Absolute hospitality

, 203

Academic mobility

, 152

Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)

, 272

Active surveillance programs

, 135

Adaptation techniques

, 48–49

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

, 255

Amae relationships

, 105

American Medical Association (AMA)

, 274

Annual Holidays Act

, 219

Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

, 101–102

Auschwitz Nazi concentration in Poland

, 100

Avalanche

, 5

Axiological floods

, 50

Balance of payments (BoP)

, 87–88

Blaming and heroes

, 177

Business model

, 155–156, 158–159

Cambodian battlefields

, 101

Capital Expenditure boom cycle

, 224

Case study design

, 74–76

characteristics

, 77

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

, 234

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)

, 274

Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (CDSCHQ)

, 237

Centre of Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CRED)

, 64, 73, 78

Closed circuit television coverage (CCTV coverage)

, 14

Community

, 49–50

adaptation to flood risk

, 54–55

Community Relief Fund

, 164–165

Comparative design

, 75–76

Computed tomography examination room (CT examination room)

, 215

Computerized decision support systems (CDSSs)

, 256–257

Conditioned hospitality

, 203

Consumer price index (CPI)

, 87–88

Contain-Prevent-Protect model (CPP model)

, 220–225

flattening curve

, 223

impact of public health measures

, 220–224

recovery path

, 225

slowing and suppressing outbreak

, 223–224

threat of COVID-19 on economy in Finland

, 224

Content analysis

, 178

Corona Map

, 239

Coronavirus. See also Nipah virus (NiV)

, 156, 213–214

maps

, 238–239

COVID-19

, 1–3, 155–156, 169–170, 197–198, 232, 271–272

case studies

, 7

crisis management

, 4, 234–244, 275

early lessons

, 215

effects

, 198–199

and end of hospitality

, 208–209

forecast in Finland

, 217

Global Business Week Program at UDEM

, 145–146

global pandemic

, 146–149

international mobility of academics

, 149–150

pandemic

, 144

threats to consumers in target economies

, 162–163

threats to restaurants in target economies

, 161–162

and tourism in Buenos Aires

, 205–208

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

, 10, 11

Crisis

, 171

communication

, 171

management

, 163–165, 234–244, 253

Cross-sectional design

, 75–76

Customer care

, 163–164

Dark tourism

, 99–101, 103–104

“Dealing with the Enemy Act”

, 101–102

Defense

, 12

forces

, 219

Delivery personnel

, 164–165

Democracy

, 236–237

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

, 111–112

and Ebola Outbreaks

, 120–123, 123–125

Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT)

, 105

Disaster(s). See also Natural disasters

, 1, 99–100

management

, 1

preparedness and prevention

, 6–7

readiness

, 2

Disease

, 111–112

“Doi moi”

, 102

Drought

, 5

E-business

, 3

E-Commerce

, 3

E-health

, 256

Early recovery phase

, 90

Earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation authority (ERRA)

, 72

Earthquakes

, 5, 72

2004 Earthquake in Haiti

, 100

Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)

, 67–68

Ebola

, 111–112

Democratic Republic of the Congo and

, 120–125

Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal

, 117–120

methodology

, 112–114

outbreak in West Africa

, 115–117

Economic/economy

, 216

disrupters

, 99–100

implications of natural disasters

, 67–69

recessions

, 224

Electronic healthcare

, 255–256

Electronic Intensive Care Units (eICUs)

, 272

EM-DAT online database

, 78

Emergency measures

, 216

Emergency Powers Act

, 216

Emergency Telehealth and Navigation (ETHAN)

, 273–274

Emergency Telemedicine Consultation System (ETCS)

, 273

Empowerment

, 4, 253

End of hospitality

, 208–209

Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

, 71

Ethics of hospitality

, 204–205

Experimental design

, 75–76

Fact-based content

, 179

Federal relief commission (FRC)

, 72

Feudalization

, 3–4

FFC

, 70

Financial

crisis

, 224

implication of natural disasters

, 64–67

system

, 256–257

Finland

COVID-19 forecast in

, 217

CPP model

, 220–225

current situation

, 216–219

emergency measures

, 218–219

Emergency Powers Act

, 216

impact to date in

, 217

impact to date worldwide

, 217

literature review

, 214–215

Five-year development plans

, 71

Flood risk

, 52

local knowledge and community adaptation to

, 54–55

management

, 48

Flood(ing)

, 5, 62

defenses

, 48

management

, 48–50

prevention

, 48

Food

delivery

, 156–158

industry

, 157–158

Framing in health communications

, 176

Freshets

, 52

Gaze

, 3–4

Global Business Week Program (GBW Program)

