Accusations

, 51–52

Achan fabric

, 167

Actor transformation

, 132–133

Afor (market days)

, 5

Africa

, 28, 41

African business practices

, 35–36, 185

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

, 22

African Development Bank (AfDB)

, 198

Agreements, negotiation patterns and factors enhancing

, 114–115

Ahia

, 168

Akwete fabric

, 166–167

making

, 168–170

Akwete weaving

benefits and challenges of Akwete weaving craft

, 170–173

history of

, 167–168

Alaba International Market

, 28, 6, 20

Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo (AE-FUNAI)

, 168–169, 238

Anecdotal evidence

, 74

Apprentice

, 15, 21, 52, 52

Apprenticeship. See also German apprenticeship model

, 15, 21, 164, 212, 243

as route to knowledge & wealth

, 63

Aruru fabric. See Akwete fabric

Arusi (deities/native shrines)

, 136

‘Associates’ model, transiting from apprentice to

, 79–80

Bargain

, 115

Biafra War. See Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)

Blacksmithing

, 166–167

Broken English

, 22

Business

enterprises

, 179

expansion considerations

, 80–81

incubation

, 128

incubators

, 166

performance

, 93–95, 97–102

pre-existing repertoire of business knowledge and skills

, 212–213

start-up

, 206–207

succession

, 82–83

Business succession planning (BSP)

, 60–61

Cash handling and management

, 78–79

Cloth weaving among Igbo people

, 166–170

Co-prosperity (Onye aghala nwanne ya)

, 93–94

Coaching process

, 78

Cognitive Apprenticeship Theory (CAT)

, 195

Compensation systems

, 81–82

Conceptual skills

, 62

Confidence-building

, 48

Conflict

, 130

containment

, 133–134

management

, 131–134

mitigation

, 133–134

settlement

, 133–134

Conflict resolution

, 133–134

theorists

, 132

Conflict theory (Karl Marx)

, 31

Conflict transformation

, 131, 133–134

mechanisms in Igbo traditional business model

, 134–138

prevention

, 135–136

process

, 136–137

purpose

, 137–138

theorists

, 132–133

theory

, 131–134

Consensus (Njiko ka)

, 93–94

Contractual agreements

, 49

Criticism of capitalism

, 31

Cross-case analysis

, 102–105

Cultural practices in sales negotiations

, 111

Igbo trader and quest for survival

, 112–113

methodology

, 113–114

negotiation from Igbo traders perspective

, 114

negotiation patterns and factors enhancing agreements

, 114–115

negotiation patterns and factors enhancing disagreements

, 115–123

Cultural values and beliefs

, 20–21

Culture

, 111–113

Customer service

, 78–79

Decision-making processes of incumbents

, 65

Deferred financial arrangement

, 153–154

Diaspora

Igbo businesses in

, 205–207

presentation of research findings

, 209–215

recommendations

, 217

research methodology and data

, 207–209

Direct-to-video production

, 192–193

Disagreements

basic concept of negotiations

, 118

concern with protocol

, 121

nature of persuasion

, 122

negotiation patterns and factors enhancing

, 115–123

orientation towards time

, 119–120

satisfactory agreement

, 122–123

significance of issues

, 118–119

speed of trust

, 120–121

Dispute

, 130–131

Diversification

, 81

Economic stability of Igbo ethnic group

, 164

Egbu-Nkwe

, 168

Eke (market days)

, 5

Ekike

, 168

Employment

, 5

Empowerment

, 133

Enterprises

, 13–15, 28

Entrepreneurial

activities

, 239

incubation

, 8, 244

skills

, 62

Entrepreneurs

, 28

Entrepreneurship

, 28, 217

by ‘NDIGBO’

, 62–64

without business continuity

, 62–63

persistent business failures

, 63–64

Espirit De Corps (Igwebuike–Unity is strength)

, 93–94

Ethnic group

, 14

Family businesses

, 4, 60

recommendations to family business continuity

, 67–68

succession planning in

, 60–61

Family councils

, 68

Family unity

, 67–68

Fashion industry

, 170–172

Federal Commission for Museums and Monuments

, 167

Federal Department of Antiquities

, 167

Film distribution

, 192

Financial

education

, 23

institutions

, 244

practice

, 145

prudence

, 154

settlement practices

, 152–153

Focus group interview (FGI)

