Accountability

, 3, 59–61, 322, 334–335, 410, 412–419, 437, 475

bureaucratic politics in Mexico

, 194–198

Chile’s institutions of

, 103–108

in Colombia

, 127–132

congressional oversight

, 103–104

control bodies

, 104–105

in Costa Rica

, 162–170

financial and economic

, 128–129

formal instruments

, 128–130

horizontal

, 103–105, 162–169

informal instruments

, 130–132

media

, 130–131

in Paraguay

, 220–221

performance

, 129–130

political

, 128

public

, 131–132

Uribe effect

, 132

in Uruguay

, 247–249

vertical

, 105–107, 169–170

Accounting Tribunal (TCR)

, 230–231, 233

Acto Legislativo 02 of 2004

, 118

Administrative bureaucracy

, 37

Administrative decentralization

, 471–472

Administrative Department of Public Service

, 120

“Administrative modernization”

, 11

Administrative reforms

, 13–14, 298–299

processes characteristics

, 15–16

Administrative Statute

, 89–90

Administrative style

, 299

Administrative Tribunal (TCA)

, 230–231, 233

“Agencification”

, 14, 135–136

Agriculturally based economies

, 312

Agrupación Nacional de Empleados Fiscales (ANEF)

, 102

Alianza Democrática M-19 (AD M-19)

, 115

American Congresses

, 294–298

American legislators

, 297

Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI)

, 134

Antipoverty programs, governance in

, 389–394

Apps

, 366–369

Argentina

, 23–27

Argentine state and successive reform processes

, 39–41

bureaucracy

, 35–38

characteristics of public employment

, 28–35

characteristics of selected structures

, 49–50

civil and no civil personnel by hierarchies

, 47–48

congress

, 25–26

federalism

, 24

national public policy

, 27

party system

, 26–27

political parties

, 35–37

politics of Argentine bureaucracy

, 37–38

PPM in

, 278–280

presidential rule

, 25

selected organs according to type of link

, 51

structure of government and political institutions

, 24–27

Argentina-Compra

, 358

Argentina. gob. ar

, 358, 361–362

Argentine national bureaucracy

, 24

Aristocratic culture

, 306

Articulation in Semi-arid (ASA)

, 388–389

Assembly’s technical capacity

, 303

Auditoría Superior de la Federación (ASF)

, 195

Autonomous institutions

, 151

Bilaterals

, 332

Black Box

, 397–399

Bolsa Família

, 74

Brazil

Brazilian Civil Service

, 61–67

organizational structure

, 55–57

political institutions

, 57–61

political stability

, 298–299

political system and administrative structures as institutional environments

, 55–61

politics of public administration in democratic brazil

, 68–76

PPM in

, 269–272

public administration in

, 55

Brazilian “coalition presidentialism”

, 271

Brazilian bureaucratic building process

, 299

Brazilian Civil Service

, 55, 61–67

social security policy changes in public sector

, 67

weight of political appointees

, 63–67

Brazilian Pluriannual Plan

, 464

Brazilian public administration

, 53

Broadband diffusion

, 347–349

Budget

budget-oriented systems

, 447–450

units

, 323

Budgetary resources

, 321

Bureaucracy

, 279–280

Bureaucratic Functional Capacity Index (BCI)

, 127

Bureaucratic Merit Index

, 127

Bureaucratic/bureaucracy politics

, 99–103

of accountability

, 194–198

in Colombia

, 124–127

in Costa Rica

, 160–161

in Latin America

, 290

in Mexico

, 190–194

in Paraguay

, 216–220

in Uruguay

, 245–246

Bureaucratic–Weberian administrations

, 13–14

Business Management System

, 88–89

Cardoso governments

, 70–73

Career bureaucrats

, 335

Career-based model. See Traditional civil service (TCS)

Casa Civil

, 330

Caudillismo

, 311

“Caudillos”

, 10

Center of Government (CoG)

, 5, 320

and coordination

, 473–474

functional and structural approaches

, 320–321

increasing relevance

, 324–326

institutional structure

, 322–324

in Latin America

, 326–336

political and technical functions

, 321–322

political economy of strengthening

, 335–336

Centro Latinoamericano de Administración para el Desarrollo (CLAD)

, 13–14, 72–73

Centro para la Promoción de las Exportaciones e Inversiones (CENPRO)

