Index
Understanding Intercultural Interaction: An Analysis of Key Concepts
ISBN: 978-1-83867-398-7, eISBN: 978-1-83867-397-0
Publication date: 2 December 2019
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Fitzpatrick, F. (2019), "Index", Understanding Intercultural Interaction: An Analysis of Key Concepts, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83867-397-020191001
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Frank Fitzpatrick
INDEX
Index
Absolutist perspective
, 8
Acceptance
, 155
Access
to information
, 45
of minorities
, 307
to technology
, 307
Accommodation
, 18
Accountability
, 280
Acculturation
, 17, 55, 137
analysis
, 19
assignment
, 19
CoCT
, 18–19
and host society
, 18
process
, 214
strategies
, 17–18, 55
Acculturative stress
, 17, 134
Achievement
, 284, 305
Adaptation
, 50, 155, 214
skills
, 226
Adjustive resources
, 51
Adjustment
, 214
CCAT and
, 55–56
Adorno, Theodor
, 113
Adult Third Culture Kids (ATCKs)
, 298
Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive model (ABC model)
, 142
African Development Bank
, 44
Agency
, 96
Althusser, Louis
, 113
Amnesty International
, 104
Anglo cultures
, 182
Anthropology
, 61
Anti-essentialism
, 68–69
Antilocution
, 107
Anxiety dominance
, 108
Anxiety uncertainty management theory (AUM theory)
(see also Communication accommodation theory (CAT))
Anxious attachment style
, 54
Arab cultures
, 182
Area studies
, 145
Ariane
, 230
Ascription
, 305
Assertive approaches (see Assertiveness)
Assertiveness
, 19, 73, 181
Assimilation
, 17–19, 262
Assimilation-preoccupied acculturation strategies
, 55
Asylum seekers
, 134–135
Asynchronous communication
, 33
Attachment
, 55
styles
, 54–55
theory
, 54–55
Attribution
, 24–25
Attribution theory (AT)
, 24–25
Authoritarian regimes
, 152
Autonomous leadership
, 182
Baku process
, 231
Barthes, Roland
, 114
Basic Human Needs
, 292
Baudrillard, Jean
, 274
Baumann, Zygmunt
, 274
Behavioural
context
, 64
environment
, 10
flexibility
, 146, 226
uncertainty
, 21
Beliefs
, 120, 310
Benevolence
, 284
Beyond Culture
, 186
Big ‘C’ culture
, 222
Boas, Franz
, 62, 103
Body adornment
, 266
Body language
, 30, 265
Body positioning
, 138, 166, 185, 220, 265
Boundaries
, 218
Bricolage
, 6, 79, 81, 124
Bridges
, 290
British Cultural Studies
, 112
Butler, Judith
, 274
Capitalism
, 275
Censorship
, 307
Center for Financial Stability
, 281
Center for Intercultural Dialogue (CID)
, 231
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
, 112
Charismatic/value-based leadership
, 182
Child labour
, 177
Child slavery
, 177
Chinese Values Survey (CVS)
(see also World Values Survey (WVS))
Chomsky, Noam
, 61
Civil liberties
, 151
Closed network
, 289
Co-cultural theory (CoCT)
, 18–19
Coercion
, 126
Coercive power
, 126
Cognitive CMC
, 33–34
Cognitive dissonance theory (CDT)
, 41–43
Cognitive flexibility
, 145, 226
Collaborative working
, 34
Collectivism
, 25, 72, 117, 128, 138, 171, 181, 218
Collectivist
, 167
approach
, 42
orientation
, 205
societies
, 212, 278
Commodification
, 131
Communicability
, 33
Communication
(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC)Critical intercultural communication (CICC)Cross-cultural communication (CCC)Integrative communication theory (ICT)Intercultural communication (ICC)Interdiscourse communication (IDC)Non-verbal communication (NVC))
asynchronous
, 33
context of language and
, 221
paucity of
, 35
phatic
, 266
styles
, 172
synchronous
, 33
Communication accommodation theory (CAT)