, 207, 209

Formal apprenticeship

, 28–29

Formal mentoring systems

, 66

Gender inclusivity

, 228–229

Generation

, 73–74

German apprenticeship model. See also Igbo Apprenticeship System (IAS)

entry age and levels of education

, 226–228

gender inclusivity

, 228–229

Igba-Boi comparing with

, 225–231

trade specificity

, 229–231

Government

, 34

government-supported private-sector led apprenticeship programmes

, 35

Grooming process

, 78

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 198

Grounded theory approach

, 149

Hausa/Fulani tribe

, 4

Iconic apprenticeship system

, 69

Idu uno

, 29

Ifeadigo (wealth is available)

, 93–94

Igba Mbo

, 62–63

Igba Odibo

, 63

traditional business model

, 197

Igba-Boi (literally ‘to serve another’)

, 42, 87, 182, 222, 15

apprentice scheme

, 223–225

challenges

, 32–34

comparing with German apprenticeship model

, 225–231

enact law to regulating Igba-Boi contract

, 34

government-supported private-sector led apprenticeship programmes

, 35

Igba-Boi/Imu Ahia apprenticeship model

, 19

Igbo traditional business apprenticeship

, 18–20

and Igbos

, 30–32

indigenous model

, 28

mentorship programme for student-entrepreneurs

, 35

ontological basis of Igba-Boi apprentice scheme

, 222–223

policy suggestions

, 34–35

process

, 28–30

recommendations

, 231–232

recommendations for Africa and African business practice

, 35–36

social marketing to reviving Igba-Boi system and indigenous institutions

, 35

special school for apprentices to permit work-study arrangement

, 35

SWOT synthesis

, 47

Igba-boyi

, 7, 128

Igba-odibo (‘to learn marketing concepts’)

, 42, 77, 94, 7, 28

Igba-oso-ahia (‘to learn tricks of raising money’)

, 8, 42

Igbo Apprenticeship System (IAS)

, 3, 77–78, 128, 7, 28

Igbo apprenticeship/mentorship system

, 164

tenure of apprenticeship and training techniques

, 78

Igbo business. See also Family businesses

, 73–74

in Diaspora

, 205–207

incubation

, 204

individuals

, 204

industrial clusters

, 178–179

locally-generated venture capital

, 181–183

model

, 4, 93–95, 239–241

in Nigeria

, 179–181

practice

, 92–93, 239

recommendations for Africa and African business practices

, 185

recommendations for future research agenda

, 186

social networks in South Africa

, 213–215

system

, 177–178

Igbo entrepreneurs

, 6, 74

indigenous financial practices among

, 145–147

Igbo micro-entrepreneurs in Lagos

, 144

conceptual clarification

, 145

data collection and analysis

, 148–149

deferred financial arrangement

, 153–154

ethical considerations

, 149

financial educationists

, 155–156

financial prudence

, 154

financial settlement practices

, 152–153

indigenous financial practices among Igbo entrepreneurs

, 145–147

modern financial institutions

, 154–155

recruitment of participants

, 147–148

research context

, 147

rotating financial contribution

, 149–152

Igbo people

, 196

of south-eastern Nigeria

, 4–5

Igbo traders

, 96, 112–113

cross-case analysis

, 102–105

informant selection and instrument design

, 95–96

methodology

, 95

negotiation from Igbo traders perspective

, 114

Igbo traditional business model. See also Family businesses

conceptual framework

, 130–131

conflict transformation mechanisms

, 134–138

theoretical framework

, 131–134

Igbo traditional business school (I-TBS)

, 4, 10, 40–42, 128, 204, 206, 221–222, 235–237

and educational system

, 241–243

methodology

, 42

practical implication

, 241–244

research focus

, 42

structures

, 243–244

Igbo tribe in Nigeria (‘NDIGBO’)

, 62–64

entrepreneurship by

, 62–64

implications for businesses of

, 67

Igbo(s)