, 171–172

Chile

accountability

, 103–108

bureaucratic politics

, 99–103

characteristics of Chilean public sector

, 83–89

political stability

, 298–299

PPM in

, 267–269

public sector personnel

, 89–99

reform and change

, 108–112

Chile Compra

, 111, 359

Chilean public sector characteristics

executive

, 83

government institutions

, 83–89

judiciary

, 84–85

legislature

, 84

public administration

, 86–89

subnational government

, 85–86

Chilean state

, 81–82

Christian Democratic Party (PDC)

, 82

Citizen participation

, 107

forums

, 161

Civil career system

, 182–186

in Mexico

, 182–186

Civil servants

, 158–160

Civil service

laws

, 89–93

systems in Latin America

, 2

Civil Service Development Index (CSDI)

, 265, 301

Client-focused service

, 252

Clientelistic parties

, 308–310, 312

Closed model. See Career-based model

Code drafting process

, 421

Collective bargaining

, 275

Colombia

, 116

accountability

, 127–132

agencification, formalization, peace

, 135–136

basic structural features

, 117–121

bureaucracy politics in

, 124–127

economic performance

, 116

executive branch

, 117–118

fiscal adjustment

, 133–134

government institutions

, 117–120

judicial branch

, 119

legislative branch

, 118–119

links with civil society

, 126

links with political parties

, 125

local government

, 120

other government institutions

, 120

politics of bureaucracy

, 124–127

presidency in “check”

, 133

public administration

, 120–121

public personnel

, 121–124

reform and change

, 132–138

state modernization

, 133

transversal reforms with a fiscal focus

, 134–135

Colombian public administration

, 115

Colorado party

, 204, 232

Comisión Nacional del Servicio Civíl (CNSC)

, 121, 274–275

Commission for Protection of Rights of People

, 104

Committee system

, 296

Communications

, 322, 334–335

units

, 323

Community Aqueducts. See Community Organizations for Water and Sewerage Services (OCSAS)

Community management of water

, 388–389

Community Organizations for Water and Sewerage Services (OCSAS)

, 388

Competitive hiring processes

, 92

Comprehensive analysis

, 1

Concentric circles

, 323

Concertación coalition

, 82, 86–88, 99

‘Conditional Cash Transfers’ Programs (CCTP)

, 134

Conditioned Transfer Programs (PTCs)

, 389, 394

Congress

, 25–26

Congress capacity index

, 301, 303

Consejo de la Alta Dirección Pública

, 268

Consejo Nacional de Producción (CNP). See National Council for Production

Constitution (1988)

, 54–57, 59, 69

Constitutional Court

, 104–105

Consultative Committee

, 93

Consultative Council

, 276–277

“Continental European model”

, 232

Contract employees

, 90

Contraction–retraction dynamics

, 40

“Contrata”

, 267

“Contratado a honorario”

, 267

Coordinating Committee of Deputy Ministers (CCV)

, 329–330

Coping with turbulence

, 474

Core state careers

, 71

Corruption

, 127, 409, 429–430, 475

reduction

, 409

Costa Rica

, 4

bureaucracy and political parties

, 160

bureaucracy politics in

, 160–161

PPM in

, 272–273

relation with civil society

, 160–161

Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE)

, 153

Costa Rican public administration

, 147

accountability

, 162–170

Costa Rican public institutions characteristics

, 148–156

government system

, 148–151

philosophy and culture of governance

, 155–156

politics of bureaucracy

, 160–161

public administration

, 151–154

public personnel system

, 157–160

reform and change

, 170–174

Council for Internal Government Audits

, 104

Credible commitment

, 477–478

Crowdsourcing

, 363

“Cuoteo”

, 269

Decentering governing

, 477

Decentralization

, 136–137, 471–472, 477

Decentralized administration

, 27

Defense of Free Competition Court

, 85

Delegative democracy

, 292

Democracy

, 25

‘Democratic accountability in context of PPME systems’ trends and challenges

, 459–464

emphasis on evaluation

, 461–462

new developments and trends

, 460–462

opening spaces to negotiating with sector-specific authorities

, 461

political orientation integrating budget considerations

, 460–461

PPME systems to citizens and parliaments

, 462

recurrent and new challenges

, 462–464

Democratic backsliding

, 474

Democratic opening

, 180

Democratic political theory

, 17

Democratic Security Program (PDS)