, 30–32
Communicator
, 166
Communitarianism
, 73–74, 304–305
Community
of practice
, 221, 298
social networks
, 34
Compensation
, 217
Competency framework
, 227
Competitiveness
, 174–176
Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
(see also Critical intercultural communication (CICC))
Conflict resolution skills
, 226
Conformity
, 116, 284
Confucian Asia
, 182
Confucianism
, 27–28, 302
Confucius teachings
, 27–28
Conservation
, 104, 284
Consonance
, 41
Constraints
, 38
Constructionism
, 96–97
Constructivist paradigm
, 98
Context
, 9–10, 58, 64, 166, 259
and culture shock
, 142
essentialism and
, 69
of language and communication
, 221
Contextual factors
, 138
Convergence
, 30, 217
Conversational constraints theory (CCT)
, 38–39
Corporate business behaviour
, 258
Corruption
, 307
control
, 314
Corruption perceptions index (CPI)
, 44–46
Cosmopolitanism
, 100
Cost efficiency
, 34–35
Council of Communication Associations (CCA)
, 231
Country clusters
, 259
Creativity
, 164
Critical intercultural communication (CICC)
(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC))
Critical paradigm
, 98
Critical theory
, 6, 47–48, 113
Cross-cultural
adjustment
, 50–52
analysis
, 3
cross-cultural business, FNT and
, 172
empathy
, 146, 226
management
, 12, 69
skills
, 226
Cross-cultural attachment theory (CCAT)
, 54–56
Cross-cultural communication (CCC)
(see also Critical intercultural communication (CICC))
Cross-cultural training (CCT)
, 56, 109, 144–145
Crossover
, 51
Cultural anthropology
, 61–63
Cultural artefacts
, 221
and discourses
, 267
Cultural assimilator
, 145
Cultural bias
, 24–25
Cultural blending and alternating strategies
, 79–79
Cultural celebrations
, 83
Cultural clusters
, 182
Cultural competencies
, 180–181
Cultural constructs
, 236
Cultural context
, 64–66
global indicators of
, 12–13
Cultural determinism
, 68, 96
Cultural differences at work
, 255–256
Cultural dimensions
, 72–74
Cultural diplomacy
, 76–78
Cultural dissonance
, 42
Cultural diversity management at work
, 250–253
Cultural essentialism
, 7–8, 68–70
Cultural flexibility
, 226
Cultural heritage
, 83
Cultural hybridisation
, 202, 263
Cultural hybridity
, 78–81, 237
Cultural identity
, 7, 83–85, 222
CAT and
, 31
Cultural imperialism
, 77, 86–88, 233
Cultural intelligence (CQ)
, 90–92
Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS)
, 91
Cultural looseness
, 287
Cultural mapping
, 83
Cultural metaphors
, 93–95
Cultural materialism
, 64
Cultural narratives
, 83
Cultural norms and behavior
, 83
Cultural onion
, 189
Cultural otherising
, 95, 108, 148–149, 262
Cultural overlap
, 228
Cultural paradigms
, 96–99
Cultural pluralism
, 100–102
Cultural practices
, 191
Cultural prejudice
, 107
Cultural production
, 83
Cultural products
, 195
Cultural profile
, 76
Cultural relations
, 77
Cultural relativism
, 8–9, 62, 103–105, 231, 262
Cultural resources
, 83–84, 194
Cultural sensitivity
, 226
Cultural stereotyping
, 107–110
Cultural studies
, 62, 112–115
Cultural symbols
, 83
Cultural tightness
, 255, 287
Cultural Tightness Theory (CTL)
(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT))
Cultural trajectory
, 98, 194, 237
Cultural typologies
, 189
Cultural universals
, 120–122
Cultural values
, 255
dimensions
, 310–311
Culturalism
, 112–113
Cultural-specific justifications
, 178
Culturally endorsed implicit leadership
, 182–183
Culture
, 5–7, 58, 128, 193, 220, 222, 295
CCT and
, 38–39
contact
, 109, 134–136
context vs.
