Index
Karen McGregor Richmond
(University of Copenhagen, Denmark)
Marketisation and Forensic Science Provision in England and Wales
ISBN: 978-1-83909-124-7, eISBN: 978-1-83909-123-0
Publication date: 14 November 2022
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Richmond, K.M. (2022), "Index", Marketisation and Forensic Science Provision in England and Wales, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-123-020221009
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2023 Karen McGregor Richmond
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.
Abbreviated forensic reporting
, 104–106
Accreditation
, 131–132, 137
Admissibility tests
, 20
Agency
, 9–10
Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO)
, 62, 106
Auopoiesis
, 51–52
Autonomy
, 158–160
Baconian probability
, 26
Balogun v. DPP [2010] EWHC 799
, 109
Bayes’ theorem
, 21–23, 25
Bayesian ‘inference engine’
, 22
Bayesian analysis
, 24–25
Bayesian analytical methods
, 17
Bayesian approach
, 22, 24, 27
Bayesian statistics
, 25
Bayesian turn
, 23–24
Bias
, 131, 146
Bibliometric analyses
, 36
Bio-identification techniques
, 20
Biological substrate
, 160–161
‘Black box’ of DNA profiling
, 47
Blood pattern analysis
, 93
Body Fluids (BF)
, 62
Burglaries
, 69
‘Business-oriented’ approach
, 6
Car thefts
, 69
Case Assessment and Interpretation process (CAI process)
, 27–31, 42–43, 68n22, 69n25
Case fragmentation
, 78–80, 114
Case law
, 109–110
Case pre-assessment
, 28
Case studies
, 30
‘Casework’ model of forensic interpretation
, 42
Cellmark
, 82
Centralisation
, 55n2
Certification
, 130, 139
Chain of evidence
, 45–46
Classical statistics
, 24
Codification process
, 63, 70
Collaboration
, 31
Collaborative co-production of knowledge
, 35
Commercialisation
, 6
of forensic expertise
, 83–88
Commodification of forensic science
, 53–54
economic rationalisation in UK
, 56
forensic productisation
, 64–67
forensic science market
, 60–61
forensic science provision in England and Wales
, 55
FSS
, 56–57
National Forensic Framework Agreement
, 61–64
National Policing Improvement Agency
, 64
procurement
, 61–64
restructuring and DNA analysis
, 57–60
triaging of forensic investigations
, 67–70
Contamination
, 27, 146
‘Contest and communication’ narrative
, 43–44, 96–97
Contextual information
, 22
Criminal Justice Act 1967
, 119
Criminal Justice in Northern Ireland
, 9
Criminal Justice Inspectorate of Northern Ireland (CJINI)
, 10
Criminal justice system (CJS)
, 1, 53, 55, 103, 155
Efficiency Programme
, 129
requirements
, 59
Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR)
, 104, 108–109
Cross-disciplinary impermeability
, 36
Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
, 87–88, 103, 143
strategy advisor
, 120
Customer relations
, 6
Customer requirement
, 28
Daubert criteria
, 133–136
Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals 509 U. S.