, 134

Democratic stability

, 231

Democratization

, 35

Departamento Administrativo de la Función Pública (DAFP). See Administrative Department of Public Service

Depoliticization

, 470–471

Differentiated Procurement Regime (RDC)

, 76

Digital agenda

, 475

Digital governance

, 475

in LA

, 5–6

Digital government (DG)

, 344

AgendaSetting and policy design from regional perspective

, 350–353

comparative data and participation performance

, 353–357

comparative overview in Latin America

, 349–357

E-government to

, 137–138

Digital Public Administration. See also Latin American public administration

comparative overview of digital government in Latin America

, 349–357

e-government implementation in Latin American Countries

, 357–369

LatAm countries and information society

, 345–349

National Agendas

, 357–360

Digital social media

, 364

Digitalization

, 359

DIPRES

, 446

Dirección General de Servicio Civil (Civil Service General Directorate)

, 272–273

Direction and Advisory Positions (DAS)

, 63, 271

E-consultation

, 355

E-decision-making

, 355

E-government to digital government

, 137–138

E-information

, 355

E-Participation

, 355–357

Economic

accountability

, 128–129

boom

, 4

decentralization

, 136–137

liberalization

, 180

variables

, 12–13

Educational funding

, 74

eLAC

, 351

Electoral Court

, 85

Electronic Government (E-Government). See also Digital government (DG)

, 344, 350

implementation in Latin American Countries

, 357–369

in LatAm countries

, 345

Electronic Public Service Delivery Portals

, 360–362

Employment

, 267

Employment Contracts Act

, 29

Enactment coalition

, 191

Ethics Committees

, 421

Ethics training

, 421

“European continental model”

, 10–11

European debates on governance

, 376–384

Evidence-based policy

, 252

Executive Branch Commissioned Positions (FCPE)

, 65

Executive’s role in institutions

, 291–294

searching for external coercion

, 294

Explicitly mixed systems

, 452–453

Export expansion prosperity

, 309–310

Export-based prosperity

, 308–309

External coercion, searching for

, 294

“Fast Track” system

, 275

Federal Transparency Act on Access to Information. See Ley Federal de Transparencia de Acceso a la Información (LFTAIPG)

Federalism

, 24

Financial accountability

, 128–129

“First-Generation Reforms”

, 170

Fiscal Adjustment

, 133–134

Fiscal relations

, 471

Fiscal Responsibility Law

, 63

Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional (FNDR)

, 86–88

Formalism

, 2

Formalization

, 135–136

Framework Law Regulating National Public Employment

, 29

Functional capacity index

, 301

Game theory

, 295

General System of Participations (GSP)

, 136–137

Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency (GIFT)

, 416

Gobernaciones

, 90

Gobierno en Línea (GEL)

, 359–360

Good governance

, 376, 407–408

FOIA in Latin America

, 413–415

in LAC

, 408

Press Freedom in Latin America and Caribbean

, 416

theoretical framework

, 408–411

Governance

, 375

in antipoverty programs

, 389–394

Black Box

, 397–399

conceptualizations on interactive governance and meta-governance

, 384–385

European debates on

, 376–384

ideal type

, 378–380

impacts, differences, and institutional legacies

, 394–395

in Latin America

, 376, 385–394

model of welfare state

, 383

principal conflicts

, 381–382

reflections on state reform

, 395–397

theory

, 409–410

“Governance without government”

, 377

Government effectiveness

, 36–37

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 355

“Habsburg model” of royal government

, 305

Heterogeneity of NGOs

, 393

“Honorary” contract employees

, 90

Horizontal accountability. See also Vertical accountability

, 103–105

congressional oversight

, 103–104

control bodies

, 104–105

Human Resource and Professional Service Unit

, 185

Human Resources Management System

, 158

Human Rights National Commission (CNDH)

, 190–191

Hyper-presidential setting

, 292

Ibero-American Charter for Electronic Government (ICEG)

, 350

Ibero-American Interoperability Framework

, 351

IDB. See Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)

Impacts

, 423–428

Imperfect neo-Weberianism

, 275

Income and services transfers

, 390–391

Incorporation

, 306–307

Indirect administration

, 56

Industrial organization of US Congress

, 296

Informal sources of accountability

, 107–108

Information and Claims Office (OIRS)