, 259
Culture, time and
, 302
distance
, 94, 212
as distinct way of life
, 137
EVT and
, 167
face negotiation and
, 171
IAT and
, 218–219
and identity
, 212
INT and
, 205
towards interculturality
, 10–11
and law
, 281
learning support
, 138
postmodernism and
, 275
and power
, 128
shock
, 42, 134, 141–144, 244, 290
SIT and
, 287
social construction of
, 47
as spiral
, 258
training
, 109, 138, 144–146
triangle
, 258–259
triangle metaphor
, 94
universality of
, 8, 61
zones
, 310–311
Culture 2000
, 230
Culture Learning Theory (CLT)
(see also Cultural Tightness Theory (CTL))
Culture Programme
, 230
Culture-general awareness and knowledge
, 146
Culture-general knowledge
, 90, 144
Culture-specific awareness
information
, 145
training
, 168
Culture-specific body language
, 31
Culture-specific knowledge
, 90, 144
Culturism
, 24, 95, 148–150, 275
de Saussure, Ferdinand
, 61
Debt bondage
, 177
Decision-making
, 127, 255, 277
Deculturation
, 214
Defence
, 154
Deference politeness system
, 171
Democracy Index (DI)
(see also Global Slavery Index (GSI))
Democratic rights
, 311
Demographic-descriptive
, 261
Demotic discourse
, 124, 308
Denial
, 154
Denser networks
, 289
Dependence on technology and connectivity, increasing
, 36
Derrida, Jacques
, 114
Desires (D)
, 218
Detachment, increasing
, 35
Determinism
, 96
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
, 154–156
Dialectical
approach
, 6, 48, 97
process
, 9
relationship
, 128
Diaspora
, 5–6, 80, 84–85, 263
Diffuse behaviour
, 304
Dimensions of cultures
, 189
Diplomatic relations
, 77
Discourse
, 6, 84, 239–241
communities
, 221–222, 298
Discrimination
, 107
Discursive context
, 64
Discursive formation
, 48
Disjunctive flows
, 87
Dismissive attachment style
, 54
Disparity, ICD and
, 231
Dissimilarity
, 22
Dissonance
, 41–42
Distal context
, 65
Divergence
, 31
Diversity
, 231, 251
training
, 251
Domains of adjustment
, 50–51
Dominant discourse
, 123–124, 250–251
Dutch speaking
, 183
Dyadic model of interaction adaptation
, 218
Ease of Doing Business Index (EDBI)
, 157–159
Eastern Europe
, 182
Economic
benefit
, 109
freedom
, 160
growth
, 35
migration
, 87
Economic Freedom Index (EFI)
, 160–161
Economic Freedom of World (EFW)
, 161
Economist Intelligence Unit
, 44, 151, 308, 315
Efficiency-driven economies
, 174
Ego defence
, 109
Electoral process
, 151
Emancipation values
, 311
Emerging economies
, 4, 74, 131, 151, 158, 175, 247
Emotional support
, 51
Enclavism
, 135
Enculturation
(see also Acculturation)
Enmeshment
, 202
Equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI)
, 250–253
Equality of opportunity
, 35
Erasmus programme
, 237
Essentialism
, 107
and culturism
, 149
Essentialist paradigm
, 97
Ethnocentric perspective
, 215
Ethnocentric policy
, 243
Ethnocentrism
, 108, 154, 163–165, 205, 255
Ethnography
, 62–63
Ethnorelativism
, 154–155, 163
Ethnoscapes
, 87
European Union (EU)
, 230
European Union National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC)
, 77
Exclusion
, 18
Exoticisation
, 108, 131–132, 135, 149, 163, 262
Expatriates (see Home country nationals)
Expectancy
, 166–167
violation
, 167
Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT)
(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT)Face Negotiation Theory (FNT))
Expectations
, 218
Expert power
, 126
Exploitation
, 36
External control
, 305
External locus of control
, 24, 225