, 146

at UDEM

, 145–146

Global capitalism

, 204–205

Globalization

, 208

Gods Own Country

, 134

GOP

, 70–72, 78, 90–91

Gorkha earthquake in Nepal (2015)

, 101, 105–106

Governance failure

, 112–113

Government

, 234–237

of GCC countries

, 254

Government Decree

, 216

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 67, 102

GrubHub

, 155–156, 158–161

business model

, 159

case

, 156–157

COVID-19 threats to consumers in target economies

, 162–163

COVID-19 threats to restaurants in target economies

, 161–162

crisis management

, 163–165

learning outcomes

, 156

NYSE Share Prices

, 160

online delivery industry

, 157–158

Guests

, 202–203

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

, 251–252

readiness for E-healthcare in

, 258–261

robust E-healthcare system

, 256–258

social media potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in

, 253–255

technology as savior

, 255–256

Hawaii-based study

, 103–104

Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor

, 104–105

Health

, 116

crisis

, 144–145

Health belief model (HBM)

, 175–176

Health Care professionals (HCPs)

, 175

Health Consumerism Index

, 260–261

Health information system (HIS)

, 256

Healthcare

, 241

information system

, 256–257

professionals

, 252

Higher education institutions (HEIs)

, 145

Hiroshima Memorial Park in Japan

, 100

HISM

, 255–256

Hobbesian society

, 200–201

Hospitality

, 201–203

COVID-19 and end of

, 208–209

Hostility

, 203

Human-made disaster

, 100

Hurricanes

, 5

ICT Development Index (IDI)

, 238

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

, 135

Industrial hazards

, 5–6

Infodemic

, 3, 176

Information and communication technology (ICT)

, 238

Infrared (IR)

, 14

Infrastructure systems

, 14

Innovative approaches

, 237–240

Institutional collectivism

, 241–244

Instrumental floods

, 50

Intensive care unit (ICU)

, 223

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

, 148

International Governmental Organizations (IGOs)

, 114

International Health Regulations (IHR)

, 169–170

International humanitarians

, 63

International mobility of academics

, 149–150

International reporting of government communications

, 182–184

Internationalization at home (IaH)

, 145, 146

Internationalization of higher education institutions

, 144

Internet

, 254

Istanbul Sultanahmet Square

, 15–16

case study

, 15–16

control list

, 21–39

literature review

, 12–14

methodology

, 14–16

project selection criteria

, 14

research analysis

, 16–20

research methodology

, 16

research questions

, 16

IT infrastructure

, 237–238

Keep-out zone

, 12–13

Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018)

, 134

Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP)

, 136

Khao Lak Tsunami Memorial in Phuket, Thailand

, 100

Khyber Pakhtoon Khuwa (KPK)

, 62

Killer virus. See Nipah virus (NiV)

Korea

, 233

COVID-19 crisis management

, 234–244

government and leadership

, 234–237

healthcare

, 241

innovative approaches

, 237–240

institutional collectivism

, 241–244

KCDC

, 234

methodology

, 233–234

press freedom

, 237

Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC)

, 234

Landscape elements

, 12–14

Leadership

, 234–237

Less developed countries (LDCs)

, 61–63, 67

Livestock rearing

, 86

Local communities

, 50

Local flood management knowledge

, 49–50

disregard

, 55–56

interactive origin

, 52–54

Local knowledge

, 48–49

and community adaptation to flood risk

, 54–55

conceptual framework

, 49–51

engagement into professional flood management

, 50–51

findings

, 52–56

method

, 51–52

Local residents

, 54–55

Longitudinal design

, 75–76

Maarefah Management

, 252

Mali, Ebola outbreak in

, 117–120

Management techniques of natural disasters

, 69–72

Mask Map

, 239

Mass shootings

, 6

Mass tourism

, 99

Mature trees

, 14

Message-centered approach

, 173–175

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs)

, 224

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

, 237–238

MERS-CoV

, 213–214

Ministry of Health (MOH)

, 179

Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW)

, 234, 241

Mobility

, 3, 197–198, 202

Modeling

, 222

More developed countries (MDCs)

, 61–62

Mortality rate

, 233

Mounted Thermal Imaging System

, 273

Nation-state

, 202–204

National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA)

, 91

National disaster management authority (NDMA)

, 62, 72, 89–91

National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs)

, 90

National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)

, 241

Natural disasters

, 61–62, 100

data analysis and findings

, 78–94

data collection

, 76–78

economic implications

, 67–69

financial and economic impacts

, 87–89

financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock

, 83–84

financial impacts on infrastructure

, 78–83

financial implication

, 64–67

financial losses

, 64

government response

, 89–92

impacts on livelihood

, 86–87

literature review

, 63–73

local and international humanitarian response

, 92–94

management techniques

, 69–72

market situation

, 84–86

objectives

, 63

Pakistan government to earthquake

, 72–73

research design

, 74–76

research justification

, 73

research methodology and design

, 73–78

research questions

, 74

Nature hospitality

, 201–205

Nazi concentration camps

, 101

Nepal Earthquake

, 105–106

New Hampshire (NH)

