Academic rigor

, 86

Actors

, 147, 178, 258–259

in brokerage position

, 323–324

in field

, 391

focal

, 338–339

individual

, 20, 258, 387

internal

, 6

market

, 90–91, 376–377

network position

, 318–319

noncentral

, 148

reputation

, 320

social

, 324–325

voices

, 123

See also External actors

Advogato

Advogato Certification System

, 347

Advogato.org

, 321–323

Advogato Trust Metric

, 348–349

community

, 323

member

, 322

Airline hub

, 158

Airline industry

, 151, 164

hub-and-spoke system

, 153

point-to-point basis

, 152

training and staffing functions

, 154

All-star analysts

, 356, 368–369

All-Star Awards

, 354

All-star status

, 356, 359

All-stars’ portfolio entries

, 360, 361, 371

Ambiguity

, 32

American Institute of Architecture (AIA)

, 353

Analogical learning

activation of base domain

, 289–291

de alio identity

, 287–288, 299–300, 302

on ratings of specific dimensions of camera quality

, 303

temporal pattern in

, 304

on user ratings

, 301, 305, 306–307

digital cameras

, 285

film and non-film producers

, 300–301

identities in emerging market

, 286–287

inference

, 291–293

mapping

, 291–293

market emergence

, 284, 285

measurement

, 298–299

recombinant innovations

, 284

statistics

, 300

technical features of digital cameras

, 313

Apprentice

, 347, 348

Arab Spring

, 229–230

Articles voices

, 123

Attention

, 317, 352

in decision-making

, 318–319

differences between All-star and non-All-star analysts in

, 377

effects

, 334

less-focused identity

, 325

problem

, 363

resources

, 357

and social comparison

, 361

in status emergence process

, 318

and visibility

, 359

Bad nodes

, 348–349

Banking institutional logic

, 39

Base domain activation

, 289–291

Baseline model

, 436

Bitcoin

, 19–20, 235–236

protocol

, 234

“Blockchain” technology

, 235–236

Blumer’s symbolic interactionism

, 230

Bonacich centrality

, 319, 330, 334, 336

Bottom-up

community-based movement

, 70

process

, 75

Boundary-crossing job mobility

boundary-crossing approach

, 443–444

characteristics of entrepreneurial leaders

, 420

entrepreneur career boundary-crossing

and entry into new product areas

, 432–433

and startup performance

, 433–440

entrepreneurial leaders’ boundary-crossing

, 440–441

industry boundary-crossing

, 442

model of entrepreneurs’ boundary-crossing

, 421

as source of industry and functional knowledge and skill

, 423–424

theory and hypotheses

, 422–427

Brewpubs

, 129, 146

Brokerage

, 317, 323–324

negative impact of

, 325

opportunities

, 326, 327, 329

See also Network—brokerage

Business models

, 267, 270

development

, 268

C-Form

, 19

organization

, 143

Cascading process

, 258

Categories

, 110, 174, 176–177

attributes

, 112

category-spanning hybridization

, 427

construction

, 110, 111, 130

emergence

, 111

as institutions

, 209–210

Ji-zake category

, 112, 116

labels

, 110–111, 289–290

See also Ji-biru category

Categorization literature

, 242–243

Central hubs

, 158

Centralized network

, 143

Certifications

, 322

Charge-coupled device (CCD)

, 295

Charter Management Organizations (CMOs)

, 77, 84

Charter schools, emergence of

, 70, 76–77

cross-national comparison

, 93–94

diversity of identities

, 90–93

field-level institutional logics to organizational form identity

, 91

founding actors

, 86–88

frames

, 85–86

ideal type of institutional logics

, 101

identity shifts over time

, 89

initial founder identity

, 88

institutional logics

, 73–74

legitimized forms

, 94–95

measuring institutional logics

, 79–82

organizational identities

, 70–71, 95

population ecology

, 71–72

repackaging institutional logics as organizational frames

, 74–76

research context

, 76

institutional complexity

, 77–79

STEM

, 90

topic modeling

, 82–83

Chicago School sociologists

, 241

Claiming labels

, 174, 175, 177–178

Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority (CEFIA)