Extra-situational context
, 64
Extra-situational forces
, 9
Face
, 170
face-negotiation
, 138
face-restoration acts
, 171
face-saving acts
, 171
face-threats
, 170
Face negotiation
, 201
Face Negotiation Theory (FNT)
(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT)Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT))
Facework
, 170
Facial expressions
, 266
Factor-driven economies
, 174
Failure rates, IHRM and
, 244
False consciousness
, 113
Family adjustment
, 51
Feminine/femininity
, 73, 181
Femininity index
, 190
Field experience
, 145
Financescapes
, 87
Financial risk
, 35
Flawed democracies
, 152
Flexibility
, 34, 164
Forced and early marriage
, 177
Forced labour
, 177
Forced migration
, 134–135
Formal organisation
, 270
Foucault, Michel
, 114
Fourth Industrial Revolution
, 175
Frankfurt School
, 113–114
Free speech
, 45
Freedom
democracy and
, 151–151
from fear
, 104
of religion
, 103–104
of speech
, 103–104
from want
, 104
Fulbright programme
, 237
Full democracies
, 152
Functioning of government
, 151
Fundamental attribution error
, 24
Future orientation
, 181
Gaze
, 149
tourist
, 130–132, 135
Gender development index (GDI)
, 197–198
Gender egalitarianism
, 73, 181
Gender inequality index (GII)
, 198
Generalisability
, 218
Genres
, 221
Geocentric policy
, 243
Germanic Europe
, 182–183
Gestures
, 265
Ghettoisation
, 262
Giddens, Anthony
, 114, 274
Global business
, 315
Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)
(see also Global Slavery Index (GSI))
Global cultural mapping
, 311
Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness project (GLOBE project)
, 73, 180–183
Global People project
, 227
Global position and politics
, 194
Global Slavery Index (GSI)
(see also Global Competitiveness Index (GCI))
Globalisation
, 80–81, 86–87, 254
Governance
, 120, 313–315
Government size
, 160
Grammar systems
, 220
Gramsci
, 114
Geertz, Clifford
, 62
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 293
slavery and
, 178
Group allegiance
, 286
Group cohesion
, 108
Group identity
, 24, 207
Habermas, Jürgen
, 113
Hall, Stuart
, 112
Haptics
, 30, 266
Hard power–soft power assets
, 76
Hedonism
, 284
Hegemony
, 114, 123–124
Heritage Foundation
, 160
Hidden Dimension
, 72, 185–186
Hidden power
, 127
Hierarchical metaphors
, 93–94
Hierarchical politeness system
, 171
High context situations
, 186
High power-distance
, 171
High-context
, 65–66
High-low context distinction
, 186
Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions
, 72–73, 189–190
Hoggart, Richard
, 112
Holliday’s Grammar of Culture
, 193–196
Home country nationals
, 242
home country culture
, 298
Homogenisation
, 86–87
Horizontal culture
, 208–209
Horizontal-collectivist culture (HC culture)
, 208
Horizontal-individualist culture (HI culture)
, 208
Horkheimer, Max
, 113
Host country
nationals
, 242
of residence culture
, 298
Host society
, 18
Human communication
, 120–121
Human development index (HDI)
(see also Social Progress Index (SPI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))
Human needs
, 283
Human Rights Watch
, 104
Human trafficking
, 177
Humane orientation
, 73, 181
Humane-oriented leadership
, 182
Hybrid identities
, 84–85
Hybrid regimes
, 152
Hybridisation
, 80–81, 87, 202, 215, 237
Hybridity
, 79
IBM studies, comparison with
, 28
Iceberg metaphor
, 93
Identity
alternating
, 80
blending
, 80
consistency
