Index
ISBN: 978-1-83982-937-6, eISBN: 978-1-83982-936-9
Publication date: 29 November 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Dashper, K. (Ed.) Sport, Gender and Mega-Events (Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-936-920211024
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Acarajé
, 150, 156–157
and Copa Race–Class–Gender disorder
, 157–159
Adams, Nicola (British boxer)
, 14–15
Advantage theory
, 47–48
Africa Cup of Nations
, 1
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
, 33–34
Asian Games
, 1, 6
Asociación de Clubes de Fútbol Femenino (ACFF)
, 194
Athlete. See also Male elite athletes
activism
, 135
elite
, 36–37
female
, 33–34, 134–136
Inter* athletes
, 239
in particular
, 33–34
passports
, 240
Trans* athletes
, 37, 239
Athletics South Africa (ASA)
, 39
Australian Grand Prix. See Formula One
Baianas
, 15, 17, 150, 156–157, 239–240
Baianas Lives Matter
, 155–156
Barcelona
, 188
Barr body test
, 36
‘Biological men’
, 47
Biological passport
, 37
Black, Asian and minority ethnics (BAME)
, 172
Black Brazilian women
, 239–240
Black feminism
, 17
in Brazil
, 151, 153, 155
Black feminists
, 154–155
Blanchard, Alana (surfer)
, 136
Brazil
Black feminism in
, 151, 153, 155
gender metaphor in Brazilian
, 151–152
Bronze, Lucy (England)
, 137
Carneiro, Sueli
, 154
Carnival
, 172
Chand, Dutee (Indian sprinter)
, 38–39
Climate change, environment and
, 244
Club Deportivo Tacón
, 192–193
Colonial/Modern Gender System
, 45
Combat sports
, 8–9
Commonwealth Games
, 1, 6, 12
Competition
, 2–3
Competitive sports
, 9
Copa Race–Class–Gender disorder
, 157–159
Coping strategies
, 77
Cost
, 3
Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)
, 38–39
COVID-19 pandemic
, 1, 240–241
Critical feminist research approach
, 207–209
Cultural performance
, 171
efficacy of
, 166
Dean, Christopher
, 163–164
Dichotomous sex
, 35
Differences of sexual development (DSD)
, 34, 39
women with
, 40
Direct costs
, 3
Discrimination, ongoing
, 241–242
Diversity
, 156
Do Nothing Bitch (DNB)
, 140–141
Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM)
, 94–95, 103
Elite athletes
, 36–37
Elite sport
, 33
Ellie Soutter (snowboarder)
, 74
Emotion management
, 76
English disease
, 93
Environment and climate change
, 244
Equality
, 39–40
gender
, 21–22
Equestrian sport
, 14
Estudos Feministas (Feminist Studies)
, 154
Ethical relativism
, 59, 63–64
European Athletic Championships
, 35
Events
, 2–3
‘Everyday resistance’ concept
, 152–153
Fair competition
, 33
Fair fights
, 98
Fairness
, 39–40
promise of fairness and inclusive policies
, 49–50
in sport mega-events
, 37–39
Familiarisation
, 209
Fan ID
, 170
Fan(s)
Fan zones
, 170
at football mega-events
, 93–94
presence and absence of
, 99–101
violence
, 7
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
, 1, 149
FIFA Men’s World Cup
, 4, 6–7
FIFA Women’s World Cup
, 6–7
General
, 143
Rights
, 141
Scandal
, 168
Female
athletes
, 33–34, 134–136
sport mega-events
, 188
sports and athletes
, 9
Feminism
black
, 17
liberal
, 17
multiple
, 18
multitude of
, 16–17
neoliberal
, 11, 18
post-feminism
, 8–9, 18, 135–136
postcolonial
, 17–18
Third-wave feminism
, 11
Feminist
commentators
, 201–202
sport studies
, 135–136
sports media scholars
, 136–137
thematic analysis
, 136
FIFA Men’s World Cup
, 163
Brazil (2014)
, 21
in Qatar (2022)
, 242
Russia (2018)
, 10–11, 106–107
FIFA Women’s World Cup
, 57
‘Dare to Shine’
, 133–134
France (2019)
, 133–135
methodology
, 136–138
Rapinoe, Megan
, 134–135
self-disclosure as statement
, 140–141
self-empowerment and politics
, 141–143
from self-love to equal love
, 138–139
theoretical framework
, 135–136
FIFA Women’s World Cup Now (live Twitter show)
, 57
Fischer, Nilla (Sweden)
, 137
