Prelims

Half Title Page

Tourism Social Science Series  Volume 27

Cognitive Psychology and Tourism

Series Title Page

Tourism Social Science Series

Series Editor: Jafar Jafari

University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA

Email: jafari@uwstout.edu

Volume Authors: Noel Scott, Brent Moyle, Ana Cláudia Campos, Liubov Skavronskaya and Biqiang Liu, with contributions from other authors

The books in Tourism Social Science Series (TSSSeries) are intended to systematically and cumulatively contribute to the formation, embodiment and advancement of knowledge in the field of tourism.

The TSSSeries' multidisciplinary framework and treatment of tourism includes application of theoretical, methodological and substantive contributions from such fields as anthropology, business administration, ecology, economics, geography, history, hospitality, leisure, planning, political science, psychology, recreation, religion, sociology, transportation, etc., but it significantly favours state-of-the-art presentations, works featuring new directions and especially the cross-fertilisation of perspectives beyond each of these singular fields. While the development and production of this book series is fashioned after the successful model of Annals of Tourism Research, the TSSSeries further aspires to assure each theme a comprehensiveness possible only in book-length academic treatment. Each volume in the series is intended to deal with a particular aspect of this increasingly important subject, thus to play a definitive role in the enlarging and strengthening of the foundation of knowledge in the field of tourism, and consequently to expand the frontiers of knowledge into the new research and scholarship horizons ahead.

Published TSSSeries Titles

Title Page

Tourism Social Science Series  Volume 27

Cognitive Psychology and Tourism

Noel Scott

Edith Cowan University, Australia

Brent Moyle

Griffith University, Australia

Ana Cláudia Campos

University of Algarve, Portugal

Liubov Skavronskaya

Griffith University, Australia

And

Biqiang Liu

Griffith University, Australia

– With contributions from other authors

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Emerald Publishing, Floor 5, Northspring, 21-23 Wellington Street, Leeds LS1 4DL

First edition 2024

Copyright © 2024 Noel Scott, Brent Moyle, Ana Cláudia Campos, Liubov Skavronskaya and Biqiang Liu.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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Contact: www.copyright.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80262-580-6 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80262-579-0 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80262-581-3 (Epub)

ISSN: 1571-5043 (Series)

List of Figures and Tables

About the Contributors

Marcel Bastiaansen, PhD, is a Professor of Leisure and Tourism Experience at Tilburg University, Netherlands. He obtained an MSc in Theoretical and Experimental Psychology (1996) and a PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience (2000). In 2013, Marcel joined Breda University of Applied Sciences (BUas), refocused his research agenda on Leisure and Tourism, and co-founded and currently directs BUas' Experience Lab. In 2021, Marcel was appointed full professor in Leisure and Tourism Experience at BUas and at Tilburg University. He has published more than 100 papers in international peer-reviewed journals, obtained more than USD 1 million in research funding and delivered 30 invited lectures in 15 different countries.

Ana Cláudia Campos, PhD, is currently a Associate Lecturer at University of Algarve, Portugal and full member of the CinTurs, Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-being at the University of Algarve. Her interests in tourism research are currently focused on topics such as service marketing, tourism and destination marketing, tourism experience, cognitive psychology and tourism and creative tourism and tourism co-creation.

Lynn I-Ling Chen, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of the Department of Leisure Management at National Pingtung University in Taiwan. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Tourism Research, Wakayama University in Japan. She has been leading government projects on mindfulness in tourism for indigenous communities, lifestyle retreats and mountain resort business, after the completion of her PhD at the University of Queensland in Australia in 2015. She researches mindful encounters with people and environment from an Eastern philosophical perspective as she pursues knowing and being. She has dedicated 17 years to the public sector in Taiwan. Creative tourism design empowers her to be more reflexive.

Zhiming Deng, PhD, received her PhD degree in tourism management in The University of Queensland in Australia. Her research focuses on the technological affordances of travel live streaming in facilitating parasocial interaction and relationship. In 2022, she obtained The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme for her proposal on designing interventions in travel live streaming for promoting pro-environmental decisions for hotel products. In the same year, she supported a project as a Co-I on developing hotel environmental sustainability index. Her research interests include information technology on tourist behaviours, travel experience design, emotion coping strategies, eye-tracking and pro-environmental behaviours.

Lihua Gao (Grace), PhD, received her PhD degree in tourism from the University of Queensland (Australia) in 2013. She works now as an Associate Professor in the Department of Tourism Management, School of Social Science, Soochow University (China). She is also a researcher at the Academy of Culture and Tourism Research. Her research interests focus on tourism experiences, consumer behaviour and tourism destination management.

Hana Hadinejad (Arghavan), PhD, is a Lecturer at the University of South Australia. She has both industry and academic experience in tourism and destination marketing. Her research focus is on emotion, attitude, physiological technologies, cognitive psychology, social psychology and destination marketing. Hana's research has been published in quality journals such as Tourism Management (A*), Journal of Travel Research (A*) and Journal of Sustainable Tourism (A*). Hana won the Emerald Literati Award for the Highly Commended Paper in 2019 and 2020.