, 204
freezing
, 108, 201
harmonization
, 80
hybridising
, 80
in INT
, 204
security
, 204
strategies
, 205
transformation
, 204
vulnerability
, 204
Ideological conditioning
, 117
Ideological-normative multiculturalism
, 261
Ideology
, 123–125, 274
Ideoscapes
, 87
Immigration
, 134
Impartial dispute resolution
, 281
In-group
, 286
collectivism
, 181
Inclusivity
, 35, 204
Individual factors
, 138
Individual traits
, 225–226
Individualism (IDV)
, 24–25, 28, 72, 117, 128, 138, 171, 175, 208–209, 304
and collectivism
, 207–209
index
, 190
Individualism-Collectivism
, 285, 287
Individualist societies
, 278
Individualistic
approaches
, 42
individualistic–collectivist dichotomy
, 205
orientation
, 205
societies
, 212
Individuation
, 215
Indulgence
, 73
Indulgence vs. self-restraint Index (IVR)
, 190
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
, 196–198
Informal organisation
, 270
Information availability
, 34
Informational power
, 126
Informational support
, 51
Innovation-driven economies
, 174
Institutional collectivism
, 181
Institutional resources
, 51
Institutionalised power
, 127
Integrated threat theory (ITT)
, 211–213
Integration
, 17, 19, 155
Integration-secure acculturation strategies
, 55
Integrative communication theory (ICT)
, 142, 214–216
Interaction
power and
, 127
predictability
, 204
Interaction adaptation theory (IAT)
, 217–219
Interactive CMC
, 33–34
Interactive position (IP)
, 218
Interactive strategy
, 21
Intercultural
analysis
, 3
learning
, 237
sensitivity
, 154
skills
, 226
space
, 236–237
strategies
, 226
Intercultural communication (ICC)
(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC)Critical intercultural communication (CICC)Non-verbal communication (NVC))
competence
, 227
Intercultural competence (IC)
, 145–146, 225–228, 234
Intercultural dialogue (ICD)
, 101, 109–110, 230–232
Intercultural interaction
competence
, 227–228
factors affecting
, 137–138
sites of
, 3–4
Intercultural literacy
, 233–234
Intercultural personhood
, 215
Intercultural team management
(see also International human resource management (IHRM))
Intercultural training (ICT)
, 144
for intercultural competence
, 145–146
Intercultural transformation
, 214
Interculturality
, 3, 19, 80–81, 202, 215, 236–237, 254, 256, 271
culture towards
, 10–11
Interdiscourse communication (IDC)
(see also Non-verbal communication (NVC))
Intergroup anxiety
, 211
Internal control
, 305
Internal locus of control
, 24
International
agreements
, 45
business
, 314
connection
, 204
reputation
, 76
skills training
, 145
skills
, 226
tourism
, 130–132
International human resource management (IHRM)
(see also Intercultural team management)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 174
International relocation
, 134
IHRM and
, 243–244
Interpretive approach
, 96
Interpretive perspective
, 7–8
Interpretivist perspective
, 6
Interstitial space
, 80
Intimate proxemics
, 167
Intolerance of ambiguity
, 225
Kaleidoscope
, 230
Kinesics
, 265
Knowledge
, 197
culture-general
, 90, 144
culture-general awareness and
, 146
culture-specific
, 90, 144
Language
, 12, 120, 137, 239, 221, 274
training
, 145
Language acquisition device (LAD)
, 61
Large cultures
, 193
Latin America
, 182
Latin Europe
, 182
Laws
, 280
culture and
, 281
Legal constraints
, 117
Legal framework
, 307
Legitimate power
, 126
Levi-Strauss, Claude
, 61, 113
Lewis, R. D.
