Index
Media and Law: Between Free Speech and Censorship
ISBN: 978-1-80071-730-5, eISBN: 978-1-80071-729-9
ISSN: 1521-6136
Publication date: 23 April 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Deflem, M. and Silva, D.M.D. (Ed.) Media and Law: Between Free Speech and Censorship (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, Vol. 26), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Academia
faculty social media posts
, 28–30
meets first amendment
, 27
tenured and untenured faculty
, 27–28
university policy considerations
, 30–31
Academic freedom
, 2, 30–31
policies
, 31
Accusation
by another individual
, 103–104
by media
, 102
by state
, 102–103
Accusers and accused, implications for
, 111
Adult content
, 64–65, 70
custom-tailored
, 72
merchants
, 73
regulation
, 71
Alt-right
, 4, 82–85
Amazon
, 18, 67, 91
American Express
, 65, 70–72
Anti-semitism in Canada
, 135
Anti-vaxxer threat
, 49–50
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
, 44, 50–52
Apocalyptic predictions
, 51
Apple users
, 89–90
Arbitrary power
, 156–158
Attacks
, 90
Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD)
, 156
Autórádió
, 157
Banned merchants database
, 71–72
“Best Practices for Responding to Cyberhate” doctrine
, 88
Big Five
, 83
Bill of Rights (1960)
, 137
Biodiversity
, 17–20
Black humour
, 123, 125
Black Lives Matter movement
, 16
Blacklisted merchants
, 72
Bolshevik documents
, 170
Brandenburg v. Ohio’s “imminent lawless action” test
, 16
British India
, 173
British North America Act
, 136
Broadcasting Act
, 144
Bullying in school
, 127
Canada
, 118
hate propaganda laws
, 134–138
rights culture
, 137
Canadian Bill of Rights
, 136
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
, 139
Canadian courts
, 120–121
Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA)
, 134, 144–145
Canadian Human Rights Commission (CHRC)
, 144
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (CHRT)
, 145–146
Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC)
, 135–136
Canadian law
, 135
Canadian Nazi Party
, 135
Cancel culture
, 3, 103
impact of
, 31–32
movement
, 31
Candida auris
, 51
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
, 51
Catastrophe frame
, 51
Censorship
, 2–3, 10, 15–17, 64, 85, 170
biodiversity, cultural, and media diversity
, 17–20
forms
, 13–14
freedom and diversity
, 20–21
news filters and varieties of media diversity
, 14–16
varieties
, 12–13
Centralization of news production
, 158–159
Centralized system with broad competences within media
, 156–158
Charter
, 139, 141, 145
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
, 141
Chilling effect
, 12, 75, 156, 161
Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP)
, 152
Civility
, 30–31
Clickbait
, 106–107
Cohen Committee
, 134–135, 137–138, 147
Cohen Report
, 134
Colonial difference rule
, 176
Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la Jeunesse (CDPDJ)
, 118
Communications Decency Act (1996)
, 73, 101
Communism
, 173
Communist literature, case against
, 170–171
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB)
, 175
Communist Party of India (CPI)
, 170–171
Content moderation
, 85–88
Context collapse
, 102
Convergence culture
, 102
Copyrights
, 13
Coronavirus
, 160
“Corporate libertarian” approach
, 86–87
Court of Appeal of Quebec
, 128
Courts of law
, 26
Covid-19 pandemic
, 4, 54, 152, 159–161
Credit card companies
, 66–67, 72
Criminal code cases
, 140–144
Critical media
, 12
Crowdsourcing
, 100, 102
Cultural diversity
, 10–11, 13, 17–20
Cultural imperialism
, 19
Cyber-defamation law and limits
, 108–109
Cyber-libertarian approach
, 82
Cyber-libertarianism
, 82, 85–88
Darwinist evolutionary theory
, 17
Defamation
, 100
Digital accusation
, 105–106
Digital documentation
, 111
Digital redlining
, 66, 73–75
Digital technologies
, 107
Digitally accused, legal limitations for
, 107–111
Digitization
, 109
Discrimination
, 36, 122, 127
financial
, 66
freedom of expression vs.