Yawei Jiang, PhD, is a Lecturer in the Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University. She received her PhD degree in tourism crisis management from the University of Queensland in 2021. She is an experienced qualitative researcher with a demonstrated history of working in the higher education industry. She is also experienced in using psycho-physiological measures in researching human behaviours (e.g. eye-tracking, skin conductance, facial expressions). Her research interests include tourism crisis and disaster management, organisational/employee resilience, dynamic capabilities, stakeholder collaboration and strategic management. She has been involved with a variety of projects working with local and regional destinations.

Shan Jiang (Jaky), PhD, is an Assistant Professor at Capital Normal University and holds a PhD in Tourism from the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research interests include tourist psychology, AR experience, destination marketing and means-end chain theory. She has published papers in various international academic journals, such as Current Issues in Tourism and Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. She wrote a book on travel motivation and cultural value, as well as numbers of book chapters in tourism design and destination marketing. She currently is an editorial board member of the Journal of Destination Marketing and Management.

Lee Kannis-Dymand, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Lee obtained a PhD (Psychology) and Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Psychology from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, and a Postgraduate Diploma in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy from the University of Oxford, England. His research interests are in awe, tourism psychology, visitor and user experience psychology, nature and well-being, gaming, psychedelics and environmental psychology.

Anna Kralj, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Tourism Sport and Hotel Management in the Griffith Business School at Griffith University. Anna's research interest is the tourism and hospitality workforce, with a particular interest in service management, organisational behaviour and human resources management. Before joining academia, Anna had an extensive career in the hotel industry at a management level. Anna's professional experience is primarily in food and beverage operations and human resource management. Anna has widely published in leading hospitality and tourism academic journals and has completed various industry-sponsored research projects.

Dung Le (Jenny), PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the College of Business and Management, VinUniversity. She has more than 10 years of teaching experiences at various universities in Vietnam, Australia and the United States. Dr Le completed her doctoral programme at Griffith University, Australia, in 2020 and has published many papers in the top-ranking tourism and hospitality journals, including International Journal of Hospitality Management, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Current Issues in Tourism and Tourism Review. Her teaching and research interests include eye-tracking technology, digital marketing, emotions, experience design, crisis management and sustainability. Also, she participated in several consulting projects for industry partners (e.g. Mantra hotel group, Intrepid Travel group, Vietnam Electricity group) and provided practical implications based on customer research.

Truc H. Le, PhD, is a Lecturer in the Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management at Griffith University, Australia. She graduated with a PhD at Griffith University and has worked as a research consultant at EarthCheck Australia specialising in risk and resilience and sustainable tourism. Her research focus includes authenticity, risks and resilience, risk perceptions, cruise tourism, food tourism, user-generated content analytics and machine learning. She has published in various top-tier international tourism and hospitality journals.

Yaoqi Li is a Professor and PhD Supervisor at the School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University. He obtained his PhD in School of Business, Sun Yat-sen University. His research interests include consumer behaviour, service marketing and tourism management. He also serves as the Head of Department of Hotel Management at Sun Yat-sen University. He has published more than 50 journal articles including Tourism Management and Annals of Tourism Research and been funded with more than nine grants or projects.

Shanshi Li, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Tourism in the School of Management, Xiamen University, China. He obtained his PhD from The University of Queensland, Australia in 2017. His research interests are in destination marketing, tourism crisis management and research methods. Dr Li's academic research work has been published in leading academic journals including Journal of Travel Research, International Journal of Hospitality Management, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Current Issues in Tourism and Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research.

Biqiang Liu is a PhD candidate at the Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, Australia. He graduated from the School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, China, as a Master in 2020. For his master’s thesis, he dealt with the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement in destination marketing by adopting eye-tracking techniques. He has published over 15 research articles in top-tier journals, including Tourism Management and Annals of Tourism Research. His current research explores the intersection between tourist experiences and tourism marketing, with an interest in virtual reality and demonstrated expertise in eye tracking.

Siqi Lu (Emily) is a PhD candidate in the Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University. She holds a master's degree in Tourism, Hotel, and Event Management at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research interest areas are accessible and inclusive tourism, employees with disabilities in the hospitality industry, technological innovations in museum visitor experiences.

Jianyu Ma, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Tourism Management in the Institute of Tourism, Shanghai Normal University, PR China. She received her PhD from the School of Tourism, University of Queensland. Her research interests include tourism experience, visitor experience design, destination marketing and management. She is working on experimental studies collecting psychophysiological data to better understand visitors' simultaneous responses of designed stimuli in tourism contexts.

Ondrej Mitas, PhD, born 1982 (Bratislava) and citizen of the United States and European Union. He researches tourists' emotions and quality of life from a positive psychological perspective. His ultimate goal is to guide the tourism industry, governments and tourists themselves to make choices that will maximise their enjoyment of life.

