Agenda 2030

, 88–89

Algorithmic bias

, 131–132

Algorithms

, 155–156

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 29–30, 58, 83–84, 119, 137–138

Automation

, 23

Batteries

, 93

Big data

, 18

analytics

, 58, 83–84, 119

Blockchain

, 58, 137–138

Bottom-up approach

, 67–68, 70, 72, 139

Businesses

, 101, 129

creation

, 105–107

environment

, 99–100

Cameras

, 58–59

CCTV cameras

, 80–81

Challenges

, 137–138

“Cinturon Verde” (Green Belt) initiative

, 86

Citizen expectations

, 119

Citizen resilience

, 140

Citizen-centric smart city projects

, 56–58

Citizens

, 7, 70, 125, 127, 139, 144

Citizens’ engagement

, 73, 85, 87

City Brain initiative

, 58–59

City/cities

, 1, 3, 5, 7–8, 10, 26–27, 37, 101, 118

attractiveness

, 124–131

as hub for innovation and business creation

, 102–104

Cloud storage

, 28

Collaborative partnerships

, 49–51

Community organizations

, 70

Companies

, 128–129

Competitive urbanism, limits of

, 131–133

Compliance

, 29

COVID-19 pandemic

, 140

Cross-sector collaboration

, 147–148

Cultural differences

, 59–61

Cultural drivers

, 59–61

Culture

, 56

Cybersecurity

, 137–138

measures

, 29

Data acquisition

, 18

Data analysis

, 18–19, 90

Data analytics

, 23, 58–59, 80, 92–93

Data curation

, 19

Data ecosystem

, 6, 8, 16–17

local and national

, 26–28

Data governance

, 29

Data management in city

, 21–22

Data privacy

, 137–138, 148–149

Data security

, 131–132, 148–149

Data sharing

, 51–54

Data storage

, 19–20

security, and challenges

, 28–30

Data utilization

, 20

Data value chain

, 17–20

Data-driven decision-making

, 73–74

Decision-making processes

, 56, 59

Digital art installations

, 131

Digital divide

, 87, 132, 154

Digital implementation

, 16–17

data management in city

, 21–22

data storage, security, and challenges

, 28–30

data value chain

, 17–20

local and national data ecosystem

, 26–28

in smart cities

, 22–26

Digital inclusion

, 120

Digital infrastructure

, 73

Digital outcomes in urban environment

, 79–87

Digital services

, 24

Digital technologies

, 2–3, 83, 118–119, 122, 124

and services

, 22

Digital tools

, 23

Digitalization

, 23–24

Dimensions of smart cities

, 31, 33, 45

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

, 108–109

Economic competitiveness

, 118–119

Economic ecosystem

, 113

Economic environment

, 101–102, 105

Economic growth

, 60–61

Ecosystem

, 15–16

Effective communication

, 145–146

Efficiency

, 4, 80, 118

Electric vehicles (EVs)

, 48–49

Electronic platforms

, 35

Engagement technologies

, 85–86

Entrepreneurial ecosystems boost smart city projects

, 111–112

Entrepreneurial vision of smart city

, 152–154

Entrepreneurs

, 101

Entrepreneurship

, 100

Environmental outcomes of smart city

, 87–96

Environmental sustainability

, 118

Ethical considerations

, 29, 131–132

European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC)

, 78

European Union

, 78, 89

Experimentation

, 149–150

Female entrepreneurs

, 109–111

Female entrepreneurship

, 103–104

Final remarks

, 157–159

Firewalls

, 29

Gamification

, 43–44

Gardens

, 94–95

Gender entrepreneurship

, 109–111

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 29

Geographic patterns

, 73

cultural and socioeconomic drivers

, 59–61

East and South Asia

, 65–66

Europe and North America

, 63–64

geographical distribution and internal drivers of smart city projects

, 63–66

geographical influence on smart city management

, 61–63

government approach in smart city projects

, 66–72

implications, perspectives, and urban trajectories

, 73–74

Latin America

, 64–65

smart city implementation

, 55–59

Global competition

, 118

Globalization

, 119

Governance

, 34, 36

bodies

, 7

Government approach in smart city projects

, 66–72

bottom-up approach

, 70–72

top-down approach

, 68–70

Green companies

, 108–109

Green spaces

, 94–95

Guidelines

, 139

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory

, 56

Horizon 2020 program

, 78

Human-centric approach

, 32–33

Inclusivity

, 73

Individualism–collectivism

, 56

Indulgence-restraint

, 56

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

, 5–6, 32, 103, 120–121

in government organizations

, 35

Innovation

, 100, 149–150

ecosystems

, 15–16

Innovative companies

, 108

Innovative entrepreneurial ecosystem

, 111

Institutions

, 7

Integration

, 44

Intelligent transportation systems

, 80

International initiatives

, 120–121

Internationalization in smart city development

, 120–122

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 21, 58, 83–84, 92–93, 103, 119, 137–138