, 122
racial
, 28
Diversity
, 1, 14
freedom and
, 20–21
media
, 17–20
Dual monarchy
, 155
Due process
, 29, 100, 104
Dutt, R. P. case
, 175–178
Efficiency
, 178–180
Egalitarian rights
, 134
8chan’s/pol/and discussion forum sites
, 84
Emerging risks
, 47, 50 (see also Known risks)
reproduction of expert discourse
, 52
underrepresentation of complex risk
, 51–52
Employment law
, 26
EMU Talk
, 28
Eternal accusation
, 104–105
European Union (EU)
, 155
Evasion
, 178–180
Expert disagreements
, 54–55
Face masks
, 53
Facebook
, 3, 17, 64, 84, 88
Faculty
members
, 29–31
social media posts
, 28–30
Fair Accommodations Practices Act (1954)
, 136
Fair Employment Practices Act (1951)
, 136
Fascism and Social Revolution
, 175
Female Employees Fair Renumeration Act (1951)
, 136
FetLife
, 71
Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA)
, 66, 73, 75
Financial discrimination
, 73
Fines
, 71
First Amendment free speech
, 27
Folk devils
, 50
Formula of Humanity
, 20
4chan
, 84
Frames
, 45–46
Free speech
, 2, 26, 121, 128 (see also Hate speech)
and censorship
, 2
protections
, 3
regulating free speech in university
, 35–37
Freedom
, 10–11
and diversity
, 20–21
ideal(s) of
, 11
of speech
, 136
Freedom of expression
, 118, 122, 139
foundations and limitations
, 120–122
humor and
, 124–125
strengths and weaknesses of public sphere
, 119–120
Frustration over shifting guidelines
, 55
Gabriel, Jérémy
, 122
facts about
, 122
General Communist Notification (GCN)
, 4, 170–173
Genetic mutations
, 17
Globalization
, 18
Globe and Mail
, 54, 142
Gonzo justice
, 102
Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft (GAFAM)
, 3–4, 82–85, 94
hate content moderation apparatuses
, 88–93
platforms
, 82
Government of India (GoI)
, 170
Habilitation thesis
, 119
Hard censorship
, 10, 12–13, 16–17
Hate propaganda offences
, 139–140
Hate speech
, 85–91, 134
CHRA
, 144–145
criminal code cases
, 140–144
debating Canadian hate speech laws
, 138–139
internet and
, 147
legal restrictions concerning hatred
, 144
Taylor and Western Guard
, 145–146
Hate-content moderation
, 3–4
Health risks
, 44
Higbee v. Eastern Michigan University
, 27
High-risk transactions
, 72–73
Humor
, 118
black
, 125
and freedom of expression
, 124–125
Hungarian media laws
, 152–153, 156
Hungarian public media and political control
, 158–159
Illiberal democracy
, 152
Illiberalism
, 153
Imprisonment
, 140
Independent sales organization (ISO)
, 72
India Today
, 177
Indian National Congress (INC)
, 173
Indirect hard censorship
, 12
Institutional
academic freedom principles
, 31
avoidance
, 111
Intellectual property rights (IPR)
, 13
Intelligence Bureau
, 172
Interactive computer service provider
, 101
International Center for Not For Profit Law (ICNL)
, 160
Internet
, 101
accusation
, 104–105
corporations
, 88
and hate speech
, 147
Invisible surveillance network
, 67
Kimura’s theory of neutral mutations
, 17
Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP)
, 93
Klubrádió case
, 156–158
Known risks
, 46–47 (see also Novel risks)
anti-vaxxer threat
, 49–50
pleading mother and vulnerable child
, 48–49
vaccines save lives
, 48
Labour Monthly journal
, 175
Le rire
, 126
Legal foundations of case
, 123–124
Les Intouchables
, 118, 123, 127
Liberal imperialism
, 176
Libertarian free speech argument
, 138
Libertarian rights
, 134
Liberty of expression
, 138
Litigation
laughter
, 125–126
other issues in
, 125
Ward’s growing audience and repercussions
, 127–128
Ward’s publicity strategy
, 128
Mainstream
, 72–73
Mark Ward s’eXpose
, 122
Mastercard
, 66, 70, 72
Media
, 10
convergence
, 156
frames and narratives
, 45–46
law
, 152
regulation
, 153
and risk
, 44–46
and science
, 45
users
, 10
Media Act
, 155, 159
Media Authority
, 153–155
Media Council
, 153–155, 159
Media diversity
, 11, 13, 17–20
news filters and varieties of
, 14–16
Member Alert to Control High Risk Compliance Program (MATCH)
, 71–72
Microsoft
, 91, 93
Mike Ward au bordel
, 128
Mike Ward s’eXposed
, 126
Monolingualism
, 18
Monopolies of silence
, 12
MyLife website
, 104–105
N95 respirators
, 55
Narratives
, 45–46
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
, 34
Board of Governors
, 35
guidelines
, 35
National Communications Authority
, 156
National Media and Infocommunications Authority (NMHH)
, 154
National Radio and Television Commission (ORTT)
, 156
Natural selection
, 17
Neo-Nazi
, 135
Neutral mutations
, 17
News coverage of health threats
, 46
News filters
, 13
and varieties of media diversity
, 14–16
News media
, 44–45 (see also Social media)
institutions in Hungary
, 154–155
Not Suitable for Work (NSFW)
, 64–65
Novel risks
, 47, 52
expert disagreements
, 54–55
frustration over shifting guidelines
, 55
politicization of science
, 53–54
Off campus speech regulation
, 33
Office of the Federal Criminal Police (BKA)
, 88
Online anti-sex campaigns
, 64
Online payment
ecosystem
, 69–71
platforms
, 3
Online self justice
, 101