, 43

Co-emergent process

, 33

Coercive

forces

, 19

pressure

, 8

Cognitive

action

, 259–260

confusion

, 272

dimension

, 266

interaction

, 270–272

legitimacy

, 124

process

, 74–75

Cohesion

, 147

structural hole signature

, 147

Collective behavior theory

, 226, 230, 244–245

Collective behaviorists

, 241

College preparation frame

, 84–85

College preparatory

, 86–88

Commercialization process

, 292–293

Commitment

, 273

Community

, 240, 244–245, 389

actors

, 90–91

community-focused identity

, 95

energy management system

, 264–265

Community logics

, 78, 80, 85, 405

development logic to appropriate

, 403–405, 406

experimentation and articulation

, 397–400

state logic to restricting

, 400–403

Community radio (CR)

, 395, 400

key actors

, 393–394

as new phenomenon in India

, 388–390

Community Radio Association and Community Radio Forum

, 390

Competition

competition-based status

, 356–358

evolutionary forces

, 142

Competitive emergence

, 378, 379

Competitive Environment

, 432

Competitive market mechanisms

, 70

Competitive responses

, 358

Conceptualisation

, 256

Confused nodes

, 348–349

Consequential emergence

, 4

Constraining pressures

, 238

Consultancies

, 111

Consumer behaviour

, 263

Contemporary relevance

, 231

Contested markets

, 237

CorpTech Directory of Technology Companies

, 427–432, 437

Coverage initiation, predicting

, 360–363

Cox proportional model

, 331

“Craft beer” category

, 112, 116, 128

“Craft Heads”

, 128

Crowd

and collective behavior

, 229–231

crowd-initiated logics

, 245

crowd-to-market progression

, 241

crowd-to-social movement progression

, 241–242

differentiation

, 235–236

emergent discourse

, 224

emergent logics

, 245

formation

, 232–234

as interaction structure across time and space

, 231–232

market formation

, 237–238

members

, 241

micro-level tensions

, 238–240

online conversations

, 228

Cryptocurrency

, 19–20

Customer relationship management

, 263

Customised energy reports

, 263

De alio entrants

, 284–285

De alio identity

, 287–288, 299–300, 302

on ratings of specific dimensions of camera quality

, 303

temporal pattern in

, 304

on user ratings, by phases of market emergence

, 306–307

on user ratings, net of user expertise

, 305

on user ratings of digital cameras

, 301

De alio producers

, 292–293, 298–299

De novo entrants

, 284–285

Decentralized network

, 152

Degree centrality

, 160–161

Density dependence

, 8

Deregulation

, 115–118

“Destination Firms”

, 429

Development logic

, 405–406

to appropriate community logic

, 403–405, 406

“DevilCraft”

, 128

Digital cameras

de alio identity

, 301

industry

, 293

producers

, 294

technical features of

, 313

Digital Photography Review (DPR)

, 295–296, 297, 299

Direct network

link

, 161

tie implementation

, 158–160

Diversity

, 427

“DNA logic”

, 224

Domain exit prediction

, 358–360

Dominance

dominant category label

, 116

dominant logics

, 384

of state logic

, 394–397, 398

Early claimants

, 174

to labels

, 180

benefits and risks

, 181

category emergence

, 183–184

logic

, 180–181

multiple organizations

, 181–182

relevant PSS

, 184–188

social understanding

, 182–183

eBay

, 164–165

Economic growth

, 117

Economic structures

, 268

Education Management Organizations (EMOs)

, 84

Ego-to-alter observation (i-to-j observation)

, 327–328

Electrical devices, interoperability

, 264

Emergence

, 2–3, 70–73, 78–79, 88, 92, 95, 110, 144, 172, 204–206, 225, 244, 254, 258–259, 265–266, 271–272, 320

