Adjudications

, 72

Advil

, 41–42

Advisors

, 71–72

Aegis

, 117

Aleve

, 41–42

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)

, 74

American National Highway Transportation Safety Administration

, 119

Antitrust in card payment networks

, 94–96

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 1, 112

autonomy

, 112

and criminal offenses

, 115–121

issue of legal liability

, 112

Bad faith political speakers

, 132–135

discursive conflict

, 133

two-sided content production

, 133–135

Bargaining range. See also Rubinstein Bargaining Model (RBM)

, 8, 10, 12

challenges

, 8

indeterminacy

, 8

Card associations

, 92

Card payments

, 90

antitrust in card payment networks

, 94–96

economics of card payment networks

, 91–94

Card scheme

, 92

data and methodology

, 96

fees

, 90–91, 94

results

, 97–99

Causality

, 118

Commercial cards

, 97, 99–100

Communications Decency Act

, 134

Competition concerns

, 1

Compte-rendu de jugement (CRJ)

, 72–73, 75

Conciliation

, 74

Conflictual rhetoric

, 127–128

Consumer surplus (CS)

, 60

ContentGuard Holdings v. Amazon. com

, 21–22

Cost-based approach

, 90

Credit cards

, 90

Criminal Law and the Challenges of Autonomous Intelligence: Substituting a Theory of Guilt with the Division of Labor

, 4

Criminal liability

of autonomous machines

, 113–115

of persons

, 112–113

Criminal offenses

, 115–121

Critical loss analysis

, 2, 27–28

alternative market definition analyses

, 42–44

analysis of profitability of common price increase under differentiated products

, 30–31

divergence of standard critical loss analysis

, 33–34, 41–42

markets defined using standard critical loss

, 34–35

simulations

, 35–40

Critical Loss Analysis with Differentiated Products

, 2

Culpability

, 121, 124

Data-driven analytic methods

, 8

Debit cards

, 90

Differentiated products critical loss analysis

, 35–40

Directive on Payment Services (PSD2)

, 93–94

Discount factors

, 13, 17

Discounted cash flow model (DCF model)

, 13

Discursive conflict

, 128, 133

Dismissal as litigation cause

, 73–74

Divergence of standard critical loss analysis

, 41–42

Division of labor theory

, 112

as solution

, 121–123

Double marginalization, degree of

, 60

Duty to deal (DTD)

, 57–59

Economic theory of political speech

, 131

Efficiency

, 62

Employment protection

, 70

EuroCommerce

, 91

European Commission (EC)

, 90

European Economic Area (EEA)

, 95–96

Fake news

, 4–5, 128–129, 132

Falsehoods

, 132

Financial compensation request

, 73

Financial relevance of labor litigations

, 77–82

Firm performance

, 3, 71, 74

First Amendment

, 128

First mover

, 16

Four-party card payment markets

, 91

Free speech theory

, 128

Free will

, 114

French Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE)

, 71–72

French labor litigation landscape

, 71–73

Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U. S. Plywood Corp

, 1–2

Georgia-Pacific framework

, 9

German law

, 120

Gross upward pricing pressure index (GUPPI)

, 29–30, 42–44

Guilt

, 112–113, 118

Hypothetical monopolist

, 31

test

, 27–28

Hypothetical negotiation

, 8, 11–12

characterization

, 17

date of

, 14

economic interpretation

, 20

time of

, 13–15

Indirect market-based methods

, 131–132

Interchange Fee Regulation (IFR)

, 91

Interchange fees

, 90, 93

Interchange Plus (IC+)

, 101

Interchange Plus Plus (IC++)

, 97

Judicial precedents

, 69–70

Labor laws

, 69–70

design

, 70

Labor Litigation and Firm Performance

, 3

Labor litigations

, 3

data and variables

, 75–77

estimations

, 77–82

and firm performance

, 71, 74

French labor litigation landscape

, 71–73

hypotheses

, 73–74

limitations

, 82–86

Labor regulations

, 70

Law and Economics of Non-Exclusionary Price Floors, The

, 3

Layoffs

, 73–74

Legal tests

, 128

Lerner index

, 31, 35, 38

Liability. See also Criminal liability

rules

, 1

for traffic accidents caused by autonomous vehicles

, 118–121

for war crimes committed by autonomous weapons

, 116–118

Licensor’s minimum willingness

, 11

LimeLight Networks v. XO Communication

, 22

Litigation duration

, 3

Market definition analysis

, 27–29, 34–35, 42, 44

Market power

, 2

Market structure comparison

, 59–61

Market-based methods

, 132

Mastercard

, 91–93

Merchant Service Charge (MSC)

