, 53

Vastness

, 215–216

Virtual reality (VR)

, 194–195, 271

Vision

, 61

Visual imagery process

, 24

Visual material processing mechanisms

, 270–271

Visual prospection

, 157–158

Wellbeing

, 214–216

Wellness

, 321–322

Whale-related tourism

, 219–221