, 161

New Public Governance (NPG)

, 112

New Public Management (NPM)

, 112

Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in

, 117–120

Nipah virus (NiV)

, 3, 131

2019 outbreak

, 137

impact

, 132–133

Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018)

, 134

lessons from Kerala model

, 138–139

measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala

, 134–137

morbidity and mortality rates

, 133

need for global surveillance

, 139–140

trail in World

, 131–132

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

, 62–63, 78, 93, 114

Oculacentrism

, 205

“One Health” concept

, 138

Ontological floods

, 50

Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 241

Pakistan government to earthquake

, 72–73

Pakistani Rupee (PKR)

, 84–86

Pandemic(s)

, 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233

Patient empowerment

, 252–253

Patient health (p-health)

, 257–258

Patient-centered model

, 252–253

Pearl Harbor

, 104

Pearl Harbor War Memorial

, 105

Pearson correlation test

, 261

Personalized health

, 257–258

Phone apps

, 238–239

Policy recession

, 224

Precautionary doctrine

, 199–200

Precogs

, 201

Preparedness communications

, 172–173

Press freedom

, 237

Private sector in disaster management

, 6

Professional knowledge

, 50–51

Provider’s reputation

, 253–254

Pteropodidae

, 132

Pteropus genus

, 132

Public health

, 169–170

Public space

, 10, 12

Public trust

, 244

Quantitative descriptive research

, 258

Real recession

, 224

Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase

, 90

Regulations

, 277

Rescue and relief phase

, 90

Restaurant support

, 164

Riots

, 6

Risk

, 171

communication

, 171

perception

, 172–173

Robust E-healthcare system

, 256–258

Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)

, 11

Russian approach

, 48

Russian water management regulations

, 48

rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine

, 122–123

Scientific knowledge

, 50–51

Screening algorithms

, 273

Secondary data

, 78

Security of urban spaces

, 10

Self-quarantine protection apps

, 238–239

Senegal, Ebola outbreak in

, 117–120

Sensationalism in health communications

, 176

Seoul National University (SNU)

, 243

Services

, 161

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

, 237–238

lessons from past with

, 214–215

SARS-CoV

, 213–214

SARS-CoV-2

, 169–170

Site security

, 13–14

Social capital

, 7

Social distancing measures

, 273

Social media

, 170–171, 255

potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC

, 253–255

social media–based empowerment

, 253

technologies

, 4, 274–275

websites

, 254

Social survey design

, 75–76

Soopikada in Kozhikode district

, 134

Technology

, 7, 274

as savior

, 255–256

Telehealth

, 4, 271–272

COVID-19 in context

, 272–275

future research directions

, 276

Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs)

, 274

Telemedicine

, 271

Terrorism

, 6

attacks

, 10

“Thana” tourism

, 100

Thorny plants

, 14

Titanic syndrome

, 200–201

Tornados

, 5

Tourism

, 99, 106, 197–198

Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor

, 104–105

Nepal Earthquake

, 105–106

Vietnam

, 101–104

Tourist gaze

, 198–199

COVID-19 and end of hospitality

, 208–209

COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires

, 205–208

nature hospitality

, 201–205

state of emergency

, 199–201

Transparency

, 180–181

Tsunami

, 5

UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 144

UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO)

, 99

Uncle Dam

, 188–190

Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM)

, 144–145

academic organizational structure

, 145

Business School

, 146

Global Business Week Program at

, 145–146

Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC

, 14

Urban security planning

, 11

V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios)

, 225

Vietnam

COVID-19 in

, 169–170

factual, transparent, and timely communications

, 179–181

few incidences of challenging communications

, 186–187

findings

, 179–187

international reporting of government communications

, 182–184

literature review

, 170–177

methodology

, 178–179

models and frameworks for pandemic communication

, 171–176

negative international views for economic actions

, 184

operational definitions

, 171–172

tone and content

, 181–182

tourism market in

, 101–104

unconfirmed communications

, 176–177

Visa

, 203–204

Visiting scholars

, 144–145

Volcanic eruptions

, 5

Wars

, 6

Watan Cards

, 91

Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China

, 100

West Africa, Ebola outbreak in

, 115–117

Westminster attack

, 11–12

Wicked gaze

, 198–199, 205

Wildfires

, 5

Working Hours Act

, 219

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232

World Travel & Tourism Council

, 99–100