Center for Financial Stability
, 281
Center for Intercultural Dialogue (CID)
, 231
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
, 112
Charismatic/value-based leadership
, 182
Chinese Values Survey (CVS)
(see also World Values Survey (WVS))
Co-cultural theory (CoCT)
, 18–19
Cognitive dissonance theory (CDT)
, 41–43
Cognitive flexibility
, 145, 226
Collaborative working
, 34
Collectivism
, 25, 72, 117, 128, 138, 171, 181, 218
Collectivist
, 167
approach
, 42
orientation
, 205
societies
, 212, 278
Communication
(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC)Critical intercultural communication (CICC)Cross-cultural communication (CCC)Integrative communication theory (ICT)Intercultural communication (ICC)Interdiscourse communication (IDC)Non-verbal communication (NVC))
asynchronous
, 33
context of language and
, 221
paucity of
, 35
phatic
, 266
styles
, 172
synchronous
, 33
Communication accommodation theory (CAT)
, 30–32
Communitarianism
, 73–74, 304–305
Community
of practice
, 221, 298
social networks
, 34
Competency framework
, 227
Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
(see also Critical intercultural communication (CICC))
Conflict resolution skills
, 226
Confucius teachings
, 27–28
Constructivist paradigm
, 98
Context
, 9–10, 58, 64, 166, 259
and culture shock
, 142
essentialism and
, 69
of language and communication
, 221
Conversational constraints theory (CCT)
, 38–39
Corporate business behaviour
, 258
Corruption
, 307
control
, 314
Corruption perceptions index (CPI)
, 44–46
Council of Communication Associations (CCA)
, 231
Critical intercultural communication (CICC)
(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC))
Critical theory
, 6, 47–48, 113
Cross-cultural
adjustment
, 50–52
analysis
, 3
cross-cultural business, FNT and
, 172
empathy
, 146, 226
management
, 12, 69
skills
, 226
Cross-cultural attachment theory (CCAT)
, 54–56
Cross-cultural communication (CCC)
(see also Critical intercultural communication (CICC))
Cross-cultural training (CCT)
, 56, 109, 144–145
Cultural anthropology
, 61–63
Cultural artefacts
, 221
and discourses
, 267
Cultural assimilator
, 145
Cultural blending and alternating strategies
, 79–79
Cultural celebrations
, 83
Cultural competencies
, 180–181
Cultural context
, 64–66
global indicators of
, 12–13
Cultural determinism
, 68, 96
Cultural differences at work
, 255–256
Cultural dimensions
, 72–74
Cultural diplomacy
, 76–78
Cultural diversity management at work
, 250–253
Cultural essentialism
, 7–8, 68–70
Cultural flexibility
, 226
Cultural hybridisation
, 202, 263
Cultural hybridity
, 78–81, 237
Cultural identity
, 7, 83–85, 222
CAT and
, 31
Cultural imperialism
, 77, 86–88, 233
Cultural intelligence (CQ)
, 90–92
Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS)
, 91
Cultural metaphors
, 93–95
Cultural norms and behavior
, 83
Cultural otherising
, 95, 108, 148–149, 262
Cultural paradigms
, 96–99
Cultural pluralism
, 100–102
Cultural relativism
, 8–9, 62, 103–105, 231, 262
Cultural resources
, 83–84, 194
Cultural sensitivity
, 226
Cultural stereotyping
, 107–110
Cultural studies
, 62, 112–115
Cultural tightness
, 255, 287
Cultural Tightness Theory (CTL)
(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT))
Cultural trajectory
, 98, 194, 237
Cultural universals
, 120–122
Cultural values
, 255
dimensions
, 310–311
Cultural-specific justifications
, 178
Culturally endorsed implicit leadership
, 182–183
Culture
, 5–7, 58, 128, 193, 220, 222, 295
CCT and
, 38–39
contact
, 109, 134–136
context vs.