, 247
Lewis Model, criticism of
, 248
Life enhancement
, 35
Life expectancy
, 197
Linear-active countries
, 74
Linear-active culture
, 247
Linguicism
, 87–88
Linguistic competence
, 227
Linguistic imperialism
, 87–88
Local staff (see Host country nationals)
Localisation
, 87
Location-neutrality
, 34
Locus of control
, 24
Long-term orientation (LTO)
, 28, 73, 181, 301–302
Long-term vs. short-term orientation index (LTO)
, 190
Low context situations
, 186
Low power–distance
, 171
Low-context
, 65–66
Lyotard, Jean-Francois
, 274
Mapping
, 289
Marcuse, Herbert
, 113
Marginalisation
, 17
Marginalisation-anxious acculturation strategies
, 55
Markedness
, 148–149
Marxism
, 113, 275
Masculinity (MAS)
, 28, 73, 181, 190
Material resources
, 117
Media freedom
, 308
Mediascapes
, 87
Melting pot
, 18
Meta-communication
, 266–267
Meta-messaging
, 266–267
Meta-theoretical assumptions
, 96, 98
Millennium Development Goals
, 199
Mindfulness
, 21, 145, 226
Minimisation
, 154
Minority culture
, 69
Modern imperialism
, 86–87
Modern slavery, causes of
, 178
Modern Slavery Act
, 178
Mole, John
, 258
Monochronic time
, 185, 301
Moving metaphors
, 94
Multiactive countries
, 74
Multiactive culture
, 247
Multiculturalism
, 18, 100, 261
analysis
, 262–264
assignment
, 264
criticism
, 262–263
omniculturalism
, 263
types
, 261–261
Multiculturism
, 209, 231, 262–264
Multidimensional poverty index (MPI)
, 198–199
Multidimensional power
, 127
Multimodality
, 267
Mutual accommodation
, 18
Mutual-face
, 171
Nation, culture and
, 58
National cultural identity
, 84
National cultures
, 5, 27, 72, 175, 193, 228, 270–271
National staff (see Host country nationals)
Nationality
, 68
Natural universal human processes
, 295
Negative face
, 170
Negative stereotyping
, 211
Neo-essentialism
, 68
Network density
, 289
Neutral behaviour
, 304
Nodding
, 31
Non-accommodation
, 30
Non-assertive approaches
, 19
Non-decision-making
, 127
Non-verbal accommodation
, 30–31
Non-verbal communication (NVC)
(see also Intercultural communication (ICC))
Non-work adjustment
, 51
Nordic Europe
, 182
Normative constraints
, 116
Observable power
, 127
Oculesics
, 30, 266
OECD
, 151–153
Omniculturalism
, 101, 263
Onion metaphor
, 93
Open government
, 281
Open markets
, 160
Open network
, 289
Open-mindedness
, 164
Openness to change
, 104, 284
Opportunity
, 292–293
Organisational culture
, 69, 221, 269–271
Organisational structure related to power distance
, 278
Orientalism
, 86
as legacy of colonialism
, 62
Other-face
, 171
Otherisation (see Cultural otherising)
Out-group
, 286
Paralanguage
, 31, 220, 266
Participative leadership
, 182
Particularism
, 138, 304
Partnership skills
, 226
Passive strategy
, 21
Paucity of communication
, 35
Performance orientation
, 73, 180–181
Person culture
, 269
Person-specific role
, 278
Personal
characteristics
, 268
cultural trajectory
, 84
identity
, 286
proxemics
, 167
resources
, 51
Personality
, 268
Phatic communication
, 266
Physical environment
, 9
Physical setting of context
, 64
Pluralism
, 151
Politeness, face negotiation and
, 170–171
Political
culture
, 151
maturity
, 117
participation
, 151
pluralism
, 152
and social change
, 35
structure
, 194
Polycentric policy
, 243
Polychronic time
, 185, 301
Positive discrimination
, 107
Positive face
, 170
Positivist approach
, 7
Positivist perspective
, 96
Postcolonialism
, 86
Postmodernism
, 47, 273–276
Poststructuralism
, 113–114, 274
Posture
, 265
Power
, 9–10, 47–48, 122–124, 126–128, 284
culture
, 269
relations
, 274
Power distance (PD)
, 28, 73, 128, 167, 175, 181, 218, 277–279