Online shaming
, 103
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
, 156
Ottawa Citizen
, 49
Ownership and control
, 14
PACE Society
, 75
Pandemic culture
, 45
Password protection laws
, 36
Patents
, 13
Payment platforms
, 65
digital redlining
, 73–75
laws entrenching financial discrimination
, 73
as regulators
, 69–73
in United States
, 66
Payment providers
, 65
PayPal
, 66, 68–70, 73
“People search” sites
, 104
Pickering balancing test
, 27
Platform surveillance
, 67
money
, 68–69
monitoring bank customers
, 67
Platforms
, 64, 82–85
capitalism
, 83
imperialism
, 83
Politicization of science
, 53–54
Pornhub’s Model Program
, 74
Privacy
, 101
law
, 110–111
torts
, 110
Procedural justice
, 107
Professional journalism
, 102
Propaganda model
, 13
Public accusation
implications for accusers and accused
, 111
internet and eternal accusation
, 104–105
legal limitations for digitally accused
, 107–111
sociolegal and psychological perspectives
, 105–106
sources
, 101–104
Public broadcasting
, 158
Public records law
, 109–110
Public Service Foundation
, 158
Public shaming
, 103
Public university
, 30
Publicity
, 106
Punishment
, 102
Purdue University sophomore
, 26
Racial Discrimination Act (1944)
, 136
Reason codes
, 71
“Reasonably foreseeable” test
, 33
Reddit
, 84
Representative publicity
, 119
Reputation
and honor
, 118
score
, 105
Right to be forgotten
, 110–111
Right to preserve dignity
, 121
Risk
, 66
communication
, 45
media and
, 44–46
methodology
, 46–47
“Safe harbor” law
, 73
Safe space
, 2
SARS-CoV-2 virus
, 44, 52–55
Scientific agriculture
, 18
Sea Customs Act
, 172
Selective value
, 17
Self-censorship
, 12–13
Self-policing platforms
, 85–88
Sex censorship
, 66
Sexual expression
, 65
Sexual speech
, 72
“Shitty Media Men” spreadsheet
, 101–102
Shock value
, 104
Social facts
, 1
Social media
, 26
platforms
, 65
training
, 35
Socio-legal issues
, 3
Sociolegal and psychological perspectives
, 105–106
Sociology of Crime, Law, and Deviance
, 3
Sociology of punishment
, 105–106
Soft censorship
, 12
Sponsorship
, 14–15
Square
, 70
Stoicist ethics
, 11
Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act (SESTA)
, 73, 75
#StopHateForProfit
, 89
Strachey, John case
, 173–175
Stripe
, 71
Student athletes
, 34
monitoring student athlete social media accounts
, 34–35
social media training, NCAA guidelines, and Tinker standard
, 35
Students
, 32
regulation of off campus speech
, 33
unprofessional social media speech
, 33–34
Superbugs
, 51
Surveillance
, 67
Sustainable development
, 20
Teachings of Ptahhotep, The
, 11
Technological progress
, 18
“Technologically neutral” media regulatory model
, 156
Telephonic communications
, 147
Tenured faculty
, 27–28
Tenured Indiana University (IU)
, 26
Theory and Practice of Socialism, The (1936)
, 174
Tier 1 attacks
, 90
Tier 2 attacks
, 90
Tinker standard
, 35
Title IX in the university
, 36–37
Toronto Star
, 49, 136
Trademarks
, 13
Treacher Collins syndrome
, 118, 122
Twitter
, 28, 30, 32, 84
U-turn
, 152
Unborn idea
, 3
Uncritical progressivism
, 19
University
admissions
, 31–32
policy considerations
, 30–31
social media policies
, 35–36
University of Central Florida (UCF)
, 28
University of Florida
, 26, 32
University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM)
, 30–31
Unprofessional social media speech
, 33–34
Untenured faculty
, 27–28
Uprooting of European Identity, The
, 87
US Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
, 86
Uses and gratifications theory
, 106–107
Vaccination
, 49
Vaccine(s)
hesitancy
, 47–50
save lives
, 48
Venmo mobile payment application
, 68
VINELink
, 107
Visa
, 65–66, 70, 75
War on sex
, 64
Ward, Mike
, 123
facts about
growing audience and repercussions
, 127–128
publicity strategy
, 128
Western civilization
, 11
White Nationalist Manifesto, The (Johnson)
, 93
Women in academia
, 26
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 48
World Politics
, 175
YouTube
, 35, 84, 92
- Prelims
- Introduction: Mediating Between Liberty and Law
- Part I: Spaces and Institutions of Free Speech
- Chapter 1: Fighting Censorship: A Shift from Freedom to Diversity
- Chapter 2: Free Speech and Social Media in Academia
- Chapter 3: Stories About Risk: Media Narratives of Known, Emerging, and Novel Health Threats
- Part II: The Internet as Public Sphere
- Chapter 4: Censoring Sex: Payment Platforms’ Regulation of Sexual Expression
- Chapter 5: GAFAM and Hate Content Moderation: Deplatforming and Deleting the Alt-right
- Chapter 6: Public Accusation on the Internet
- Part III: Regulating Speech Across Nations
- Chapter 7: Freedom of Expression and Humor in Canada: The Case of Jérémy Gabriel v Mike Ward
- Chapter 8: Hate Speech, Media, and Canadian Federal Law
- Chapter 9: Media Law, Illiberal Democracy and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Hungary
- Chapter 10: Stirring Up Strife: The Censorship of Communist Publications in Late Colonial India
- Index