Flintoff, Freddie (cricket player)
, 74
Flints Crew at Spartak Moscow
, 97–98
Fluidity
, 17
Football
cultural role
, 93
fan violence at
, 93–94
FIFA Men’s World Cup, Russia (2018)
, 106–107
football-related disorder
, 98
gender (dis)order and
, 151–152
historical
, 93
masculinity, football and violence
, 92
mega-events
, 91
participation
, 1–2
pay
, 134–135
presence and absence of fan violence at football mega-events
, 99–101
UEFA Championships, France (2016)
, 101–106
Football Association (FA)
, 74
Football Banning Orders (FBOs)
, 94
Football hooliganism
, 93, 107–108
evolution in England
, 92
at mega-events
, 94–95
policing and policy
, 94–95
in Russian Federation
, 96–99
subcultural violence and nationalism
, 95–96
Football World Cup (FWC)
, 92, 163–164, 221–222
Carnival
, 172
cultural performance
, 171
diversity programme
, 177–178
effectiveness of technological performance
, 165–166
efficacy of cultural performance
, 166
efficiency of organisational performance
, 165
feeling
, 163–164
getting power
, 166–169
harder, faster, better, stronger
, 174–176
investigating football fan performances
, 164–165
Iranian women
, 177
organisational performance and efficiency
, 170
perceptions of Russia
, 173
public debate in Russia
, 178
in Russia
, 164
shared experience
, 180–181
sport mega-events
, 176, 181
technological performance
, 170–171
traditional values
, 179–180
Forest fights. See Fair fights
Formula One
, 113–114
as (gendered) ‘glamorous’ event
, 116–117
drivers
, 113
grid girls
, 120
macho racers
, 117–120
as mega-event
, 113, 115–116
ornamental females
, 120–124
and spectacle
, 115–116
Fox Sports
, 57
Free testosterone (fT)
, 43–44
Gama, Sara (Italy)
, 137
Gender
, 33, 45, 47, 239
binary
, 118
differences in sports media
, 222–225
equity
, 221–222
gender equality, sport mega-events and search for
, 187–188
gender trouble and sport mega-events
, 13–15
gender/nationality, intermingling of
, 225–227
identity in (Golf) sport media
, 204–206
(in)equality
, 16
inequality in Spanish sports
, 189–190
lack of media exposure
, 222–223
linguistic depiction
, 224–225
marking
, 13
metaphor in Brazilian
, 151–152
sexism
, 120
sport and
, 6–10
sport mega-events, gender and mediatisation
, 10–13
stereotypes
, 45–46
theorising gender and sport mega-events
, 15–18
verification
, 39–40
visual depiction
, 223–224
Gender (dis)order
Acarajé and Copa Race–Class–Gender disorder
, 157–159
Baianas, Acarajé and mega-events gendered order
, 156–157
Baianas Lives Matter
, 155–156
black feminism in Brazil
, 153–155
everyday resistance
, 152–153
football
, 151–152
Gender stereotypes
, 59–60
in sport media
, 60–61
Gendered dynamics
, 113
Gendered evaluations of dominant play
, 64–66
‘Gladiators’ of Spartak Moscow
, 99–100
Glamour
, 20, 113, 116–117
Global Health
, 240–241
Global North
, 242
Global South
, 242, 244
Golf
Ryder Cup
, 202–204
Solheim Cup
, 6, 209–210
Hansen, Caroline Graham (Norway)
, 137
Hashimoto, Seiko (Japan’s Olympic minister)
, 242
Hegemonic masculinity
, 7, 18
Hi-tech racing
, 113
Hooligan(s)
, 91
Hooliganism
, 7, 91
England/’Old Skool’
, 100
football hooliganism evolution in England
, 92
Russian Style
, 98
violence
, 95–96
Human rights
, 243
‘Hybrid’ technology
, 120
Hybridity
, 17
Hyper-masculine nationalist identity
, 100
Hyperandrogenism
, 38, 43–45, 47
IAAF Policy on Gender Verification
, 38
Inclusive masculinity
, 74, 118
Inclusive policies
, 34, 49–50
Indianapolis 500
, 115–116
IndyCar
, 120–121
Infantino, Gianni (FIFA President)
, 133–134
Inter* athletes
, 239
Inter*sex
, 37–38
Inter*sex athletes
, 37–38
Inter*sex people
, 33–34
International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF)
, 9, 33
International Broadcast Centre (IBC)
, 170–171
International crises