, 20, 579, 134
De-skilling
, 120
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
, 17, 104
analysis
, 57–60
analysts
, 20–21
DNA-17 technology
, 11, 81, 149, 151
DNA-profiling techniques
, 17–19, 21, 26, 33, 37, 57, 147
DNA-testing protocols
, 86
DNA/Bayes techniques
, 18–19
fingerprinting
, 20, 84
matches
, 108
mixtures
, 80–83
mixtures, transfer, and persistence
, 148–154
profilers
, 73
profiling
, 137–139
restructuring
, 57–60, 129
Department for Economy (DfE)
, 3n10
Digital analyte
, 154
biological substrate
, 160–161
DNA mixtures, transfer, and persistence
, 148–154
efficiency
, 157–158
expertise
, 156–157
literature
, 160
regulation and autonomy
, 158–160
standardisation
, 155–156
Disciplinary purity
, 99
Disciplines
, 35
Dlugosz
, 135
Documentary analysis
, 34
Early Guilty Plea Scheme
, 118, 158
Economic rationalisation
, 3
in UK
, 56
Economic rationality
, 6
Efficiency
, 157–158
England and Wales
forensic science provision in
, 55
marketisation and privatisation in
, 4–8
English and Welsh police forces
, 74
‘Enhanced Daubert’ criteria
, 136–137
Epistemological privilege
, 17–21
Epistemological theories of causality
, 22
Epistemology
, 19, 146
European Union (EU)
, 125–127
criminal justice measures
, 132
Directives
, 125–127
Evidence
, 19
Evidential drug identification tests (EDITs)
, 108
Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales
, 133–134
Expertise
, 156–157
‘Fall-of-the-cliff’ effect
, 24
‘Fast-track’ scheme
, 84
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
, 83, 153
Feedback
, 31
Fibre analysis
, 75
Firearms classification
, 108
Footwear
, 108
Forensic artefacts
, 98
Forensic DNA-profiling activities
, 145
Forensic examination
, 7, 57
Forensic expertise
, 73
case fragmentation and quoting
, 78–80
commercialization
, 83–88
contest and communication narrative
, 96–97
interdisciplinary theories of expertise
, 97–101
mixtures and low-template DNA
, 80–83
pre-codification forensic analyses within public sector
, 74
restructuring
, 83–88
triaging and forensic science provision in public sector
, 88–95
triaging and privileging of DNA-profiling techniques
, 75–78
Forensic field
, 33
auopoiesis and systems theory of interdisciplinary knowledge
, 51–52
forensic-scientific knowledge
, 40–47
law and science
, 48–51
methods
, 34–40
STS
, 40–47
Studies of Expertise and Experience
, 47
Forensic laboratory
, 8
Forensic market
, 6, 33
Forensic productisation
, 64–67
Forensic reporting
, 43, 95, 110
Forensic Science Northern Ireland (FSNI)
, 3n10, 8–9, 11, 74, 89, 138, 149
informants
, 93
separation between PSNI and
, 94
Forensic science providers (FSPs)
, 34, 53, 74, 129, 149
Forensic science provision
in England and Wales
, 55
in public sector
, 88–95
in Scotland
, 13
Forensic Science Regulator (FSR)
, 108, 130–131
code of practice and conduct and investigation of complaints
, 132–133
regulatory responsibilities
, 131
Forensic Science Service (FSS)
, 3, 5–6, 33, 55–56, 74, 105, 143, 147
forensic experts
, 7
mission statement
, 7
transition and closure
, 56–57
Forensic sciences
, 1, 37, 97, 99
market
, 60–61, 125
marketisation and privatisation in England and Wales
, 4–8
normative basis of
, 145–146
police force forensic science provision in UK
, 12–16
provision in England and Wales
, 3–4
provision in Northern Ireland
, 8–12
Forensic scientists
, 28, 120
Forensic standardisation
, 53
Forensic strategy
, 6, 57
Forensic turn
, 41
Forensic-Scientific Knowledge
, 40–47
Forensic-scientific processes
CAI method
, 27–31
DNA and epistemological privilege
, 17–21
probability and statistical evidence in criminal proceedings
, 21–22
standardisation through probabilistic evidence techniques
, 22–27
Forensics procurement framework
, 132
Friction ridge examination
, 19
Frye standard
, 134
Globafiler-24
, 151
GovCo status
, 8
Historically contingent objectivity