, 128, 144, 163–164

clan system

, 5–6

communities

, 6

cosmology

, 223

culture

, 205–207

dream

, 178–179

enterprise and

, 13–15

entrepreneurial practice

, 6–11

entrepreneurship

, 222

entrepreneurship post civil war

, 17–18

ethnic group

, 14

indigenous business model

, 143–144

Nigerian civil war socioeconomic impact on Igbo

, 16–17

and Nollywood distribution network

, 192–195

ontology

, 223

pre-colonial era of innovation among

, 164–165

recommendations and suggestions for future research

, 21–23

research design

, 20

of south-eastern Nigeria

, 235

State Union

, 15

traditional patriarchal system

, 32

tribe

, 235

Igwebuike (unity is strength)

, 30–31, 135

Imu Ahia (learning the trade)

, 28, 42, 77, 87, 94, 128

Imu-Oru (‘to learn a craft’)

, 42, 77

Imu-oru aka (Learning a craft or skill)

, 94, 128

In-depth interviews (IDI)

, 207, 208

Indigenous business incubators

, 166

benefits and challenges of Akwete weaving craft

, 170–173

cloth weaving among Igbo people

, 166–170

post-colonial era innovation

, 165–166

pre-colonial era of innovation among Igbos

, 164–165

Indigenous business practices

, 144

Indigenous crafts

, 166–167

Indigenous financial practice

, 144–145

among Igbo entrepreneurs

, 145–147

Indigenous methodologies

, 28

Individualism

, 30–31

Industrial clusters

, 179, 180

Informal apprenticeship models

, 23, 28–29

Informal education mentoring process

, 66

Inheritance/family business method

, 8, 244

Interior designers

, 170–172

International capitalist system

, 35–36

Interpersonal

conflicts

, 134

skills

, 62

Inventory management

, 78–79

iROKOtv

, 194

Issue transformation

, 132–133, 137

Isusu

, 146, 149–152

Japan of Africa

, 165–166

Job creation

, 170–172

Joint venture (JV)

, 81–82

Knowledge

management

, 92, 93–95

transfer mechanism

, 97–98, 100–102

Kolanut

, 19

Leadership

as criterion for succession

, 62

transition

, 60

Leadership practices inventory (LPI)

, 62

Learning process

, 195

Lionheart

, 194

Living in Bondage (film)

, 190–192

Locally-generated venture capital

, 181–183

assessing apprentice’s competence to run business

, 182

implications of Igbo business industrial clusters use of

, 184–185

replication leading to continuous

, 183

start-up capital

, 182–183

Machiavellian principle

, 33

Market share

, 74

Membership

, 151

Mentees

, 33, 51–52

Mentors

, 32–33, 48, 50

Mentorship

, 47–48

programme for student-entrepreneurs

, 35

Mentorship/training process

, 195

Mirror Boy, The (film)

, 193

Motivation: Recognition/Reward (Itu Ugwu/Ichi echichi)

, 93–94

National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

, 35

Ndi Ichie (council of elders)

, 136

Ndi Nze na Ozo (council of titled men)

, 136

Negotiation

from Igbo traders perspective

, 114

patterns and factors enhancing agreements

, 114–115

patterns and factors enhancing disagreements

, 115–123

practices

, 113

Nepotism

, 69

Netflix

, 194

Nigeria

, 28, 40, 144, 170–172

Igbo business and industrial clusters in

, 179–181

Nollywood and

, 190–192

Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)

, 16, 165

Nigerian films. See Nollywood—films

Nigerian Labor Act

, 129

Nkwe looms

, 168

Nkwo (market days)

, 5

Nnewi automobile/transport Igbo business industrial cluster

, 181

Nollywood

, 11, 189–190

films

, 189–190

findings

, 196–197

Igbos and Nollywood distribution network

, 192–195

methodology

, 196

and Nigeria

, 190–192

recommendation for African enterprises

, 198

theoretical framework

, 195

Norms transformation

, 137

Nwa boi apprenticeship system

, 87, 94, 178–179

Nwaboyi

, 77–79, 128, 134–135

Nwanne (brother)

, 8

Ochiliozuo title. See Ozo title

Oga (Master)