, 1
International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA)
, 190–191
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
, 4, 33, 168, 240
International sport
, 202–203
competitions
, 227–234
Intersex
, 39–40
sports competitions
, 227–234
Iranian women
, 177
Kellner
, 115
Kelly Catlin (cyclist)
, 74
Kłobukowska, Ewa
, 36
“Known hooligans” movement
, 94–95
Ladies European Tour (LET)
, 201
Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA)
, 201
Lambert, Elizabeth (University of New Mexico soccer player)
, 61
Le Mans
, 120–121
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer (LGBTQ+)
, 15
rights
, 168
Liberal feminism
, 17
Liberal feminist approach
, 16–17
Linguistic depiction
, 224–225, 233–234
Macho racers
, 117–120
Male elite athletes
, 73
athlete role models and recovery
, 84–87
displaying vulnerability
, 80–82
interpretative analysis
, 75–76
mental health suffering as antithesis of sport
, 77–80
methods and approach to study
, 75–77
nuance of suffering in sport
, 75
sport and mental health
, 74–75
sport as coping mechanism
, 82–84
Marozsan, Dzseinifer (Germany)
, 137
Masculine hegemonic entrenchment
, 205
Masculinity
, 75
aggressive
, 91
football, violence and
, 92
hegemonic
, 117–118
hyper
, 7
inclusive
, 74, 118
Masculinity in sport
, 57–58
McKinnon’s theory
, 49–50
Media
coverage
, 11
framing of sports
, 12
lack of media exposure
, 222–223, 228, 232
mediatisation
, 10–13
representation
, 11
Social media
, 11–12, 60, 134, 223–224
traditional–print and TV
, 243
women athletes in
, 59–60
Mediated reach
, 3
Mediatisation
, 10, 13, 243
of sport events
, 116
Medico-scientific foundation
, 40–45
Mega-event(s)
, 1–3, 12, 241
gendered order
, 156–157
hosting
, 3
masculine hegemony in
, 13–14
meaning
, 6
Mental health
, 75–76
and male elite athletes
, 74–75
suffering as antithesis of sport
, 77–80
Mental toughness
, 75
Minimum pay of female professional players
, 193–194
Monaco Grand Prix
, 115–116
Montreal Summer Olympics (1976)
, 4
Morgan, Alex
, 64–65
Motor-racing events
, 115–116
Motorsport
, 119
‘Mulheres negras’ movement
, 153
Multiplicity
, 17
National identity
in (Golf) sport media
, 204–206
gender differences in sports media
, 222–225
intermingling of gender/nationality
, 225–227
international, intersex sports competitions
, 227–234
National proxy warriors
, 210–212
National sport federations (NSFs)
, 195
Nationalism
, 91, 93, 95–96
Nationality
, 239
Neo-colonial fetishism
, 35
Neoliberal feminisms
, 18
‘New’ media
, 11
Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs)
, 154
Nuance of suffering in sport
, 75
NVivo software
, 77
‘Off-field’ case study
, 150
Okolofutbola
, 98
‘Old Skool’ typologies of hooligan violence
, 100
Olympic Games
, 5–7, 9–10, 34, 39–40, 58–59, 221–222
Olympic Games–Summer
, 35
general
, 1
Rio (2016)
, 10–11
Tokyo (2020/21)
, 39, 240
Olympic Games–Winter
general
, 1
Sochi (2014)
, 167
Olympique Lyonnais
, 190–191
Olympique Marseille (OM)
, 101
Olympism
, 5
Online academic databases
, 39–40
Organisational performance, efficiency of
, 165
Organised sport
, 6–7
Ornamental females
, 120–124
Pan American Games
, 1, 6
Patrick, Danica (racing driver)
, 136
Perfectionism
, 74–75
Performance
cultural
, 171
gender
, 1
organisational
, 165
technical
, 171
Plurality
, 156
Polycystic ovary syndrome
, 38
Post-feminism
, 8–9, 18, 135–136
Postcolonial feminisms
, 17–18
Primera Iberdrola
, 192
Professional sport
, 48–49
Public perception
, 241
PubMed
, 39–40
Qatar FIFA Men’s World Cup (2022)
, 244
Race
, 45, 47, 239
Racial hierarchies
, 46
Racism
in football
, 107, 139–140
Megan Rapinoe and
, 134–135
in Russia
, 169
Rapinoe, Megan (US footballer)
, 14–15, 64–65, 134–135, 137–139, 141, 239–240
empowerment
, 142–143