of actor’s status

, 319

of competitive structure

, 353

emergent industry’s entrants

, 130

emergent opportunities

, 142

endogenous force

, 20–21

evidence

, 12

formation

, 15–17

growth

, 14–15

formation

, 10–11

Google search trends

, 3–4

growth

, 8–10

of industries

, 133–135

innovation

, 19–20

of Japanese microbrewery industry

, 115–129

novelty

, 5–7, 12–14

organizational ecology

, 4–5

organizational theory

, 18–19

process

, 175–176

processes

, 384

of social objects

, 386–388

steps

, 17–18

theory

, 5

See also Charter schools, emergence of; Market emergence

Emerging

categories

, 174, 177

fiscal sponsorship as

, 189–191

logic

, 384–385, 388

role structure

, 233

Empty categories

, 112

category-specific characteristics

, 130

creation of common meanings and identities

, 110

and emergence of industries

, 133–135

external actors

, 111

government policy

, 111

Japanese beer industry

, 135

Ji-biru and emergence of japanese microbrewery industry

, 115–129

material and symbolic resources

, 112

media, consultants, and technology gurus

, 136

research design and methods

, 113

data analysis

, 115

data sources

, 113–114

Endogenous force

, 20–21

Energy systems

, 262

Entrants and product offerings

, 123–126

Entrepreneur boundary-crossing

, 430–431

and entry into new product areas

, 424–426

performance

, 426–427

Entrepreneur career boundary-crossing

, 432–433

baseline model

, 436, 437

industry boundary-crossing

, 440

multinomial Logit models for failure, acquisition, IPO

, 438–439

piecewise exponential hazard rate models

, 435

Entrepreneurial leaders

, 420, 421, 423

functional responsibilities

, 425

Entrepreneurial opportunity structure

, 164

Entrepreneurial producer

, 243

Entrepreneurs

, 146, 243

join startup organizations

, 420

Entrepreneurship

, 34–36, 165, 425

Environment-focused identity

, 95

Environmental instability

, 32

Environmental shocks

, 144–145

Environmental uncertainty

, 32, 33, 35

data analysis

, 41–43

data collection

, 39–40

external legitimacy

, 63–64

geographical locations

, 34

green banks

, 57–58

green institutional logic

, 38–39

hybrid entrepreneurship

, 43–57

innovative hybrid organizations

, 32–33

institutional logics

, 60–61

institutional uncertainty and entrepreneurship

, 34–36

local environments

, 58–59

novel strategies

, 64

relationship between resource environment and strategic orientation

, 59–60

senior leadership teams in hybrid organizations

, 36–37

strategic orientation

, 37–38

strategic orientation

, 62

Ethereum

, 19–20

Evolutionary

biology

, 2

dynamics

, 271, 274

framework

, 232

novelties

, 2

Executive migration

, 424

External actors

, 6, 111, 118

actors, themes, and representative quotes

, 120

and industry emergence

, 131–133

micro-level factors

, 123

number of internal and external voices

, 119

references to different themes

brewers, media, and non-brewers

, 122

by year

, 122

themes identified in articles on Ji-biru

, 121

See also Actors

External legitimating forces

, 237

External shocks

, 259

Failure Rate

, 430

Fields

, 258–259

emergence

, 260, 265–266, 268–269

field-level institutional logics

, 72

Film Company

, 304, 308

Firm Age

, 432

Firms

, 178

“Fiscal sponsor” label

, 175

Fiscal sponsorship

, 175

as emerging category

, 189–191

implications of fiscal sponsorship empirical context

, 210–213

Flea markets

, 237

Focal actor

, 338–339

tenure

, 330

Focal organization

, 231

Formalization

, 84–85

frame

, 86

Formation of emergence

, 10–11, 15–17

“Fortress hub”

, 152

Founding actors

, 84

characteristics

, 83–84, 86

frames and institutional logics by

, 87

Founding process

, 43–44

Fragmentation

, 13

Function-specific experience

, 421

Functional boundary-crossing

, 425–426, 431, 436, 440

Functional knowledge

, 423–424

Futurists

, 111

Generalists

, 145, 146, 148, 156–158, 160, 162

Geography

, 172, 175, 180, 184, 194–195

arguments

, 184–185

geographic PSS

, 186–187

geography segment

intersection

, 196–197

social space defining by

, 202

logic

, 187–188

potential stakeholders

, 185–186

social space defining by

, 199–202

Geopolitical instability

, 38–39

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

, 4

Global warming

, 38–39

Good nodes

, 348–349

Government-funded projects

, 268

Green banks

, 33, 39

Green institutional logic

, 38–39

“Green” environmental sustainability organizations

, 33

GREENSOUTH

, 41, 43, 56–57

founding process

, 51

Core Founding Group’s involvement

, 53

interactions with resource environment

, 53–55

local context and founding group

, 51

long-term strategic orientation

, 55

impact of resource environment on

, 52

interview summary

, 40

GREENWEST

, 41, 43

founding process

, 44

banking logic

, 47–50

Core Founding Group’s involvement

, 47

interactions with resource environment

, 47

local context and founding group

, 44–47

impact of resource environment on

, 45–46, 48–49

interview summary

, 40

Growth

, 8–10, 14–15

Hazard rate of failure

, 433

Heckman’s selection model

, 332

Heterogeneity

, 11

High-status actor

, 327

Hub-and-spoke system

, 152, 153

passengers

, 154

Hybrid entrepreneurship

, 43

founding process

, 43–44

Hybrid organizations

, 35–36

senior leadership teams in

, 36–37

i-to-j observation. See Ego-to-alter observation (i-to-j observation)