, 19, 77, 128

Ogbo

, 146

Ogbuefi title. See Ozo title

Oha

, 146

‘Okonkwo & Sons’ type sole proprietorships

, 63

Onitsha market literature

, 226

Online streaming platforms

, 194

‘Onye aghala nwanne ya’ (leave no man behind)

, 135

Orie (market days)

, 5

Oruamaka (work is good)

, 93–94

Oruebube (glorious work)

, 93–94

Orunna (work of father)

, 93–94

Oruoma (good work)

, 93–94

Osusu

, 146

Ozo title

, 222–223

Paapaa

, 168

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)

, 182

Partnership model

, 29–30, 81–82

Persuasion, nature of

, 122

Pidgin

, 22

Postgraduate qualifications

, 66

Pressure to succeed

, 211–212

Profitability

, 74

Protocol

, 121

Quasi apprentices

, 82

Recognition

, 133

Recruitment

, 75

Resources mobilisation

, 204

Retention management

, 75

Revenue generation

, 170–172

Revenue growth

, 74

Reward systems

, 81–82

Rotational Savings and Credit Scheme or Association (ROSCA)

, 146, 146

Rule transformation

, 132

Sales negotiations, cultural practices in

, 111

SceneOneTV

, 194

Sculpting

, 166–167

Settlement

, 21, 29, 182–183

Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN)

, 147–148

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 59–60, 198

Social marketing to reviving Igba-Boi system and indigenous institutions

, 35

Society

, 33–34

Sociopolitical structures

, 204

South Africa, Igbo business social networks in

, 213–215

South African business environment

, 213

South-eastern Nigeria, Igbo people of

, 4–5, 235

Special school for apprentices to permit work-study arrangement

, 35

Staffing

, 75

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats analysis (SWOT analysis)

, 41–42, 46–52

Structural functionalism, theory of

, 31

Structural transformation

, 133

Succession

, 60

challenges

, 85

external factors

, 86–87

failures

, 61

internal factors

, 86

leadership as criterion for succession

, 62

planning

, 60–61, 74–75, 82–87

Successors, preparation of

, 65

Supplier management

, 79

Survival strategies

, 61

Sustainability

, 62

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

, 235

Talent identification and attraction

, 75–77

Talent management

, 74–75, 92

Talent recruitment

, 93–96, 98, 100

Teams (Age grade–Otu Ợgbợ)

, 93–94

Technical/business skills

, 62

Technology Entertainment Design (TED)

, 7

Textile industry

, 170–172

Thematic analysis

, 96

Tinyekwa afo traders

, 122–123

Titling process

, 222

Tourism

, 170–172

Trade

associations

, 231

negotiation

, 112–113

specificity

, 229–231

Traditional business practices

, 106–107

Traditional conflict management systems

, 129

Traditional Igbo businesses. See also Family businesses

, 73–74

business expansion considerations

, 80–81

Igbo apprenticeship system

, 77–78

literature review

, 74–75

methodology

, 75

rewards and compensation systems

, 81–82

succession planning

, 82–87

talent identification and attraction

, 75–77

training

, 78–80

Training

, 78–80

and development

, 75

risk considerations

, 80

transiting from apprentice to ‘associates’ model

, 79–80

Transactional reward model

, 81–82

Transformational leaders

, 64, 66

Transformational leadership (TFL)

, 64

theory

, 64

Transition, founder’s desire and support for

, 65

Trust

, 48

and credibility of successors

, 66

speed of

, 120–121

Ubaka (wealth is greater)

, 93–94

Ubanozie (wealth has taken proper position)

, 93–94

Ukwu-Nkpuru

, 168

Umu Nwunye Di (wives of the land)

, 136

Umu Ogbo (age grades)

, 136

Umuada (daughters of the land)

, 136

Umunna (kindred)

, 136

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 164

United States of America (USA)

, 40

Utu

, 146

Video-on-Demand platforms (VOD platforms)

, 194

Vision, clarity of

, 67

Vocational training of apprentices

, 231

Weaving

, 166–167

Within-case analysis

, 96

Yoruba tribe

, 4

‘Zooming in’ method

, 186

‘Zooming out’ method

, 186