, 90–91

Merchants

, 92–93, 96–97

Motrin

, 41–42

Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS)

, 8–10

National labor codes

, 70

Negligence

, 115–116

Non-exclusionary price floors

, 3

Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines (2008)

, 2

Omega Patents, LLC v. CalAmp Corp

, 22

Omissions

, 113–114

One-product monopolist (OPM)

, 60

Pass-through

, 97, 99–100

Patent damages

, 1, 17–18

Patent litigation, RBM in

, 19–22

Payment cards

, 3–4

Permissiveness claim

, 114

Plant-level census data

, 70–71

Polarization between bona fide political participants

, 129–131

Political speech

, 127–128

Price elasticity

, 35

Procês verbal de conciliation (PVC)

, 75

Productivity of firms

, 70–71

Profit functions for VIP and independent rival

, 57

Profit-maximizing prices for DTD market structure

, 58

Profitability analysis of common price increase under differentiated products

, 30–31

Redundancy costs

, 70–71

Regulating the Uncontrollable:The Development Of Card Scheme Fees In Payments Markets in Light of Recent Policy Intervention

, 3–4

Regulation

, 90, 92

on labor market

, 70

Relevant antitrust market

, 28, 31

Research in Law and Economics

, 1

Resolving Bargaining Range Indeterminacy in Patent Damages after VirnetX

, 1–2

Return on assets (ROA)

, 75

Return on equity (ROE)

, 71

Robustness checks

, 82

Royalties

, 14

Rubinstein Bargaining Model (RBM)

, 1–2, 8–9, 12, 19

establishing predicates of

, 16–19

limitation

, 9

in patent litigation

, 19–22

Rule-of-thumb methods

, 8

Sherman Act

, 55–56

Significant and non-transitory increase in price (SSNIP)

, 27–28

Simulations

, 35–40

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 96

Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR)

, 118

Social media platforms

, 132

Standard, break-even critical loss

, 28

Standard critical loss analysis. See also Critical loss analysis

, 28–29

and differentiated products critical loss analysis

, 35–40

with differentiated products under representative product approach

, 31–32

divergence of standard critical loss analysis from differentiated products critical loss analysis

, 33–34

Standard industrial classification (SIC)

, 22

Surcharging

, 93–94

Survey-based contingent evaluation methods

, 131

Survivor’s syndrome

, 73

Swiss law

, 120–121

Three-party networks

, 91–92

Tiebreaker hearing

, 72–73

Total surplus

, 57

Tradeoffs between eliminating double marginalization and reducing competition

, 61

Traffic violations

, 120

Transparency

, 97, 99–100

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

, 91

Trial

, 74

Truth exposure, problem with measuring subjective value of

, 131–132

Truth-seeking

, 129–132

Two-product monopolist

, 59

Two-sided content production

, 129, 133, 135

Two-sided markets

, 91–92

Two-Sided Social Media and Bad Faith Political Speech

, 4–5

Tylenol

, 41–42

Uber

, 119

Uniloc v. Microsoft

, 7–8

52 U.S.C. § 30121

, 128, 132–134

US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC)

, 7–8

US federal appellate court decisions

, 7–8

US Vertical Merger Guidelines (2020)

, 2

Vertical Integration, Market Consolidation and Economic Welfare

, 2–3

Vertically integrated firms

, 2

Vertically integrated provider (VIP)

, 2–3, 55–56

model

, 57–61

notation and definitions

, 56–57

policy implications

, 61–62

Vicarious liability

, 121

VirnetX

, 1–2, 8

issues

, 19

and nash bargaining solution

, 9–10

Visa

, 91–93

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

, 13–14

Welfare measures

, 60

Wrongful discharge

law

, 70

protections

, 70–71