“Ideal type” societal institutional logics

, 71

and characteristics of school education field

, 101

Identity

, 318

brokerage on

, 325

identity-oriented approach

, 71

less-focused identity

, 326

of social actor

, 324–325

See also De alio identity

“Illegitimacy discount”

, 35

Implications

, 202–203

fiscal sponsorship empirical context

, 210–213

Implicit recognition

, 254

Incentives

, 57, 176, 180, 203, 268

Incumbent analysts

, 361, 362

Incumbent non-All-star analysts

, 362–363

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)

, 397

Individual actors

, 20, 258, 387

Industry

boundary-crossing

, 430, 433, 436, 436, 440

job mobility as source

, 423–424

development

, 110

industry-specific experience

, 421, 423

industry-specific knowledge

, 421

network structure

, 164

Industry emergence

, 133–135

category-specific characteristics

, 130

creation of common meanings and identities

, 110

external actors

, 111, 131–133

government policy

, 111

Japanese beer industry

, 135

Ji-biru and emergence of Japanese microbrewery industry

, 115–129

lack of effective and gradual legitimation processes

, 137

material and symbolic resources

, 112

media, consultants, and technology gurus

, 136

research design and methods

, 113

data analysis

, 115

data sources

, 113–114

Inference

, 291–293

Information flows

, 177

Innovation

, 163, 245–246

boundary-crossing and emergence of innovation in startups

, 422

diffusion

, 245–246

literature

, 230–231

Innovative banker

, 43

Innovative entrepreneurship

, 32

Innovative hybrid models

, 32

Innovative hybrid organizations

, 32–33, 35–36

Instagram

, 3

Institutional bricolage

, 36

Institutional complexity

, 73, 384, 385

burgeoning research on

, 408

in Charter schools field

, 77–79

institutional logics

, 388

Institutional ecology

, 71–72

Institutional entrepreneurs

, 229

Institutional entrepreneurship

, 384, 387

Institutional investor

, 47, 354

Institutional Investor magazine

, 356, 358, 365

Institutional logic(s)

, 17, 72–74, 237, 245

archival sources

, 417

in community radio field

, 405

conversation between sociologists and emergence theorists

, 411

emergence

of community logic

, 408–409

with logics perspective

, 410–411

processes

, 384

of social objects

, 386–388

emerging logic

, 407

findings

, 393

development logic to appropriate community logic

, 403–405, 406

dominance of state logic

, 394–397, 398

experimentation and articulation of community logic

, 397–400

key actors in field of community radio

, 393–394

state logic to restricting community logic

, 400–403

toward normative evaluation and power

, 385–386

Institutional processes

, 254

Institutional theory

, 4, 8, 19, 60–61, 258

institutional logics

, 245

legitimacy and

, 9

literature

, 142

novelty and

, 7

Institutional uncertainty

, 34–36

Institutionalised rules

, 267

Institutionalization

, 174, 177, 237

Institutions

, 176–177

categories as

, 209–210

Instructional frame

, 84–85

Internal actors

, 6

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

, 175, 191, 195, 196, 217

data

, 194

U.S. IRS. Fiscal sponsors

, 189

International Data Corporation (IDC)

, 224

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 227–228, 233

Interoperability of electrical devices

, 264

Intersubjective typifications

, 233

Isomorphism

, 19, 254

Japan Brewer’s Association (JBA)

, 128

Japan Craft Beer Association (JCBA)

, 114, 128

Japan Craft Beer Support

, 128

Japan Microbrewery Association (JMA)

, 128

Japanese culture

, 268–269

Japanese ji-biru brewers

, 114

Japanese microbrewery industry

, 112–113

emergence of

, 115

deregulation and media hype

, 115–118

entrants and product offerings

, 123–126

legitimacy, standards, and exits

, 126–129

role of external actors

, 118–123

See also Smart-city development in Japan

Japanese National Archives Library

, 114

Ji-biru category

, 12, 112, 113, 115, 116

deregulation and media hype

, 115–118

entrants and product offerings

, 123–126

legitimacy, standards, and exits

, 126–129

role of external actors

, 118–123

Ji-zake category

, 112, 116

Job mobility

, 421, 423, 424

Jobs, Steve

, 64

Journeyers

, 347, 348

Kyoto Protocol

, 38–39

Language analysis

, 79

Language literacy

, 86

Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)