Power distance index (PDI)
, 189, 277
Pragmatics
, 227
Pragmatic competence
, 227
Predictive expectancy
, 166
Preferentialism
, 262
Preoccupied attachment style
, 54
Prescriptive expectancy
, 166
Press freedom
, 45
Primary coping strategies
, 226
Primary identity
, 296
Primary socialisation
, 295
Primitive peoples
, 112
Privacy reduction
, 35
Private media
, 307
Professional community
, 221
Professionalism
, 307
Programmatic-political multiculturalism
, 261
Prosodic features
, 31
Proxemics
, 30, 185, 176–177, 265–266
Proximate context
, 65
Psychological adjustment
, 50
Psychological constructs
, 8
Psychological support
, 55
Public diplomacy
(see also Cultural diplomacy)
Public interest, publish data for
, 45
Racialisation
, 262
Racism
, 149
Raphael
, 230
Reach superiority
, 34
Reactive countries
, 74
Reactive culture
, 247
Realistic threats
, 211–212
Reciprocity
, 217
Referent power
, 126
Refugees
, 134–135
Regulatory efficiency
, 160
Relational tension
, 48
Relationships
, 166
Relativist standpoint
, 8
Relocation failure
, 244
Renegotiation
, 202
Respectfulness
, 164
Respiration
, 266
Reverse culture shock
, 142–143
Reward power
, 126
Rituals
, 188
Role adjustment
, 51
Role culture
, 269
Rule of law
, 160, 314
Rule of Law Index (RLI)
(see also Social Progress Index (SPI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))
Schwartz’s theory of basic human values
, 283–285
Scripts
, 221
behavioural
, 6, 58, 250, 221
communicative
, 48, 250
Secondary identity
, 296
Secondary socialisation
, 296
Secondary strategies
, 226
Secular-rational values
, 310
Secure attachment style
, 54
Security
, 284
Segregation
, 18, 262
Self-direction
, 284
Self-efficacy
, 225
Self-enhancement
, 104, 284
Self-expression
, 209
values
, 310
Self-face
, 171
Self-monitoring
, 225
Self-protective leadership
, 182
Self-Restraint
, 73
Self-serving bias
, 24
Self-transcendence
, 104, 284
Sensitivity
, 164
Separation
, 17–18
Separation-dismissive acculturation strategies
, 55
Sequential time values
, 305
Seven Dimensions of Culture model
, 304–306
Shared enculturation process
, 250
Short-term orientation
, 73, 301–302
Silent Language
, 185–187
Similarity
, 22
Slavery and GDP
, 178
Small ‘c’ culture
, 222
Small cultures
, 193
Small culture formation
, 193, 195
Social
behavior
, 124
companionship
, 51
constructionist perspective
, 6
constructionist theory
, 47
control
, 11, 31, 35, 113, 123–124, 296
formation
, 123
identity
, 84, 286, 296
living
, 120
media
, 33–34, 124, 231, 308
networks
, 56
organisation
, 120
progress dimensions
, 292
role bias
, 255
sciences
, 12
social theory, postmodern turn in
, 273–274
structure
, 194, 278
support
, 51–52, 55–56
Social identity theory (SIT)
, 108, 286
analysis
, 287
assignment
, 288
in-group and out-group
, 286
social categorisation, identification and comparison
, 286–287
Social network analysis (SNA)
, 289–290
Social Progress Index (SPI)
(see also Human development index (HDI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))
Social-relational constraints
, 36
Socialisation
, 84, 295–297
Sociality
, 33
Society
, 295
Socio-political control
, 35
Socio-political values
, 76
Sociocultural
adjustment
, 50, 137
cohesion
, 109
learning
, 138
Sociolinguistic competence
, 239
Sociological imagination
, 62
Software metaphor
, 94
Software of the mind
, 188
analysis
, 191
assignment
, 191
cultural onion
, 189
Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture
, 189–190
Sojourners (see Home country nationals)
Solidarity politeness system
, 171
Sounds
, 220
Southern Asia
, 182
Space-efficiency
, 34