Interoperability

, 51–54

Intrusion detection systems

, 29

Life quality and equality

, 89–92

Local companies

, 103

Local data ecosystem

, 26–28

Local ecosystem

, 79

Local growth and economic outcomes

, 104–111

Long-term orientation

, 56

Machine learning (ML)

, 21, 29–30, 83–84, 151–152

Managers

, 144–154

Marketing innovation in smart city development

, 120–122

Masculinity–femininity

, 56

Municipalities

, 24

‘MyHelsinki’ platform

, 84

National data ecosystem

, 26–28

National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR)

, 37, 92

Navigating urban environment

, 139

Nearly Zero-Emission Building project (NZEB project)

, 25, 36–37

New businesses

, 105

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs)

, 147–148

Online learning platforms

, 43–44

Online portals

, 23

Open data

, 6

Organizational practices

, 56

Parks

, 94–95

Personalized services

, 83

Policymakers

, 7, 101, 144, 154

Power distance

, 56

Privacy

, 29, 131–132

Public managers

, 7, 41

Public services

, 17–18

Quality of life

, 78

Regular security audits

, 29

Renewable energy sources

, 80

Resilience

, 140, 150–151

Safer Travel App

, 81

Security

, 44

Self-reinforcing cycle

, 112

Sensors

, 58–59, 80

SGSecure app

, 82

Smart city/cities

, 1–3, 5, 17–18, 31, 100, 108, 137–138

attractiveness

, 9–10

city development

, 45–47

city to

, 1–3

collaborative partnerships and stakeholder engagement

, 49–51

competition in digital edge

, 118–120

competitive edge

, 10–12

data ecosystem and key actors

, 6–8

data sharing and interoperability

, 51–54

development

, 131–133

digital implementation in

, 22–26

dimensions

, 8–9, 31, 33, 45

ecosystems

, 16, 101–102

future directions

, 157–159

geographical distribution and internal drivers of smart city projects

, 63–66

geographical influence on smart city management

, 61–63

guideline for navigating smart city edge

, 138–154

ICTs

, 5–6

implementation

, 55–59

initiatives

, 151–152

integrated planning and policy frameworks

, 48–49

limits and criticism

, 154–157

objectives and expected outcomes

, 77–79

orchestrating and balancing smart city dimensions

, 47–54

trajectories

, 5–6

Smart destination

, 124–131

Smart economy

, 8, 32, 40, 42, 46–47

Smart environment

, 8, 32, 36, 38

Smart governance

, 8, 32, 34, 36

Smart living

, 8, 32, 42, 44

Smart mobility

, 8, 32, 38, 40

Smart museums

, 131

Smart pedestrian crossings

, 82–83

Smart people

, 8, 32, 44–45

Smart tourism

, 130

Social equity

, 61

Social media

, 25–26, 70

Socioeconomic drivers

, 59–61

Solar panels

, 93

Stakeholder engagement

, 49–51

Start-ups

, 107

Strategic differences

, 56

Sustainability

, 4, 77–78, 118, 131, 150–151

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 37, 88–89

Sustainable urban environment

, 94–96

Talents

, 127–128

Technological advancements

, 119

Technological dependency

, 137–138

Technological entrepreneurial ecosystem

, 112

Technological foundations

, 73

Technological infrastructure

, 24–25

Technological reliance

, 131–132

Technology

, 4, 32, 35, 79–80, 102, 131

Technology-centric smart city projects

, 56, 58–59

Top-down approach

, 67–68, 70, 139

Tourists

, 129–131

Transport for London (TfL)

, 81

Twinning relationships

, 64

Uncertainty avoidance

, 56

Universities

, 101

Urban competitiveness

, 131

Urban ecosystem

, 101, 122, 124

Urban efficiency

, 92–94

Urban environment

, 99–100

assessing and evaluating urban outcomes

, 96–98

citizens’ engagement

, 85–87

customized and tailored services

, 83–85

digital outcomes in

, 79–87

environmental outcomes of smart city

, 87–96

safety and monitoring

, 81–83

smart city objectives and expected outcomes

, 77–79

Urban land-use planning

, 94

Urban mobility plan

, 39

Urbanism

, 60

Urbanization

, 118

Users

, 139–144

Video surveillance

, 90

Virtual reality (VR)

, 43–44

Wind turbines

, 93