, 111

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

, 344

Information System for Financial Management (SIGFE)

, 111

Innovation Labs

, 366–369

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

, 275–276

Institutional strengthening

, 13

Institutionalization of PPME systems in region

, 453–454

Institutionalized favoritism

, 306–307

Institutions

, 291–298

American vs. Latin American Congresses

, 294–298

executive’s role

, 291–294

Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje (National Apprenticeship Institute)

, 272

Integrated poverty–reduction programs

, 390–391

Integrated State

, 263–264

Integrated System of Financial Information (SIIF)

, 129

Integrity

, 419–423

“Intelligent public governance”

, 17

Intelligent state

, 477

Intendencias

, 90

Intendentes

, 83, 85–86

Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)

, 127, 300, 350, 385

Inter-institutional Network for Transparency

, 168

Inter-temporal constitutional convention

, 295–296

Interactive governance, conceptualizations on

, 384–385

Interministerial Coordination Division (DCI)

, 329

Internal Control units

, 130

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

, 387

International Conference on National Evaluation Capacities (NEC)

, 439

International cooperation

, 469

International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI)

, 419

Interoperability

, 345, 351

initiatives

, 362–363

Inversión Sectorial de AsignacióRegional (ISAR)

, 86–88

Judiciary as policymaker

, 58–59

Judiciary Investigation Organism

, 150

Justicialist Party (PJ)

, 26–27

Labor Contract Law

, 29, 33

Labor Populism

, 312

Labor-intensive agriculture

, 311

Latin America

bureaucracy and politics in

, 289–290

bureaucracy politics in

, 290

civil service systems in

, 2

CoG in

, 326–336

comparative historical analysis

, 307–312

cultural explanation

, 305–307

effects on bureaucratic performance

, 300–305

experienced economic growth

, 1

FOIA in

, 413–415

governance in

, 376, 385–394

institutions

, 291–298

political stability

, 298–299

PPM in

, 265–280

public administration in

, 2, 6

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)

, 407–408

good governance in

, 408

Press Freedom in

, 416

Latin American Center for Developing Administration (CLAD)

, 350

Latin American Congresses

, 294–298

Latin American countries (LatAm countries)

, 344

E-Government in

, 345, 357–369

and information society

, 345–349

Latin American public administration

, 10

administrative reform processes characteristics

, 15–16

first configurations of public administration model

, 11–12

historical construction of model

, 11–15

latest trends in reform of public administrations

, 16–17

Public Management Reforms of 1980s

, 12–15

Latin American Transparency Index Budget (ILTP)

, 416

Law on Participation

, 107

Legal counsel units

, 323

Legalism

, 2

Legislative Assembly

, 272

Legislative Power

, 148

Legislatures

, 295

Legitimacy

, 437

Ley de Nuevo Trato

, 267–268

Ley del Nuevo Trato Laboral (LNTL)

, 91, 98, 100

Ley del Servicio Profesional de Carrera (LSPC)

, 182–183

Ley Federal de Transparencia de Acceso a la Información (LFTAIPG)

, 197

Local decentralization

, 386

Macroeconomic stabilization process

, 72

Management commitments

, 15

Management for results (MfR)

, 441–442

Management Improvement Programs

, 102, 108–109

Market governance, dilemmas and tensions around

, 387–388

Merit systems

, 470–471

Meritocratic

bureaucracy

, 37

practices

, 34

principles

, 10

Meta-governance, conceptualizations on

, 384–385

Mexican MCS

, 276–277

Mexican SED

, 452

Mexico

bureaucracy politics in

, 190–194

links with actors and political parties

, 191–193

links with civil society

, 193–194

PPM in

, 275–278

Mexico’s public administration. See also Latin American public administration

, 177–178

bureaucratic politics of accountability

, 194–198

civil career system

, 182–186

current profile of public administration

, 180–182

democratic transition and change in Mexico’s government and public administration

, 178–182

governmental institutions

, 178–180

politics of bureaucracy

, 190–194

public employees

, 186–190

public personnel

, 182–190

reform and change

, 198–200

Middle Ages’ capital markets

, 294–295

Mining Committee

, 296

Ministerial coordination mechanisms

, 39

Ministry of Administration and State Reform (MARE)

, 70–71

Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy (MIDEPLAN)