Specific behaviour
, 304
Speech acts
, 221
Spillover
, 51
Staffing, IHRM and
, 242
Staffroom culture
, 69
Standard of living
, 197
State interference
, 307
Stereotyping
, 163, 201–202, 233
Stimulation
, 284
Strategic essentialism
, 69
Stress–Adaptation–Growth Dynamic (SAGD)
, 142, 214–215
Strong culture
, 270
Structural linguists
, 61
Structuralism
, 61, 113
Structuralist paradigm
, 98
Sub-Saharan Africa
, 182
Subjective perspective
, 7–8
Survival
, 120
values
, 310
Sustainable Development Goals
, 199
Symbolic interaction
, 33–34
Symbolic interdependence
, 202
Symbolic threats
, 211–212
Symbols
, 188, 220
Synchronic time values
, 305
Synchronous communication
, 33
Synchrony
, 217
Tangible assistance
, 51
Task culture
, 269
Task orientation
, 38
Task-specific role
, 278
Team-oriented leadership
, 182
Technological development
, 117
Technoscapes
, 87
Theories
, 13
Theorists
, 13
Theory of Basic Human Values (Schwartz)
, 104, 283–285
Thick description
, 62
Third culture building
, 298
Third culture identity (TCI)
, 298–299
Third culture individuals (see Third culture identity (TCI))
Third Culture Kids (TCK)
, 80, 298
Third space
, 80, 85
Third-country nationals
, 242
Thompson, E. P.
, 112
Threat
level of
, 117
types
, 211–212
Ties
, 290
Time orientation
, 301–302
Time-efficiency
, 34
Tokenism
, 262
Tolerance for ambiguity
, 145, 164, 226
Tone of voice
, 31
Touch (see Haptics)
Tourism
, 135
Tourist gaze
, 130–132, 135
Tradition
, 284
Trailing spouse
, 51
Transcultural competence
, 164
Transparency
, 35
Transparency International
, 44
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
, 130–131
Travel Journalism
, 132
Trial and error
, 202
Trompenaars, Fons
, 304
Trompenaars’ seven dimensions of culture
, 73–74, 304–306
U-curve model
, 141–142
Ultimate attribution error
, 24
Uncertainty avoidance
, 73, 167, 181, 218, 285
Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI)
, 22, 189
Uncertainty reduction theory (URT)
, 21–22
Unconscious bias
, 108, 163–164
United Nation’s World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
, 130
United Nations (UN)
, 100, 174, 199, 230
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
, 100–101, 261
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 45
United States Foreign Services Institute
, 185
Universal
cultural processes
, 193–194
intercultural processes
, 121, 222
structures
, 121
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, 9, 103–104
Universalism
, 138, 284, 304
Universalist approach
, 8
Universality
, 120–122, 217
of culture
, 8, 61
Values
, 103, 188, 283–284
CTL and
, 116–117
cultural
, 255
emancipation
, 311
secular-rational
, 310
self-expression
, 310
sequential time
, 305
socio-political
, 76
synchronic time
, 305
traditional
, 310
Variability
, 218
Variable accommodation
, 218
Vertical culture
, 208–209
Vertical-collectivist culture (VC culture)
, 208
Vertical-individualist culture (VI culture)
, 208
W-curve
, 142
Weak culture
, 270
Wealth and SPI
, 293
Webs of significance
, 62
Well-being foundations
, 292–293
Western bias
, 27
When Cultures Collide
, 247
analysis
, 248
assignment
, 248–249
categorising cultures
, 247–248
criticism of Lewis Model
, 248
intercategory comparisons
, 248
Williams, Raymond
, 112
Work adjustment
, 51
World Bank (WB)
, 44, 174
World Economic Forum (WEF)
, 44, 130, 152, 174
World Justice Project (WJP)
, 44, 280
World Press Freedom Index (WPFI)
(see also Human development index (HDI)Social Progress Index (SPI))
World Values Survey (WVS)
(see also Chinese values survey (CVS))
Worldwide governance indicators (WGI)
, 313–315