Index
ISBN: 978-1-80455-453-1, eISBN: 978-1-80455-452-4
ISSN: 1871-3173
Publication date: 15 August 2024
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2024), "Index", Pforr, C., Pillmayer, M., Joppe, M., Scherle, N. and Pechlaner, H. (Ed.) Tourism Policy-Making in the Context of Contested Wicked Problems: Sustainability Paradox, Climate Emergency and COVID-19 (Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 17A), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1871-31732024000017A011
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2024 Christof Pforr, Markus Pillmayer, Marion Joppe, Nicolai Scherle, and Harald Pechlaner
INDEX
Achilles Heel
, 24
Adaptation
, 48, 68
assessment
, 48
‘Adaptive’ governance approaches
, 107
Advocacy bodies
, 38
Air pollution
, 87
Air quality, degradation of
, 86
Air travel, growth in
, 88
Airbnb phenomenon
, 13
Alpine transport
in Dolomites World Heritage Site
, 109–115
governance approaches to tackle wicked problems in tourist transport
, 105–107
problem framing and policy instruments in tourist transport
, 107–109
tourist transport management as wicked problem in context of tourism public policy
, 103–109
Alpine winter destination
, 46
Annals of Leisure Research
, 23
Arctic Finland
, 67
climate change in
, 67
climate change policies and tourism in
, 71–73
costs and benefits of climate change for tourism in
, 73–75
wickedness of tourism development and climate change nexus
, 68–71
Austria
, 46
application to context of winter tourism in
, 52–58
Austria Advertising Agency
, 50
Austrian Climate and Energy Fund
, 58
Authoritative imposition
, 6, 106
Aviation industry
, 82
Avoidance
, 105
denial and minimal responsibility
, 69
Avoidance strategy
, 111
Awareness of climate change
, 47
Behavioural change
, 20, 49, 54
Behavioural economic instruments
, 51–52, 55–56
Benzene
, 87
Brazil
, 7, 12, 121, 147
Bulgaria
, 7
Bulgarian tourism policy ecosystem
, 11
‘Business-as-usual’ approach
, 37
Cable car industry
, 56
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
, 84, 86, 90
Carbon emissions
, 82
Carbon footprint of tourism in South Africa
, 83, 91–92
Carbon monoxide (CO)
, 86–87
Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
, 83
Carbon sinks
, 71
Carrot measures
, 108
Case studies
, 7, 12–13, 152
Chile
, 7, 11–12, 147
China
, 140
tourism under COVID-19 restrictions in
, 141
Citizen involvement
, 13
Citizen participation
, 13
City and provincial health QR codes
, 142
Climate change
, 8
climate change-related policies
, 26
costs and benefits of climate change for tourism in Arctic Finland
, 73–75
negative impact of
, 89–90
nexus
, 68–71
policies in Arctic Finland
, 71–73
risk assessment
, 48
stakeholders
, 48
as super wicked problem
, 68–70
and sustainable tourism development
, 70–71
Climate emergency
, 6
Climate researchers
, 47
Coercive controls
, 53, 69
Collaboration
, 39
Collaborative dialogue
, 6, 69
Combustion of jet fuel
, 84
Commercial industry associations
, 38
Communication strategy
, 50
Compartmentalised micro-management
, 69
Complexity
, 35
Constitutional process
, 12
Contrails
, 90
Coordination
, 20
Coping and prevention policies
, 69
Cost overrun
, 14
‘Covid Zero’ approach
, 125
COVID-19 pandemic
, 9, 32, 67, 73, 120, 158
contribution of tourism to economy
, 161
destination marketing and tourism recovery
, 166–167
government policies
, 163–166
outbreak of COVID-19 in Maldives and border closure decisions
, 161–163
review of government policies
, 168
tourism industry in Maldives
, 158–161
wicked problem for governance of tourism
, 123–128
COVID-19
, 140
Curricula development
, 13
Data science
, 14
Decision making
, 5, 11, 14, 19, 49, 69, 130
Demographic shifts
, 4
Depletion of natural resources
, 91
‘Depoliticising’ conflict
, 37
Destination governance
, 113
Destination marketing and tourism recovery
, 166–167
Destination marketing organisations (DMOs)
, 128–129
Developing countries
, 122, 124, 127, 130–131
Diaspora
, 12
Digital aspect, QR codes
, 151
Digital transformation
, 4
Divergent framing
, 107–108
Diversity
, 13, 39
Diversity management
, 13
Dolomites World Heritage Site
, 109–115
Domestic tourism
, 168
Double Movement Theory
, 13
Eco-tourism enterprises
, 38
Economic relief package and support for individuals and businesses
, 164–165
Economic steering instruments
, 51, 54–55
Ecosystem of Hospitality
, 14
Effective governance
, 20
Effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation measures
, 47
Electric cars (EVs)
, 89
Employee safety, QR codes
, 151–152
Environmental impact assessment
, 57
Environmental sustainability