, 259
Culture, time and
, 302
distance
, 94, 212
as distinct way of life
, 137
EVT and
, 167
face negotiation and
, 171
IAT and
, 218–219
and identity
, 212
INT and
, 205
towards interculturality
, 10–11
and law
, 281
learning support
, 138
postmodernism and
, 275
and power
, 128
shock
, 42, 134, 141–144, 244, 290
SIT and
, 287
social construction of
, 47
as spiral
, 258
training
, 109, 138, 144–146
triangle
, 258–259
triangle metaphor
, 94
universality of
, 8, 61
zones
, 310–311
Culture Learning Theory (CLT)
(see also Cultural Tightness Theory (CTL))
Culture-general awareness and knowledge
, 146
Culture-general knowledge
, 90, 144
Culture-specific awareness
information
, 145
training
, 168
Culture-specific body language
, 31
Culture-specific knowledge
, 90, 144
Culturism
, 24, 95, 148–150, 275
Ease of Doing Business Index (EDBI)
, 157–159
Economic
benefit
, 109
freedom
, 160
growth
, 35
migration
, 87
Economic Freedom Index (EFI)
, 160–161
Economic Freedom of World (EFW)
, 161
Economist Intelligence Unit
, 44, 151, 308, 315
Efficiency-driven economies
, 174
Emerging economies
, 4, 74, 131, 151, 158, 175, 247
Enculturation
(see also Acculturation)
Equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI)
, 250–253
Equality of opportunity
, 35
Essentialism
, 107
and culturism
, 149
Essentialist paradigm
, 97
Ethnocentric perspective
, 215
Ethnocentrism
, 108, 154, 163–165, 205, 255
Ethnorelativism
, 154–155, 163
European Union National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC)
, 77
Exoticisation
, 108, 131–132, 135, 149, 163, 262
Expatriates (see Home country nationals)
Expectancy
, 166–167
violation
, 167
Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT)
(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT)Face Negotiation Theory (FNT))
External locus of control
, 24, 225
Extra-situational context
, 64
Extra-situational forces
, 9
Hard power–soft power assets
, 76
Hidden Dimension
, 72, 185–186
Hierarchical metaphors
, 93–94
Hierarchical politeness system
, 171
High context situations
, 186
High-low context distinction
, 186
Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions
, 72–73, 189–190
Holliday’s Grammar of Culture
, 193–196
Home country nationals
, 242
home country culture
, 298
Horizontal culture
, 208–209
Horizontal-collectivist culture (HC culture)
, 208
Horizontal-individualist culture (HI culture)
, 208
Host country
nationals
, 242
of residence culture
, 298
Human communication
, 120–121
Human development index (HDI)
(see also Social Progress Index (SPI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))
Humane orientation
, 73, 181
Humane-oriented leadership
, 182
Hybridisation
, 80–81, 87, 202, 215, 237
IBM studies, comparison with
, 28
Identity
alternating
, 80
blending
, 80
consistency
, 204
freezing
, 108, 201
harmonization
, 80
hybridising
, 80
in INT
, 204
security
, 204
strategies
, 205
transformation
, 204
vulnerability
, 204
Ideological conditioning
, 117
Ideological-normative multiculturalism
, 261
Impartial dispute resolution
, 281
In-group
, 286
collectivism
, 181
Individual traits
, 225–226
Individualism (IDV)
, 24–25, 28, 72, 117, 128, 138, 171, 175, 208–209, 304
and collectivism
, 207–209
index
, 190
Individualism-Collectivism
, 285, 287
Individualist societies
, 278
Individualistic
approaches
, 42
individualistic–collectivist dichotomy
, 205
orientation
, 205
societies
, 212
Indulgence vs. self-restraint Index (IVR)
, 190
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
, 196–198
Informal organisation
, 270
Information availability
, 34
Informational support
, 51
Innovation-driven economies
, 174
Institutional collectivism
, 181
Institutional resources
, 51
Institutionalised power
, 127
Integrated threat theory (ITT)
, 211–213
Integration-secure acculturation strategies
, 55
Integrative communication theory (ICT)
, 142, 214–216
Interaction
power and
, 127
predictability
, 204
Interaction adaptation theory (IAT)
, 217–219
Interactive position (IP)
, 218
Intercultural
analysis
, 3
learning
, 237
sensitivity
, 154
skills
, 226
space
, 236–237
strategies
, 226
Intercultural communication (ICC)
(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC)Critical intercultural communication (CICC)Non-verbal communication (NVC))
competence
, 227
Intercultural competence (IC)
, 145–146, 225–228, 234
Intercultural dialogue (ICD)
, 101, 109–110, 230–232
Intercultural interaction