, 328

Ministry of Social Development and Inclusion (MIDIS)

, 329–330

Modelo de Acessibilidade de Governo Eletrónico (e-MAG)

, 358–359

Modern civil service (MCS)

, 261, 264–265

Modern professional civil service (MPCS)

, 5

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E)

, 438–439

Monitoring inflation

, 331

“MOP-Gate” corruption scandal

, 267–268

More Autonomous Public Bodies (MAPB)

, 238

Nacional party

, 232

National Anti-Corruption System

, 195

National Civil Service Directorate

, 91

National Civil Service Office (ONSC)

, 233

National Commission of Civil Service. See Comisión Nacional del Servicio Civíl (CNSC)

National Council for Production

, 153

National Development Plan (NDP)

, 445

National Electoral Institute (INE)

, 190–191

National Institute for Access to Information (INAI)

, 190–191

National Insurance Institute (INS)

, 153

National Office of Civil Service

, 274–275

National Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in Latin America, nature and logic of

, 443–444

National Planning Department (DNP)

, 327–328

National Procurement Agency

, 129

National Program of Accountability, Transparency and Fight Against Corruption (PNTCDA)

, 195

National public policy

, 27

National Results-Based Management and Evaluation System (SINERGIA)

, 129–130, 332

National School of Public Administration

, 269–270

National System of Administrative Profession (SINAPA)

, 40

Neo-weberianism/Post-NPM

, 476

Neoliberal reforms

, 3–4

Networks

, 377

New Constitution of 1991 (NC91)

, 116, 117, 119, 121, 125, 132

New Deal Law (Ley del Nuevo Trato)

, 299

New National System of Civil Servants

, 29

New Public Administration models

, 12

New Public Management (NPM)

, 2, 4, 11–14, 16, 89, 261, 264, 376

model

, 470

paradigm

, 31

Non-state public entity

, 153

Nonclientelistic popular articulation

, 309–310

Nonstate Public Bodies (NEPB)

, 238

Normalization process of contracted workers

, 29

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

, 180

Nuclear Regulatory Agency

, 32

Office of Planning and Budget (OPP)

, 328

Online Government Strategy

, 138

Open, useful, reusable government data index (OUR government data index)

, 138

Open Budget Index

, 416

Open data

, 364–366

Open government

, 364–366, 419

Open government data (OGD)

, 138

Open Government Declaration

, 365

Open Government Partnership (OGP)

, 365–366, 440

Open model. See Position-based model

Organismo de Investigación Judicial (OIJ). See Judiciary Investigation Organism

Organization of American States (OAS)

, 350

Ouvidorias

, 60

Overcentralization

, 470

Pacto por México

, 191

Padrões de Interoperabilidade em Governo Eletrónico (e-PING)

, 358–359, 363

Paraguay

, 4, 203–204

accountability

, 220–221

bureaucracy politics in

, 216–220

government institutions

, 205–207

links with political parties

, 216–217

links with society

, 218–219

politics of bureaucracy in

, 216–220

public administration

, 208–210

public sector personnel

, 211–216

reform and change

, 222–223

Paraguayan MCE-SIPP

, 452

Parallel bureaucracy

, 38

Parliamentary power

, 26

Parliamentary Republic

, 81–82

Participation

, 471–472

Participatory government

, 363

Partido dos Trabalhadores

, 271–272

Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)

, 182, 275–276

Party for Democracy (PPD)

, 82

Party professionals

, 476

Party system

, 26–27

Patronage bureaucracy

, 33–34, 38

Performance

, 32

accountability

, 129–130

indicators

, 110

management

, 472

performance-based management

, 252

performance-related management

, 271

Performance monitoring and improvement units

, 322, 331–333

Permanent staff

, 90

Personal computing

, 347

Plan Nacional de Gobierno Electrónico (PNGE)

, 358

Planning-oriented systems

, 447–450

Plano Plurianual (PPA)

, 73

“Planta”

