Prelims

Half Title Page

Sport, Gender and Mega-Events

Series Title Page

Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender

Series Editor

Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, University of Toronto, Canada.

Editorial Board: Doug Booth, University of Otago, New Zealand; Jayne Caudwell, Bournemouth University, UK; Delia Douglas, University of British Columbia, Canada; Janice Forsyth, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Tara Magdalinski, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia; Jaime Schultz, Pennsylvania State University, USA; Heather Sykes, University of Toronto, Canada; Beccy Watson, Leeds Beckett University, UK.

Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender promotes research on two important and related areas within sport studies: women and gender. The concept of gender is included in the series title in order to problematize traditional binary thinking that classifies individuals as male or female, rather than looking at the full gender spectrum. In sport contexts, this is a particularly relevant and controversial issue, for example, in the case of transgender athletes and female athletes with hyperandrogenism. The concept of sport is interpreted broadly to include activities ranging from physical recreation to high-performance sport.

The interdisciplinary nature of the series will encompass social and cultural history and philosophy as well as sociological analyses of contemporary issues. Since any analysis of sport and gender has political implications and advocacy applications, learning from history is essential.

Title Page

Sport, Gender and Mega-Events

Edited by

Katherine Dashper

Leeds Beckett University, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2022

Copyright © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited

Reprints and permissions service

Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83982-937-6 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-936-9 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-938-3 (Epub)

Dedication

For Frank Brady

List of Figures and Tables

List of Abbreviations

ASA

Athletics South Africa

CAS

Court of Arbitration for Sport

ESIM

Elaborated Social Identity Model of crowd behaviour

FA

Football Association (UK)

FBOs

Football Banning Orders

FWC

Football World Cup – FIFA Men's Football World Cup

IAAF

International Association of Athletics Federation, now World Athletics

IOC

International Olympic Committee

LET

Ladies European Tour (golf)

LPGA

Ladies Professional Golf Association

RCT

Role Congruity Theory

SRT

Social Role Theory

UEFA

Union of European Football Associations

USWNT

United States Women's National Team (soccer)

WWC

Women's World Cup – FIFA Women's Football World Cup

WWGR

Women's World Golf Rankings

About the Contributors

Anna Adlwarth works at Nord University in Norway as a PhD researcher in sociology, where she is located in the research group Sport and Society. She holds a master's degree in Gender Studies from the University of Graz (Austria) and a master's degree in Applied Linguistics from the University of Vienna.

Rohini Balram is a PhD student at the school of Education at Western Sydney University (Australia). Her research interest concentrates on gender, race and ethnicity, minority groups, sports, identity and the Indo-Fijian Diaspora.

Andrew C. Billings is the Ronald Reagan Chair of Broadcasting and the Executive Director of the Alabama Program in Sports Communication in the Department of Journalism and Creative Media at the University of Alabama (USA).

Ali Bowes is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology of Sport at Nottingham Trent University. She completed her PhD at Loughborough University. Her published work focusses primarily on qualitative investigations on elite and/or professional female athletes and elite women's sport cultures, including self and mediatised presentations, and considerations of national-level representation.

Lindsey Darvin is an Assistant Professor of Sport Management with the State University of New York (SUNY) College at Cortland. Her research examines sport industry gender equity, diversity, and inclusion rates while working to combat the underrepresentation of women leaders at the highest levels of sport competition and business.

Katherine Dashper is a Reader in the School of Events, Tourism and Hospitality Management at Leeds Beckett University, UK. Her research explores gender and identity in sport, leisure, and work. She also examines interspecies interactions in events, tourism and leisure. She has recently co-edited Human, Horses and Events Management (CABI, 2021).

Patrick Gentile is a Doctoral Student in Communication and Information Sciences at the University of Alabama (USA). His research interests include media perceptions of athletes based on race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, and language proficiency.

Yoko Kanemasu is an Associate Professor in Sociology at the University of the South Pacific. Her sport research centres around issues of power and domination. She has recently co-edited Women, Sport and Exercise in the Asia-Pacific Region: Domination, Resistance, Accommodation (Routledge). Her other research interests include gender/sexuality, identity, migration and tourism.

Niamh Kitching is a Lecturer in Physical Education at Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick. Her research interests include the sociology of sport and PE and gender and sport. Her published research focusses on female athletes and coaches and their presence, participation and presentation in sports and sports media.

Jorge Knijnik is an Associate Professor in the School of Education at Western Sydney University. He has recently published The World Cup Chronicles: 31 Days that Rocked Brazil (Fair Play publishing). He was recipient of the ‘Building the Gender Equity’ award presented by UN Women and the Brazilian Research Council.

Ann Pegoraro is the Lang Chair in Sport Management the University of Guelph and co-Director of EAlliance, the National Network for Research on Gender Equity in Canadian Sport. Her research examines the intersection of digital media and sport with a focus on gender and diversity.

Katarzyna Raduszynska is a theatre director, playwright and former actress. She is a multiple scholarship holder from Ministry of Culture and National Heritage in Poland and the Visegrad Fund. She is conducting a PhD at the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw.

Jonathan Sly is a Lecturer in Sociology at Liverpool John Moores University. His research interests focus on contemporary manifestations of aggressive masculinity. This includes sports-related violence, subjective inter-personal violence and street culture in late-modern Britain, and the links between transgressive practices, social class and consumer culture.

Charlie Smith is an Associate Professor in Management and Organisation at the University of Leicester. Broadly, her research focusses on performance, well-being and individuals' lived experiences in work and sport. Being a keen Team GB amateur triathlete, she is acutely aware of the performative pressures of serious sport.

Damion Sturm is a Senior Lecturer in Sport Management at Massey University (Albany, New Zealand). With a specialisation in global media cultures (inclusive of sport, celebrity, fandom and events), his recent works are on the intersections of stardom, fan cultures, digital technologies, and sports as mega/media events.

Riikka Turtiainen is a Senior Lecturer and Adjunct Professor in Digital Culture at the University of Turku, Finland. Her research interests focus on sports and social media, particularly representations of female athletes. She has also studied digital embodiment and new aspects of exercise cultures and games.

Celia Valiente is a Professor of Sociology at the Department of Social Sciences of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain. Her main research interests are the women's movement, gender-equality policies and gender in sports in Spain from a comparative perspective.

Acknowledgements

Many individuals contribute to the successful realisation of a project like this. The idea for this collection came from series editor Helen Lenskyj, Professor Emerita at University of Toronto, and Helen Beddow at Emerald. I appreciate their belief in the project and support in bringing it to fruition. I also thank the wider team at Emerald for a smooth and professional process.

I am grateful to all the authors for their hard work and the quality of their contributions. My colleagues at the School of Events, Tourism and Hospitality Management at Leeds Beckett University have provided a supportive working environment and special mention goes to Tom Fletcher for helping with some chapter reviews.

On a personal note, I am grateful for the support of my family and friends. This book would never have been completed without Ian's constant encouragement and practical and emotional support and, in a time of home-working during the COVID-19 pandemic, my animal companions – Charlie, Brie and Ruthie – have been invaluable in providing friendship and escapism.