most valuable player and top scorer of tournament in FIFA Women’s World Cup
, 134–135
in national politics
, 142–143
outspoken on multiple forums
, 135
#USWNT
, 143
Real Madrid
, 188
Red-Blue Warriors at CSKA
, 97–98
Renard, Wendie (France)
, 137
Resistance concept
, 152–153
Reto Iberdrola
, 192
Rights, scandal
, 4
Rio Games (2016)
, 13
Role congruity theory (RCT)
, 59, 62
Rousey, Ronda (wrestler)
, 136
Rubiales, Luis (president of Spanish Football Federation)
, 192
Rugby World Cup
, 6
Russia
Controversy
, 167–168
Putin
, 99
Russian Federation, football hooliganism in
, 96–99
Russian football hooliganism
, 108
USSR
, 97–98
Ryder Cup
, 202–204
Sanden, Shanice Van De (Holland)
, 137
Sarajevo Winter Olympics (1984)
, 4
Scopus
, 39–40
Self-categorisation theory
, 221–222
Self-disclosure
, 136
as statement
, 140–141
Self-empowerment
, 136
and politics
, 141–143
Self-love
, 136
Semenya, Caster (African athlete)
, 9, 39
Separatism
, 98
Sex
, 35
verification tests
, 33
Sex biology
, 46
Sex integration
, 14–15
Sex regulation
, 39–40
Sex segregation
, 39–40
Sex testing
, 33–34, 39–40
analysis
, 40
author’s position
, 35
current debate on sex testing and fairness in sport mega-events
, 37–39
history of
, 35–37
hyperandrogenism, race and gender
, 45–47
level playing field
, 47–48
medico-scientific foundation and (bio)ethical considerations of current regulations
, 40–45
methods
, 39–40
promise of fairness and inclusive policies
, 49–50
reviewed articles by themes
, 41–43
in sport mega-events
, 33
Sexuality
, 9–10, 239
‘Sexually empowered’ female
, 8–9
Sharapova, Maria (tennis players)
, 136
Shared experience
, 180–181
Snapchat (instant-messaging application)
, 136–137
Social comparison theory
, 225
Social identity theory in action
, 225–227
Social media
, 11–12, 60, 134, 223–224
Social role theory (SRT)
, 59, 62–63
Socioeconomic characteristics
, 190
Sociology of sport
, 1–2
Solheim Cup
, 202
critical feminist research approach
, 207–209
gender and national identity in(Golf) sport media
, 204–206
as Golf
, 209–210
national proxy warriors
, 210–212
Pettersen the ‘Supermum’
, 212–214
Ryder Cup’s little sister
, 214–215
story of 2019 Solheim Cup
, 206
(supra-)national identity and golf
, 202–204
Women’s Golf and
, 201–202
Spanish Football Federation
, 187–188
Sport media
, 12
gender differences in
, 222–225
Sport mega-events. See also Football World Cup (FWC)
, 1–2, 6, 33–34, 58–59, 221, 239, 242–243
current debate on sex testing and fairness in
, 37–39
gender, mediatisation and
, 10–13
gender trouble and
, 13–15
history of sex testing in
, 35–37
and search for gender equality
, 187–188
theorising gender and
, 15–18
Sport(s)
, 1, 39–40
as coping mechanism
, 82–84
and gender
, 6–10
in Latin America
, 150
male elite athletes in
, 74–75
mental health suffering as antithesis of
, 77–80
nuance of suffering in
, 75
SPORTDiscus
, 39–40
Stockholm Consensus
, 37
Stylized exoticism
, 122–123
Subcultural violence
, 95–96
Summer Olympic Games. See also Winter Olympics Games
, 1, 4, 6, 12
in Beijing (2008)
, 242–243
Los Angeles in 2028
, 243
Paris in 2024
, 243
in Rio
, 240–241
(Supra-)national identity and golf
, 202–204
Sydney Games (2000)
, 13
‘Symbolic politics’
, 4–5
T-talk
, 46
Technological performance
, 170–171
effectiveness of
, 165–166
Televisual techniques
, 115–116
Thematic analysis
, 209
Third-wave feminism
, 11, 18
Thorpe, Ian (swimmer)
, 74
Tokyo Olympics (2020/21)
, 240–241
Tokyo Organising Committee
, 240
Torvill, Jayne
, 163–164
Traditional media
, 243
Traditional values
, 179–180
Trans*athletes
, 37, 239
Trans*men
, 37
Trans*people
, 33–34
Trans*persons
, 37–38
Trans*women
, 33–34, 37, 40, 47
Transgender
, 39–40
Tweddle, Beth (British female gymnast)
, 8
Two-sex model
, 33