, 142
Home Office
, 6, 34
House of Commons Science and Technology Committee
, 60
Hybrid sets
, 100–101, 112
Hybridisation
, 100
Implicit assumptions
, 36
Indecent images of children (IIoC)
, 108
Individualisation
, 18, 20
Inductive inference
, 23
Informal standardisation process
, 54
Initial Details of Prosecution Case (IDPC)
, 123
Interactional expertise
, 38–39
Interdisciplinary expertise
, 51
Interdisciplinary interactions
, 35
Interdisciplinary knowledge
, 35
systems theory of
, 51–52
Interdisciplinary research
, 35–36
Interdisciplinary theories of expertise
, 97–101
Internal process of enculturation
, 94
Intra-disciplinary studies
, 111
ISO 17025
, 131
Justice system
, 103
case law
, 109–110
CrimPR
, 108–109
lawfulness of SFR
, 125–127
MoJ Efficiency Programme
, 106–108
SFR
, 110–125
SFR and abbreviated forensic reporting
, 104–106
Knowledge transfer
, 51
Kruse ethnographic studies
, 45
Kumho
, 137
Kumho Tires v. Carmichael
, 20
Laboratory Information Management system (LIMS)
, 11
Laboratory translations
, 37
Latent print analysis
, 21
Law
, 37, 48–51
‘Lean Six Sigma’ process
, 10
Legal story-telling theory
, 46
Likelihood ratio
, 22
Lived experience
, 38
Locard Building
, 11
Locus
, 11n38
Low copy number DNA (LCN-DNA)
, 131
Low copy number techniques (LCN techniques)
, 57
Low-template DNA (LT-DNA)
, 80–83
Managerialist techniques
, 6
Market restructuring
, 73
Marketisation
, 33, 73, 76
in England and Wales
, 4–5
Match
, 68n24
McFarland Review
, 8, 60
McKinsey Review
, 8, 60
Meta-expertises
, 100
Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)
, 106
Ministry of Justice Efficiency Programme (MoJ Efficiency Programme)
, 106–108
MIX05
, 82, 153
MIX13 study
, 82, 153
Modernisation
, 6
‘Multiplex’ chemical test
, 11n38
National DNA Database (NDNAD)
, 27, 57, 62, 105, 131
National Forensic Framework Agreement (NFFA)
, 61–64
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)
, 82, 153
National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA)
, 64
Natural sciences
, 50
Neo-Weberian methods
, 51, 111
New Scotland Yard
, 34–35
‘Non-compliance’ declaration
, 137–139
Non-match
, 68n24
Non-weighted Dlugosz
, 82, 151–152
Nordic social-democratic model of governance
, 45
Norms of science
, 49
Northern Ireland, forensic science provision in
, 8–12
Northern Ireland Courts and Tribunal Service (NICTS)
, 10
Northern Ireland DNA Database (NIDNAD)
, 89–90
Objectivity
, 129
accreditation
, 131–132, 137
DNA profiling
, 137–139
forensic regulator’s code of practice and conduct and investigation of complaints
, 132–133
forensics procurement framework
, 132
FSR
, 130–131
FSR’s regulatory responsibilities
, 131
‘non-compliance’ declaration
, 137–139
normative basis of forensic science
, 145–146
professional and commercial standards
, 132
quality assurance and Daubert criteria
, 133–136
regulation and ‘Enhanced Daubert’ criteria
, 136–137
regulatory objectivity
, 139–145
Office for Forensic Regulator (OFR)
, 130
‘Omagh bomb’ case
, 9
Ontology
, 145
Partial marketisation
, 1n1
Pascalian probability
, 26
Perception of ‘de-skilling’
, 73
Perseus system
, 10–11
Persistence of DNA on fibres
, 31
Police
, 12, 59
budget holders
, 12
forces
, 53
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE)
, 113n40
Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012
, 12
Police force forensic science provision in UK
, 12–16
Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland (PONI)
, 9–10
Police Scotland forensic support service
, 13
Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)
, 9, 74
Popperian falsification
, 22
Pre-codification forensic analyses within public sector
, 74
Primary source knowledge
, 38
Privatisation
in England and Wales
, 4–5
of forensic services
, 56
Privileging of DNA-profiling techniques
, 75–78
Probabilistic evidence techniques, standardisation through