, 82–83

Leader-Founder

, 431

Learning orientations

, 9–10

Legitimacy

, 9, 126–129

Legitimate category

, 118

Legitimation

evolutionary forces

, 142

processes

, 130

Lenient categories

, 422

Levi-Strauss’ bricolage–concept

, 274

Literacy

, 84–85

“Local beer”. See Ji-biru category

“Local products”

, 115

Logics

, 15, 73, 225–226, 227, 229, 238

of action

, 233, 235, 237

banking institutional

, 39

development

, 403–406

DNA

, 224

dominant

, 384

green institutional

, 38–39

institutional

, 245

institutional

, 73–74

market

, 78, 84–85

market segment

, 187–188

professions

, 78, 84–85

repackaging institutional

, 74–76

shared

, 237, 241

state

, 78, 84–85, 394–397, 398, 400–403

See also Community logics

Long-term strategic orientation

, 55–57

Low-load factor

, 152

Low-status actor

, 327

LPG reforms in India

, 388

Maasdar in Abu Dhabi, smart-city projects of

, 255–256

“Machiokoshi”

, 117

MALLET package

, 82–83

Management gurus

, 111

Mapping

, 288, 291–293, 304

of existing firms into new product categories

, 16

into graph

, 348

of knowledge

, 18

of schools by locations

, 92

Market emergence

, 284, 285

call for new approach

, 227–229

crowd

, 226

and collective behavior

, 229

dynamics in

, 229

formation

, 232–234

as interaction structure across time and space

, 231–232

de alio identity on user ratings, by phases of

, 306–307

existing approaches

, 226–227

market formation

, 237–238

micro-level tensions

, 238–240

See also Emergence; Social construction of markets

Market segment

, 179–180, 184, 195–196

arguments

, 184–185

geographic PSS

, 186–187

logic

, 187–188

potential stakeholders

, 185–186

social space defining by

, 199

Market(s)

, 110, 224–225, 226–227

actors

, 90–91, 376–377

analysis

, 160

categories

, 172, 174–175

cognitive foundations

, 224

concentration

, 145

entry decisions

, 146

logics

, 78, 84–85

opportunity

, 232

performance behavior

, 353

reform

, 70

rejection mechanisms

, 11

space

, 243

Master

, 347, 348

MAXQDA 2010 software

, 80

“Meaning slots”

, 110

Media hype

, 115–118

Mental models

, 424

Metropolises

, 115

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

, 194

Micro-level ethnography

, 73

Micro-level tensions

, 238–240

Micro-macro link

, 245

Microbreweries

, 116, 146

Mimetic adoption

, 8–9

Mimetic forces

, 19

Mission statement

, 86

Mobile technology

, 231, 243

Mobility of leaders

, 424–425

Mortality rate of microbreweries

, 145–146

Mortgage-backed securities

, 4

“Mouthpiece for NGO”

, 403

Multi-step content analysis process

, 80

Mutual cognition

, 260

Mutual recognition

, 232, 234

Nascent entrepreneurs

, 142

Natural selection

, 2

Negotiated environment

, 36

Neoclassical economic model

, 226–227

Neoinstitutional theory

, 384, 387, 410

Neoinstitutional work

, 179

Network opportunity

, 159

emergence and identification

, 142, 144

airline industry

, 151–156

directions for future research

, 163–165

generalists and specialists

, 156–158

network theory and niche

, 146–151

networks as niche

, 160–163

niche width and resource partitioning process

, 144–146

of specialist niche

, 158–160

framework

, 163

Network(s)

, 143

approach

, 316

brokerage

, 323–324, 326, 327

information benefits of networks

, 323

less-focused identity

, 326

negative correlation

, 325–326

negative impact of brokerage

, 325

centralization

, 148, 160, 162

degree centrality

, 330, 334, 336

hub

, 159

connections

, 157

as niche

, 160–163

structure

, 240

New labels

, 14, 174, 178, 180

New product areas, entry into

, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429–430, 432–433

New Songdo in Korea, smart-city projects of

, 255–256

Niche

, 146–151

network opportunity identification of specialist niche

, 158–160

networks as

, 160–163

width

, 144–146

Nihon Keizai Shimbun

, 117

Nikkei Sangyou Shimbun

, 117

Non-All-star analysts

, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 371, 375, 377

Non-focal actors

, 338

Non-ideal innovations

, 7

Non-optimal oriented diffusion mechanisms

, 11

Nongovernment organization (NGOs)