, 267

Policy

advice units

, 323

coordination

, 321–323, 329–331

councils

, 60

entrepreneurs

, 54

networks

, 377

Política de Gobierno Digital

, 359–360

Political accountability

, 128, 221

Political appointees

, 208

Political Committee

, 333–334

Political decentralization

, 471

Political dimension

, 396

Political economy of strengthening CoG

, 335–336

Political institutions in Brazil

, 57–61

accountability

, 59–61

congress, political parties, and governing coalitions

, 57–58

judiciary as policymaker

, 58–59

Political management

, 322, 333–334

Political parties

, 35–37

Political responsiveness

, 335

Political science research

, 320

Political stability

, 298–299

Political systems

, 452

Political trap

, 429–430

Political-managers

, 279–280

Political–administrative environment

, 55

Politicization

, 2, 476

“Politicized incompetence”

, 219

Politics of Argentine bureaucracy

, 37–38

Politics of bureaucracy

, 3

Politics of public administration in democratic Brazil

, 68–76

Ascendance of Center Left

, 73–75

Cardoso governments

, 70–73

continuity and change

, 75–76

turbulent years

, 69–70

Populism

, 312

Portal Pagos del Estado

, 111

Portal Tramites del Estado

, 111

Position-based model. See Traditional civil service (TCS)

Poverty governance, tensions and dilemmas in

, 392–394

Poverty-Reduction Strategy (PRSP)

, 389

President’s direct support units

, 323

Presidential Delivery Unit

, 331–332

Presidential rule

, 25

Privatization(s)

, 12–13

of public services

, 386

Professional bureaucracy

, 299

Professional Career Service

, 182–183

Professional Career Service Act. See Ley del Servicio Profesional de Carrera (LSPC)

Professional Career Service Law

, 276

Professional Career System (SPC)

, 184

Professionalization

, 271

Professionalized “Weberian” bureaucracy

, 300

Program evaluations

, 110

Program for Public Administration Renewal

, 134

Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC)

, 74

Programa de Renovación de la Administración Pública (PRAP). See Program for Public Administration Renewal

Programas de Mejoramiento de Gestión (PMGs). See Management Improvement Programs

Provincial Economic and Social Council (CESPRO)

, 86

Public accountability

, 438

Public administration

, 1, 86–89

in Argentina

, 39

in Colombia

, 120–121

current issues

, 470–475

future

, 476–478

generalizations

, 467–468

in Latin America

, 2, 9–11

model

, 17

in Paraguay

, 208–210

research

, 320

unconsolidated model of public management reform

, 469–470

in Uruguay

, 232–239

Public bureaucracy

, 1

Public conferences

, 60

Public Contracts Court

, 85

Public employees

, 93–99

in Mexico

, 186–190

Public employment

, 217

characteristics in Argentina

, 28–35

subnational public employment

, 34–35

Public Employment Framework Law

, 29

Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability initiative (PEFA initiative)

, 416

Public hearings

, 60, 161

Public integrity

, 419–420

Public management. See also Strategic management

in Brazil

, 61

policy community

, 72–73

unconsolidated model of public management reform

, 469–470

Public Management Reforms

, 12–15, 72

after 2010

, 75–76

Public Performance Monitoring and Evaluation system (PPME system)

, 6, 437, 440

absence of key stakeholders in conversation

, 457–459

budget-oriented vs. planning-oriented systems

, 447–450

classifying distinct approaches

, 447

democratic accountability in context of PPME systems’ trends and challenges

, 459–464

diverse functions, tools, and stakeholders

, 444–447

five to twelve systems

, 450–453

institutionalization of PPME systems in region

, 453–454

lack of credibility of information

, 454–455

low coherence and high fragmentation

, 455–457

results-oriented

, 441–447

Public personnel

civil servants

, 158–160

in Colombia

, 121–124

institutional framework of

, 157–158

public employees

, 121–124

rewards of office

, 124

system in Costa Rica

, 157–160

Public personnel management (PPM)

, 261

historical background

, 262–265

Latin America

, 265–280

Public Prosecutions Office Organic Law

, 166–167

Public sector personnel

, 3

in Chile

, 89–99

civil service laws

, 89–93

in Paraguay

, 211–216

public employees

, 93–99

in Uruguay

, 239–243

Public service development index

, 303

Public Service Secretariat (SFP)

, 276

Public–private partnership law

, 75–76

Pure transfers programs

, 390–391

Radical Civic Union (UCR)

, 26–27

Radical mass parties

, 308–310

Radical Party (PR)

, 82

redGEalc

, 353

Regional Ministerial Secretariats (SEREMI)

, 85–86

Renovación Nacional (RN)

, 82

Reorganization Act (1939)