, 22–27
Probabilistic reasoning
, 23, 26
Probability
in criminal proceedings
, 21–22
models
, 23
Procurement
, 61–64
Productisation
, 68n22
Professional and commercial standards
, 132
Propositions
, 27
Provision of products
, 61
Public ownership
, 55n2
Public Prosecution Service (PPS)
, 10, 89
Public sector service delivery
, 15
Public understanding
, 38
Qua policing
, 13
Quad
, 11n38
Qualitative methods
, 34
Quality
, 138
Quality assurance
, 133–136
Quality Electronic Document and Records Management system (EDRMS system)
, 11
Queens Counsel (QC)
, 87–88, 120, 143
Quoting
, 78–80
R v. Butler, Henderson & Oyerderin [2010] EWCA Crim LR 1269
, 110
R v. Chorley Justices [2006] EWHC 1795
, 109
R v. Olu, Wilson & Brooks [2010] EWCA Crim LR 2975
, 110
R v. Reed, Reed & Garmson [2009] EWCA Crim LR 2698
, 110, 121–122
R v. T [2010] EWCA Crim LR 2439
, 110
Rational bureaucracy
, 49
Reflexive assimilation
, 39
Regulation
, 136–137, 158–160
Regulatory objectivity
, 2, 139–145
Research
, 2, 37
institutes
, 13
science
, 37
Research and development (R&D)
, 5
Royal Statistical Society
, 24
Rudimentary market
, 60–61
Satellite laboratories
, 12n42
Sceptisism
, 97
Science
, 48–51
Science and Technology Studies (STS)
, 40–47, 50, 99
Scientific method
, 49
Scientific method discourses
, 99–100
Scientific Revolution
, 50
Scottish Crime Campus
, 34
Scottish DNA Database (SDNAD)
, 13n46
Scottish model
, 14
Scottish National Party (SNP)
, 15
Scottish Police Authority (SPA)
, 13–14, 88n6
Second Generation Multiplex (SGM)
, 11n38
SGM Plus
, 11n38, 62
SGM-17
, 149
Semi-structured fieldwork interviews
, 34
Sensitivity of DNA-profiling systems
, 31
Service delivery
, 28
Service Improvement Platform
, 10
Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
, 62
Silo-ing
, 96
Silos
, 96–97
Simple drug tests
, 108
Simple toxicology tests
, 108
SKL
, 45
Small Business Research Initiative (SBRE)
, 3n10
Social science
, 50
Social subsystems
, 51
Social-democratic model of governance
, 47
Sociologists
, 38
Sociology of forensic science
, 44
Source-level attributions
, 113
Staged forensic reporting
, (see Abbreviated forensic reporting)
Standardisation
, 155–156
through probabilistic evidence techniques
, 22–27
State Pathologist’s Department (SPD)
, 10
Statistical evidence in criminal proceedings
, 21–22
Statistical information communication
, 26
Statistical translations
, 23
Sterile corridor
, 13
Streamlined forensic reporting (SFR)
, 69n26, 103, 110–125, 129, 157
lawfulness of
, 125–127
SFR1
, 106, 118–119
SFR2
, 119
Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE)
, 47
Studies of Scientific Knowledge (SSK)
, 47
Subnormal science
, 98
Suspect population
, 25
Swift and Sure Justice
, 107
SWNWW Tender
, 61, 63
Systems of codification and productisation
, 91
Systems theory of interdisciplinary knowledge
, 51–52
Techno-legal controversy
, 21
Tendering process
, 73, 78
‘Third way’ approach
, 15, 50
Touch DNA
, 150
Touche Ross report
, 6, 57
Trading Fund status
, 8, 60
Transfer of expertise
, 96–97
Transparency
, 46
Triaging
, 52, 73
of DNA-profiling techniques
, 75–78
of forensic investigations
, 67–70
in public sector
, 88–95
Trial by mathematics
, 25
Turn-around-times (TRTs)
, 58, 74
UK criminal justice system (UKCJS)
, 7, 60
Uniqueness
, 18, 20
United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS)
, 108, 131, 144, 154
Volume crime
, 76, 97
Weighted Dlugosz
, 82, 152
West Coast Consortium Tender
, 61, 69
- Prelims
- Chapter 1: The Forensic Market
- Chapter 2: Forensic-Scientific Processes
- Chapter 3: Exploring the Forensic Field
- Chapter 4: The Commodification of Forensic Science
- Chapter 5: Constructing Forensic Expertise
- Chapter 6: Swift and Sure Justice?
- Chapter 7: Objectivity – ‘The View from Nowhere’
- Chapter 8: From Biological Substrate to Digital Analyte
- References
- Index