, 389, 399, 403, 405

member

, 402

Normative evaluation and power

, 385–386

Normative force

, 19

Novelty

, 5–7, 12–14

emergence

, 13–14

and institutional theory

, 7

Oakland Community Organizations (OCO)

, 84

On-demand approach

, 263

Online

conversations

, 228, 233

interaction

, 231

platforms

, 228

postings

, 232

Open-source software

, 321–322

Opportunity identification

, 142

Organizational/organizations

, 262–263, 269

commitment

, 265

consequences

, 242–243

ecology

, 4–5, 8, 142

treatment

, 144

fields

, 254–255, 261–262, 273

through cognitive action

, 259–260

and issue of participation numbers

, 256–257

through social interaction

, 257–259

frames

, 74, 94

interpreting latent themes and identifying

, 83–84

repackaging institutional logics as

, 74–76

identities

, 70–71

interrelations

, 256

learning research

, 421

Overlapping network

, 149–150

Passengers

, 157

Pastapur Initiative

, 395

Path-dependent emergence

, 9

Path-dependent evolutionary process

, 13

Peer certificates

, 322

Peers group

, 174, 181–184, 195

Phenomenon-driven case study approach

, 391–392

Physical geographic space

, 146

PICO network

, 84

Platform leaders

, 266–267

Policy makers

, 113

Population ecology

, 71–72

Producer identities

, 285

Product-level technical information

, 295

“Production market”

, 224, 229, 237, 245

Professions logic

, 78, 84–85

Proximate Social Space (PSS)

, 173–175, 179–180, 184–188, 206–209

early claimants to labels in

, 180–188

geographic

, 186–187

independent variables for

, 196–197

relevant

, 184–188

social interactions patterns in

, 179–180

variables for

, 196–197

Public interest litigation

, 402

Qualitative analysis software

, 80

Qualitative research methods

, 261

Radical psychological transformation

, 229–230

Recombinant innovations

, 284

Recombinant technologies

, 286

Reduced search costs

, 234

“Regional hubs”

, 161–162

Regional Public Administration

, 120

Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg-FD)

, 365–366, 375

Relational mappings

, 292

Repackaging institutional logics as organizational frames

, 74–76

Resource partitioning

, 144–146

dynamics of long-term industry evolution

, 146

literature

, 147

theory

, 143

Resurgence

, 142

Route network

, 151–152

Securities analysts

, 354

Poisson models of entry by

, 372, 373–374

Poisson models of exit by

, 370

and quest for institutional investor all-star status

, 355–356

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

, 365–366

Security proof

, 348–349

Segment-based peers

, 198

“Selfie-stick”

, 3–4

Semi-structured interview protocol

, 40

Sensemaking process

, 232, 287, 297, 309

Sensor technology

, 263

Shared logics

, 237, 241

“Silicon Valley” category

, 135

Small business industry corporations (SBICs)

, 70

Small-batch brewers

, 118

Small-batch brewing

, 117

Smart City Manager

, 265

Smart meter

, 267–268

Smart towns

, 264–265, 273

projects

, 270

Smart-city

, 274

challenges

, 265

definitions

, 262–263

demonstration projects

, 268

initiatives

, 263–265

objectives

, 265–266

solutions

, 255–256, 263–264, 267–268

Smart-city development in Japan

, 254

cognitive interaction

, 271–272

evidence

, 262

Japanese culture

, 268–269

methods and data

, 260–262

organisational fields

, 254–255

and issue of participation numbers

, 256–257

through cognitive action

, 259–260

through social interaction

, 257–259

organisational respondents

, 266–267

organisations in research

, 279

smart meter

, 267–268

specific temporal context

, 269–270

theoretical context

, 256

TQM

, 273–274

See also Japanese microbrewery industry

Social actors

, 7, 16, 72, 174, 184, 324, 324–325, 408

Social construction

, 204–206, 258, 259

Social construction of markets

, 172, 203–204

analysis of survivor bias

, 217–219

assessing survivor bias

, 193

categories

, 176–177

contributions and future research

, 204

categories as institutions

, 209–210

implications of fiscal sponsorship empirical context

, 210–213

proximate social space

, 206–209

social construction and emergence

, 204–206

early claimants to labels

, 180–188

emergence process

, 175–176

empirical setting

, 189–191

implications

, 202–203

institutions

, 176–177

labels

, 176–177

PSS

, 173–174

social interactions patterns in

, 179–180

social interactions

, 174–175

social space

, 199–202

strategically claiming labels to influence understanding

, 177–178

website archives

, 192–193

See also Market emergence

Social engagement

, 256

Social influence

, 238

Social interactions

, 172, 173–174, 258–259, 260, 267, 269–272

patterns in proximate social space

, 179–180

Social media

, 3, 232–233, 243

Social movement(s)