UEFA Championships, France (2016)
, 92, 101, 106
Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
, 6, 190–191
United States Women’s National team (USWNT)
, 57, 64–65
Urban transformation
, 3–4
US Women’s National Team (USWNT)
, 19
Ustawki
, 98
Video assistant referees (VAR)
, 170–171
Violence
fan violence at football
, 93–94
football and
, 92
‘Old Skool’ typologies of hooligan
, 100
subcultural
, 95–96
Visitor attractiveness
, 3
Visual content analysis
, 223–224
Visual depiction
, 223–224, 232–233
Visual media portrayals
, 223–224
Visual representation of women athletes
, 232–233
Vulnerability, displaying
, 80–82
Well-being
, 75–76
Western notion of binary sex
, 34
Whiteness
, 9–10
Williams, Serena (tennis players)
, 11–12, 136, 138
Wimbledon Tennis Championships
, 2–3
Winter Olympics Games. See also Summer Olympic Games
in PyeongChang(2018)
, 10–11
in Sarajevo (1984)
, 4
in Sochi (2014)
, 167–168
Women
, 63
athletes in media
, 59–60
barriers for women in sport
, 60–64
category in elite sport
, 33
with DSD
, 40
ethical relativism
, 63–64
football in Spain
, 187
in football management
, 195–196
in Formula One
, 120
gender inequality in Spanish sports
, 189–190
gender stereotypes in sport media
, 60–61
gendered evaluations of dominant play
, 64–66
improvements in professional women’s football
, 192–193
with inter*sex variations
, 33–34
limits of progress
, 193–196
more girls and women playing football
, 193
participation rates in sport
, 57
position in sport
, 8
positive impacts of women’s football mega-events in Spain
, 191–193
role congruity and social role theory
, 62–63
selection of empirical case and sources
, 188–189
sport mega-events and search for gender equality
, 187–188
and sports in Latin America
, 150
football mega-events
, 190–191
Women’s Golf and Solheim Cup
, 201–202
Women’s World Golf Rankings (WWGR)
, 206
Working conditions of female professional players
, 193–194
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
, 37
World Athletics. See International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF)
World Athletics Championships
, 1, 34
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 Introduction: Sport, Gender and Mega-Events
- Section 1 Problematising Gendered Bodies and Behaviours
- Chapter 2 Sex Testing in Sport Mega-Events: Fairness and the Illusive Promise of Inclusive Policies – Situating Inter* and Trans*Athletes in Elite Sport
- Chapter 3 Ethical Relativism and Sport Mega-Event Gendered Discourses: Uneasiness towards the Dominant Play of Women in Sport
- Section 2 Masculinity, Sport and Mega-Events
- Chapter 4 Not Feeling So Mega, but Still Being a Mega Star: Exploring Male Elite Athletes' Mental Health Accounts from a Gendered Perspective
- Chapter 5 Security, Locality and Aggressive Masculinity: Hooliganism and Nationalism at Football Mega-Events
- Chapter 6 The Formula One Paradox: Macho Male Racers and Ornamental Glamour ‘Girls’
- Section 3 Gender, Disruption and Transformation at Mega-Events
- Chapter 7 ‘Dare to Shine’: Megan Rapinoe as the Rebellious Star of the FIFA Women's World Cup 2019
- Chapter 8 Who Owns the Ball? Gender (Dis)Order and the 2014 FIFA World Cup
- Chapter 9 I Gotta Feeling … Let's Turn to the People! The 2018 Football World Cup in Russia
- Section 4 Gender, Sport and Mega-Events: Moving towards Equality?
- Chapter 10 Sport Mega-Events as Drivers of Gender Equality: Women's Football in Spain
- Chapter 11 The Solheim Cup: Media Representations of Golf, Gender and National Identity
- Chapter 12 Flag before Gender Biases? The Case for National Identity Bolstering Women Athlete Visibility in Sports Mega-Events
- Chapter 13 Conclusions: Sport, Gender and Mega-Events: Looking to the Future
- Index