, 35
European Alps
, 47, 50
European energy law
, 54
European Environment Agency (EEA)
, 55
European Union climate policy (EU climate policy)
, 71
Facilitation processes
, 52, 58
Financial incentives
, 54
Finnish Arctic
, 71
Finnish tourism policy-making
, 11
First Nations Peoples
, 11
Fishing
, 71
Food and beverage industry, QR codes
, 150–151
Framing
, 35, 48
Gambia
, 12
Gender inequity
, 13
Gender studies
, 13
Germany
, 7, 11, 152, 162
Global tourism
, 67
Global Tourism Crisis Committee
, 163
Global warming
, 89
Governance
, 19–20, 52, 56–57
approaches to solve ‘Tourism-Traffic Paradox’ in Dolomites WHS
, 111–115
approaches to tackle wicked problems in tourist transport
, 105–107
patterns in tourist destinations
, 12
Government expenditure on COVID-19
, 165–166
Government of Maldives
, 10, 158
Government policies
, 163–166
Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)
, 84, 102
Greenwashing
, 24
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 85
Health preparedness and capacity building
, 165–166
Herding
, 71
High emissions intensity
, 88
Hospitality
organisations
, 14
QR codes
, 148–149
Human health, deterioration of
, 87–88
Hunting
, 18, 71
Husky safaris
, 73
Hydrocarbons (HC)
, 86
Implementation
, 8, 20, 114, 148
Incremental ‘muddling through’
, 6
Incremental adaptation process
, 55
Incremental adjustments
, 69
Incremental and pragmatic adjustment of policies
, 69, 107
Indigenous disparities
, 4
Indigenous resistance
, 12
Indigenous tourism in Chile
, 11–12
Instruments and tools
, 52
Integration
, 23
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
, 67
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
, 82
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
, 82
International Monetary Fund
, 125
International tourism growth
, 8
Jet fuel burning
, 88
Labour informality
, 7, 10
Lead
, 86–87
Leadership groups
, 39
Legal and normative instruments
, 51, 53–54
Limited Traffic Zone (LTZ)
, 111
Limits to Growth
, 18
Long-term coping and prevention strategies
, 6, 107
Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA)
, 161
Managing Director of Maldives Marketing and Public Relations Corporation (MMPRC)
, 167
Megatrends
, 4
Micro-management approach
, 6, 106, 112
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
, 161
Migration
, 12
Ministry of tourism
, 165–166, 168
Mitigation
, 48, 67
Mobility
, 9, 89, 110
Moderation processes
, 52, 58
Modus operandi
, 5
Multi-level governance system
, 11
National Climate Act (2015)
, 71
National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC)
, 163
National Energy and Climate Plan
, 56
National park movement
, 18
Network
, 52
governance
, 20
Nitrogen dioxide
, 87
Nitrogen oxides (NO
x
)
, 86, 90
Olympic Games
, 14
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
, 125
Our Common Future
, 18
Overtourism
, 22, 91
Ozone
, 87
Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
, 163
Pandemic
, 141
Pandemic governance
, 120
COVID-19 as wicked problem for governance of tourism
, 123–128
fractured responses of Australian governments to COVID-19
, 131–135
literature review
, 128–131
Paradox theory
, 10
Particles
, 90
Particulate matter
, 86–87
Physical impacts
, 92
Pilot projects
, 106
Plan T
, 52–53, 56
Planning instruments
, 52, 56–57
Platform economy
, 8
Policy/policies
, 20, 92
adjustment strategy
, 114
design
, 14
and destination management
, 52
formulation
, 7
framing
, 14
governance
, 37–39, 105
implementation
, 23
instruments in tourist transport
, 107–109
making
, 8, 20
outcomes
, 107
problems
, 22
process
, 36, 107
response strategies
, 6
of travel QR code from 2020 to 2022
, 142–144
Political element
, 21
Political project
, 20
Pollution
, 91–92
Poverty
, 36
Power relations
, 23
Practice
, 18–19, 141
Pragmatic adjustments
, 69
Pre-COVID-19 paradigms
, 122
PreViaje
, 10
Proactive spatial planning
, 57
Problem avoidance
, 6, 125
Problem framing
, 35
in tourist transport
, 107–109
Problem-solving
, 36
Psychology instruments
, 51–52, 55–56
Public policy scholars
, 35–36
Public Private Partnership
, 129
QR codes
, 9, 140
city and provincial health QR codes
, 142
digital aspect
, 151
employee safety
, 151–152
food and beverage industry
, 150–151
hospitality and tourism
, 148–149
policies of travel QR code from 2020 to 2022
, 142–144
tourism under COVID-19 restrictions in China
, 141
travel QR code
, 144–146
vaccination QR code
, 148
Quarantine and isolation facilities
, 165
Queensland First Nations Tourism Plan 2020–2025
, 11
Rational planning
, 33
Reflexivity
, 37
Regional development
, 66
Regional tourism development