, 75, 228–229, 237, 240–242, 258–259

mechanisms

, 227

theory

, 14, 226, 227

Social objects, emergence of

, 386–388

Social ordering

, 320

Social space

, 199

geography

, 199–202

probit analysis

, 200–201

geography segment

, 202

market segment

, 199

Social understanding

, 172–174, 177–178

Socially Responsible Investment (SRI)

, 39

Socio-cognition

distinctions

, 238–240

efforts

, 265–266

explanations

, 256

process

, 14–15, 246

Socio-cultural

change

, 227

evolutionary framework

, 226

Sociopolitical legitimacy

, 110

Space

, 225

crowds as interaction structure across

, 231–232

social

, 199–202

See also Proximate Social Space (PSS)

Specialists

, 156–158, 162

network opportunity identification of niche

, 158–160

niche network opportunity

, 160

niche size

, 158

Stakeholders

, 37

Standards

, 126–129

Startup outcomes

, 429–430

Startup performance

, 430, 433

baseline model

, 436, 437

industry boundary-crossing

, 440

State intervention

, 6

State logic

, 78, 84–85

dominance of

, 394–397, 398

to restricting community logic

, 400–403

Statistical t-tests

, 83

Status

, 316

actor’s network position

, 318–319

Advogato Certification System

, 347

Advogato Trust Metric

, 348–349

brokerage position

, 317

descriptive statistics and correlations

, 333

emergence of

, 316

evaluation

, 317–318

focal actor

, 338–339

future studies

, 340–341

implications

, 339–340

and network brokerage

, 323–327

non-focal actors

, 338

random effects Probit estimates of working on projects

, 332

Status-seeking behavior

, 16–17, 352

affecting competitive emergence

, 378

benefits of securities analyst market

, 354–355

market actors

, 376–377

and market performance behavior

, 353

motivations of competitive emergence

, 379

STEM

, 86, 88

schools

, 90

Strategic Action Fields (SAF)

, 258–259

Strategic orientation

, 33–34, 42, 44, 58

green

, 40, 58

GREENSOUTH

, 41, 53, 56–57

GREENWEST

, 41, 47, 55–56

of hybrid organization

, 38

innovative hybrid organizations

, 34

long-term

, 55

organization’s

, 38, 60, 61

relationship with resource environment

, 59

shifting

, 36

Structural equivalence

, 147

Structural holes

, 143, 323–324

Sub-crowds

, 235–236, 241

“Super Smart Society” theme

, 135–136

Supplementary analysis

, 193

Survivor bias

analysis of potential

, 217–219

assessment

, 193

Systematic transactions

, 235–236

Teaching professions

, 78

Technology company

, 267

Technology-focused identity

, 95

Telecom & Internet

, 433, 437

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

, 400

Theory of crowds

, 223–246

Theory on organizational learning

, 423

Thomson Financial Securities Data’s VentureXpert database

, 429

3D printing

, 241–242

market space

, 237–238

Time

, 9–10, 225

bank

, 154

crowds as interaction structure across

, 231

identity shifts over

, 89

time-space compression

, 225

Topic modeling

, 79, 82–83, 94

solution for charter applications

, 105–106

Topics coded by institutional logics and latent frames

, 107

Total Quality Management (TQM)

, 273–274

Tranches

, 4

Transformation

, 80

Transitional stage

, 235

Transportation network

, 151

Trust-relationships

, 268–269

UCINET

, 329, 330

Uncategorized products

, 185

UNDP

, 400

UNESCO

, 388, 400

Venture performance

, 426–427

VentureXpert database

, 429

Vocabulary analysis

, 79

Web-enabled crowds

, 231

Website archives

, 192–193

“Wisdom of crowds”

, 230–231

Youth development frame

, 84–85

YouTube

, 164–165