competence
, 227–228
factors affecting
, 137–138
sites of
, 3–4
Intercultural literacy
, 233–234
Intercultural personhood
, 215
Intercultural team management
(see also International human resource management (IHRM))
Intercultural training (ICT)
, 144
for intercultural competence
, 145–146
Intercultural transformation
, 214
Interculturality
, 3, 19, 80–81, 202, 215, 236–237, 254, 256, 271
culture towards
, 10–11
Interdiscourse communication (IDC)
(see also Non-verbal communication (NVC))
Internal locus of control
, 24
International
agreements
, 45
business
, 314
connection
, 204
reputation
, 76
skills training
, 145
skills
, 226
tourism
, 130–132
International human resource management (IHRM)
(see also Intercultural team management)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 174
International relocation
, 134
IHRM and
, 243–244
Interpretive approach
, 96
Interpretive perspective
, 7–8
Interpretivist perspective
, 6
Intolerance of ambiguity
, 225
Paralanguage
, 31, 220, 266
Participative leadership
, 182
Paucity of communication
, 35
Performance orientation
, 73, 180–181
Person-specific role
, 278
Personal
characteristics
, 268
cultural trajectory
, 84
identity
, 286
proxemics
, 167
resources
, 51
Phatic communication
, 266
Physical setting of context
, 64
Politeness, face negotiation and
, 170–171
Political
culture
, 151
maturity
, 117
participation
, 151
pluralism
, 152
and social change
, 35
structure
, 194
Polychronic time
, 185, 301
Positive discrimination
, 107
Positivist perspective
, 96
Postmodernism
, 47, 273–276
Poststructuralism
, 113–114, 274
Power
, 9–10, 47–48, 122–124, 126–128, 284
culture
, 269
relations
, 274
Power distance (PD)
, 28, 73, 128, 167, 175, 181, 218, 277–279
Power distance index (PDI)
, 189, 277
Pragmatic competence
, 227
Predictive expectancy
, 166
Preoccupied attachment style
, 54
Prescriptive expectancy
, 166
Primary coping strategies
, 226
Primary socialisation
, 295
Professional community
, 221
Programmatic-political multiculturalism
, 261
Proxemics
, 30, 185, 176–177, 265–266
Psychological adjustment
, 50
Psychological constructs
, 8
Psychological support
, 55
Public diplomacy
(see also Cultural diplomacy)
Public interest, publish data for
, 45
Schwartz’s theory of basic human values
, 283–285
Scripts
, 221
behavioural
, 6, 58, 250, 221
communicative
, 48, 250
Secondary socialisation
, 296
Secondary strategies
, 226
Secular-rational values
, 310
Secure attachment style
, 54
Self-enhancement
, 104, 284
Self-expression
, 209
values
, 310
Self-protective leadership
, 182
Self-transcendence
, 104, 284
Separation-dismissive acculturation strategies
, 55
Sequential time values
, 305
Seven Dimensions of Culture model
, 304–306
Shared enculturation process
, 250
Short-term orientation
, 73, 301–302
Small culture formation
, 193, 195
Social
behavior
, 124
companionship
, 51
constructionist perspective
, 6
constructionist theory
, 47
control
, 11, 31, 35, 113, 123–124, 296
formation
, 123
identity
, 84, 286, 296
living
, 120
media
, 33–34, 124, 231, 308
networks
, 56
organisation
, 120
progress dimensions
, 292
role bias
, 255
sciences
, 12
social theory, postmodern turn in
, 273–274
structure
, 194, 278
support
, 51–52, 55–56
Social identity theory (SIT)
, 108, 286
analysis
, 287
assignment
, 288
in-group and out-group
, 286
social categorisation, identification and comparison
, 286–287
Social network analysis (SNA)
, 289–290
Social Progress Index (SPI)
(see also Human development index (HDI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))
Social-relational constraints
, 36
Socialisation
, 84, 295–297
Socio-political control
, 35
Socio-political values
, 76
Sociocultural
adjustment
, 50, 137
cohesion
, 109
learning
, 138
Sociolinguistic competence
, 239
Sociological imagination
, 62
Software of the mind
, 188
analysis
, 191
assignment
, 191
cultural onion
, 189
Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture
, 189–190
Sojourners (see Home country nationals)
Solidarity politeness system
, 171
Stereotyping
, 163, 201–202, 233
Strategic essentialism
, 69
Stress–Adaptation–Growth Dynamic (SAGD)
, 142, 214–215
Structuralist paradigm
, 98
Subjective perspective
, 7–8
Survival
, 120
values
, 310
Sustainable Development Goals
, 199
Symbolic interaction
, 33–34
Symbolic interdependence
, 202
Symbolic threats
, 211–212
Synchronic time values
, 305
Synchronous communication
, 33