Brent Moyle, PhD, is a Professor of Tourism in the Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management at Griffith University, Australia and a Visiting Professor at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. His research interests include sustainable tourism, tourism experiences and regional development. He takes an interdisciplinary approach to tourism research, partnering with researchers and communities to maximise outcomes. Brent takes pride in conducting research at the interface between theory and practice, engaging extensively with industry partners to complete research with impact. His passion for sustainable regional development laid the foundation for a number of long-term collaborations with local government and parks agencies. He has co-authored over 100 academic publications and supervised 7 doctoral students to completion.

Hans Revers, BEng, MSc, is a PhD candidate at Tilburg University (Netherlands), Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology. He studies the neural basis of emotions and uses virtual reality to elicit highly emotional and immersive experiences. Hans has developed in-depth expertise in electro-encephalography (EEG) and machine learning–based classification of EEG patterns. He has published several papers and has presented his work at various scientific conferences.

Vikki Schaffer, PhD, with a keen interest in cognitive appraisal and immersive tourism experience design, Dr Vikki Schaffer's research portfolio covers diverse topics including user experience design (virtual and real), human–wildlife interactions, emotion elicitation and influences with a focus on awe, marine tourism, citizen science, inclusivity and diversity and conservation and environmental psychology, communication and stakeholder engagement.

Noel Scott, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor of Tourism Management in Edith Cowan University, Mataram University, Taylor's University and the University of Sunshine Coast, Australia. His research interests include tourism experiences, destination management and marketing. He is a frequent speaker at international academic and industry conferences. He has over 300 academic articles published including 19 books. He has supervised 23 doctoral students to the successful completion of their theses. He is on the Editorial Board of 10 journals, a member of the International Association of China Tourism Scholars and a Fellow of the Council for Australasian Tourism and Hospitality Education. Prior to starting his academic career in 2001, Dr Scott worked as a Senior Manager in a variety of businesses including Tourism and Events Queensland.

Liubov Skavronskaya, PhD, is a Lecturer at Griffith College, Australia. She enjoys working with both domestic and international students and priorities the creation of a supportive learning environment while focusing on different aspects of students' well-being. In addition to her teaching duties, Liubov is also working as a Research Assistant at the Creative Arts Research Institute at Griffith University. She enjoys being a supervisor/mentor and contributing to the success of other students, which is her current priority. Liubov conducts research in English, Mandarin and Russian languages, with a focus on visitor experience, immersive technologies, tourist emotions and China tourism.

Wim Strijbosch, PhD, is a Researcher and Lecturer at Breda University of Applied Sciences and is a senior lab member of the university's Experience Lab. Wim has obtained both his BBA in Leisure Management (2014) and his MSc in Leisure Studies (2016) at Breda University of Applied Sciences. He obtained his PhD with distinction at Tilburg University. In his dissertation, Wim has studied the temporal dynamics of emotions in tourism and leisure experiences through the use of neuro-imaging and psychophysiological methods. Wim has particular interest in the field of themed entertainment and serves as a board member for the Europe-Middle East board of the Themed Entertainment Association.

Billy Sung, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Management and Marketing, Curtin University, Australia. He specialises in digital marketing and consumer psychology. His research to date has been based on the study of emotion and the application of psychophysiological methodology in multiple disciplines including psychology, marketing, health, nursing and robotics. He also leads the Consumer Research Lab at Curtin University, which specialises in the use of biometric techniques such as eye tracking, facial expression and brainwave analyses to conduct consumer research.

Xinyan Wei is a graduate student in School of Management, Xiamen University, China. She obtained her bachelor's degree in Management from Shandong University, China in 2021, and her research interests are destination marketing. Ms Wei is studying with Dr Shanshi Li, who completed his doctorate at The University of Queensland. Ms Wei hopes to continue her doctoral studies in the area of cognitive psychology applied to tourism.

Juan Yang is a PhD candidate at the Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, Australia. Juan Yang earned her Master of International Tourism Hospitality Management and Graduate Diploma of Research Studies in Business, both from Griffith University in 2019 and 2020. Her publications are predominantly in risk perception, study destination choice and co-creation. She earned the award of the Hospitality and Society Best Paper at CAUTHE 2021 with her team. She is currently combining her interests to explore the community-based co-design impacts on meaningful tourism experiences in the early development stage destination.

Rui Zhang is the Director of Leisure and Tourism Programme (Australia-China), at the International School of Hainan Tropical Ocean University. She obtained her PhD from The Griffith University, Australia in 2019. Her research interests are in destination management, consumer behaviour in tourism and cognitive psychology in tourism. Dr Zhang's academic research work has been published in Current Issues in Tourism, Tourism Review, and Tourism Tribune. Dr Zhang completed her thesis on the structuring of beach holiday choice using schema and the difficulty of changing such schema.

Acknowledgments

This book is partly financed by National Funds provided by FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology through project UIDB/04020/2020.