, 72
Regulations
, 92
Resilience
, 37, 68
Responsiveness
, 37
Revitalisation
, 37
Rio Summit Local Agenda 21 (1992)
, 19
Satakunta region
, 11
Science-based technocracy approach
, 6, 112
Scientific analysis
, 33
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
, 161
Silent Spring
, 18
Situation monitoring unit (SMU)
, 165
Smog
, 86
Snowmobiling
, 73
Social equity
, 35
Social innovation
, 12–13
Social science
, 13
South Africa
, 82, 84
carbon footprint of tourism in
, 91–92
policies, regulations, and governance approaches in
, 92
problems related to negative impacts of aviation carbon emissions in
, 85–90
Spatial development
, 14
Stadium
, 14
Stakeholder collaboration
, 69, 107
Stakeholder engagement
, 58, 69
Stakeholders participation
, 23
Stick measures
, 108
Strategic environmental assessment
, 57
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
, 86–87
Sustainability
, 4, 18–19, 32, 66
aspects
, 32
governance
, 68, 72
paradox
, 40
Sustainable Aircraft Fuels (SAF)
, 89
Sustainable development
, 19–20, 70
Sustainable development goals (SDG)
, 25, 66
‘Sustainable Mobility of the Dolomite Passes’ plan
, 111
Sustainable tourism
, 18, 32–33
(see also Winter tourism)
issue of
, 19
policy
, 21
policy development successes and failures
, 22–25
sustainable development and governance
, 19–20
Technical snowmaking
, 47
Technocratic approach
, 111
Technocratic problem-solving
, 69, 106
Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
, 149
Time scales
, 39
Tourism
, 12–14, 50, 66, 102
in Arctic Finland
, 71–73
under COVID-19 restrictions in China
, 141
demand
, 102
governance
, 129
help desk
, 165
and hospitality employment
, 10
industry in Maldives
, 158–161
lobbying
, 11
policy making
, 20, 70, 131
policy/policies
, 6, 13, 20, 66–67
public policy
, 6
QR codes
, 148–149
recovery
, 158
structures
, 11
system
, 15, 68
Tourism Business Council of South Africa (TBCSA)
, 84
Tourism-traffic paradox
, 9, 103
Tourist arrivals
, 159–161
Tourist establishments
, 158–159
Tourist transport management as wicked problem in context of tourism public policy
, 103–109
Traffic mobility
, 103
Transformation
, 9, 148
Transport management
, 102
Travel QR code
, 144–146
‘Triple bottom line’ approach
, 7
Tyrolean policy
, 53
UNESCO World Heritage Convention
, 10
UNESCO World Heritage Sites programme
, 24, 38
United Nations agencies (UN agencies)
, 32, 82
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
, 24, 70, 121
Vaccination
, 166
QR code
, 148
Visitation system
, 36, 38, 59, 112
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
, 86
Water vapour
, 90
West Africa
, 12
Wicked policy
, 11, 69
Wicked problems
, 4, 21, 33, 85, 103
of carbon emissions
, 8
framing issues
, 35–37
perspective
, 7–8
policy governance
, 37–39
specific strategies and tools to address
, 50–52
years of discourse on
, 4–6
Wickedness
, 5
of tourism development
, 68–71
Winter Love
, 50
Winter tourism
, 46–47
application and effectiveness of strategies and tools
, 53–58
in Austria
, 52–58
policies at national and federal level
, 52–53
problem framing, awareness and social discourse
, 48–50
specific strategies and tools to address wicked problems
, 50–52
Women in tourism
, 168
Workforce
, 10
Workplace environment
, 10
World Bank
, 125
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 124
World Heritage Convention
, 10
World Heritage Site (WHS)
, 109
World Tourism Organisation
, 66
Zero-COVID-19
policy
, 140–141
strategy
, 9
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1: Wicked Problems: Implications for Tourism Policy-Making
- Chapter 2: 30 Years of Sustainable Tourism Policies: A Reflection on Success and Failure
- Chapter 3: Managing Wicked Problems: Challenges for Sustainable Tourism
- International Case Examples
- Chapter 4: Winter Love: Climate Change Policies and Their Implementation in Austria
- Chapter 5: The Governance of Climate Change and Tourism in Arctic Finland: Climate Change as a Super-Wicked Problem for Tourism and Regional Development
- Chapter 6: Problems Associated with Aviation Carbon Emissions and Carbon Footprint of Tourism in South Africa: Policy, Regulations, and Governance Issues
- Chapter 7: Wicked Problems in Alpine Transport: A Sustainability Governance Approach
- Chapter 8: Governance Through the COVID-19 Crisis and its Implications for Tourism: A Global and Australian Perspective in the Context of Contested Wicked Problems
- Chapter 9: QR Codes as a Wicked Hospitality and Tourism Pandemic Regulator: The Case of China
- Chapter 10: COVID-19 Response: A Policy Perspective from the Maldives
- Index