, 324–325

Responsive bureaucracy

, 264

Responsive competence

, 335

Results-based budgeting

, 111

Results-based management

, 16

“Rule of Law”

, 424–428

School of Governance

, 376

Secretaría de la Función Pública (SFP)

, 183–184

Secretarías

, 209–210, 210

Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit

, 195

Secretariat of Public Administration. See Secretaría de la Función Pública (SFP)

Secretary of Civil Service

, 211

Secretary of Federal Administration (SAF)

, 69–70

Sectoral Cabinets

, 330

SEDAP-PR (National Secretary of Public Administration)

, 69

Semi-autonomous institutions

, 151

Senior Public Management Council

, 92

Senior Public Management System

, 92, 103

SEPLAN-PR (National Secretary of Planning)

, 69

Service comptroller’s offices

, 168–169

Servicio Nacional de Electricidad (SNE)

, 172

Servicio Profesional Electoral (Professional Electoral Service)

, 278

SHCP. See Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit

SINEP

, 33

Sinergia territorial

, 445

Sistema Administrador de Empresas (SEP)

, 88–89

Sistema de Alta Dirección Pública

, 267–268

Sistema de Información y Gestión del Empleo Público (SIGEP)

, 123

Sistema Nacional de Profesión Administrativa (SINAPA)

, 278

Smart Cities

, 366–369

Smart governance

, 366–369

Social actors

, 1

Social media

, 363–364

Social mobilization

, 170

Social Organizations

, 56

Social Organizations of Public Interest

, 56

Social security policy changes in public sector

, 67

Social trap

, 429–430

Socialist Party (PS)

, 82

Spanish feudalism

, 305

Spoils system

, 262

State capacity

, 472–473

State modernization

, 133

State reform

, 375

processes

, 10

reflections on

, 395–397

State-owned companies

, 153

state-owned company-private entity

, 153

state-owned company-public entity

, 153

State-owned enterprises (SOEs)

, 54, 56, 209–210, 237

Strategic management

, 327–328

of government

, 321

Strategy units

, 322–323

Strength of committee system

, 301–303

Subnational public employment

, 34–35

Superintendencia General de Entidades Financiera (SUGEF)

, 171

Superintendencias

, 88

Superior Tribunal of Electoral Justice (TSJE)

Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs)

, 419

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 439

System for Administrative Development (SISTEDA)

, 120–121

System of Programming and Management by Objectives and Results (SIGOB)

, 129–130

Tackling corruption

, 423

Targeted poverty-reduction policies

, 386

Temporary personnel (contratados)

, 215–216

Timing of industrialization

, 309

Traditional civil service (TCS)

, 261

Transparency

, 411–412

Transparency Council

, 106

Transparency International

, 423–424

Transparency Law

, 75, 105–106

Transparency pacts

, 130

Transversal careers

, 75

Tri-Ministerial Council

, 93

Tribunal de Servicio Civil (Civil Service Court)

, 272

Tribunal Electoral Supremo (Supreme Electoral Tribunal)

, 272

Turbulence

, 2

“Un millón de cisternas rurales” program

, 388–389

“Unified national public service system”

, 243

Union Demócrata Independiente (UDI)

, 82, 101

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

, 385

United Nations e-Government Development Index (EGDI)

, 353–354

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL)

, 350

United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 386

United States Congress

, 295

Uruguay

, 230

accountability

, 247–249

bureaucracy politics in

, 245–246

government institutions

, 230–232

links with civil society

, 245

links with political parties

, 243–245

politics of bureaucracy

, 243–246

PPM in

, 273–275

public administration

, 232–239

public sector organization

, 234–236

public sector personnel

, 239–243

reform and change

, 249–254

Uruguayan democracy

, 5

Veedurías Ciudadanas

, 128

Vertical accountability. See also Horizontal accountability

, 105–107

citizen participation

, 107

informal sources of accountability

, 107–108

transparency and access to information

, 105–106

“Voice and Accountability” Index

, 416–418

Voucher system

, 74

Water Co-ops. See Community Organizations for Water and Sewerage Services (OCSAS)

Water Committees. See Community Organizations for Water and Sewerage Services (OCSAS)

Water governance

, 386–389

Weberian façade

, 306

Weberian models

, 10, 14

World Bank (WB)

, 385

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)

, 36–37