Index
Frank Fitzpatrick
(University of the Creative Arts, UK)
Understanding Intercultural Interaction: An Analysis of Key Concepts, 2nd Edition
ISBN: 978-1-83753-441-8, eISBN: 978-1-83753-438-8
Publication date: 4 March 2024
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Fitzpatrick, F. (2024), "Index", Understanding Intercultural Interaction: An Analysis of Key Concepts, 2nd Edition, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83753-438-820242004
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2024 Frank Fitzpatrick
INDEX
Absolutism
, 113
Absolutist perspective
, 8
Acceptance
, 167
Access of minorities
, 335
Access to information
, 49
Access to knowledge
, 210
Access to technology
, 335
Accessible and impartial dispute resolution
, 306
Accommodation
, 20
Accountability
, 305
Acculturation
, 19, 144, 147–148, 228
analysis
, 21
assignment
, 21–22
CoCT
, 20–21
and host society
, 20
strategies
, 19–20
Acculturative stress
, 19, 144
Achievement
, 310, 332
Active strategy
, 23
Adaptability
, 176
Adaptation
, 54, 167, 228
Adjustive resources
, 55
Adjustment
, 54, 152, 228
Adorno, Theodor
, 122
Adult TCKs (ATCKs)
, 326
Affective, behavioural, cognitive model of culture shock (ABC model of culture shock)
, 152
African Development Bank
, 48
Agency
, 106, 229
Aggressive
, 21
Althusser, Louis
, 122
Amnesty International
, 114
Anglo cultures
, 194
Anthropology
, 69
Anti-essentialism
, 84–85
Anti-essentialist perspective
, 85
Anti-locution
, 116
Anxiety
, 131
dominance
, 117–118
Anxiety uncertainty management theory (AUM theory)
, 23–24
analysis
, 25
assignment
, 25
managing uncertainty and change in global workplace
, 24–25
UAI
, 24
URT
, 23–24
Anxious attachment style
, 58
Arab cultures
, 194
Area studies
, 156
Ariane
, 244
Arousal
, 179
Artefacts
, 208
Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 40
Ascription
, 78, 332
Assertive
, 21
Assertiveness
, 77, 193
Assimilation
, 19–21, 284
pre-occupied attachment style
, 59
Asylum seekers
, 145
Asynchronous communication
, 37
Attachment
and acculturation
, 59
styles
, 58–59
theory
, 58–59
Attitudes
to authority and hierarchy
, 277
to time
, 277
Attribution theory (AT)
, 27
(see also Social Identity Theory (SIT))
analysis
, 28
assignment
, 29
and cultural bias
, 28
and group identity
, 27
implications for global workplace
, 28
locus of control and attribution
, 27
Authoritarian regimes
, 163
Auto-management
, 314
Autonomous leadership
, 194
Baku Declaration on the Promotion of Intercultural Dialogue
, 245
Baku process
, 244–245
Barthes, Roland
, 123
Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Well-being and Opportunity
, 320
Baudrillard, Jean
, 298
Baumann, Zygmunt
, 298
Behavioural component
, 100
Behavioural context
, 73
Behavioural environment
, 10
Behavioural flexibility
, 157, 241
Behavioural uncertainty
, 23
Beliefs
, 113, 130–131
Benevolence
, 310
Best-fit
, 67
Beyond culture towards interculturality
, 10–11, 198
Big ‘C’ culture
, 236
Big Five personality traits
, 239
Biological needs
, 309
Body adornment
, 289
Body language
, 33, 288
Boundaries
, 232
Bricolage
, 88
Bridges
, 317
British cultural studies
, 121
Business case
, 267
Business regulation, areas of
, 169–170
Butler, Judith
, 298
Capitalism
, 299
Categorising cultures
, 264–265
Center for Financial Stability
, 306
Center for Intercultural Dialogue (CID)
, 245
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
, 121
Change
, 25
dealing with
, 277
Charismatic/value-based leadership
, 194
Child labour
, 189
Child slavery
, 189
Chinese values survey (CVS)
, 30
analysis
, 32
assignment
, 32
comparison with Hofstede’s IBM studies
, 31
LTO
, 31
teachings of Confucius
, 30–31
Western bias and national cultures
, 30
Chomsky, Noam
, 69
Civil liberties
, 162, 173
Closed networks
, 316
Co-cultural theory (CoCT)
, 20–21
Coercive power
, 136
Cognitive arousal
, 179
Cognitive component
, 100
Cognitive computer-mediated communication
, 37–38
Cognitive dissonance
, 45
Cognitive dissonance theory (CDT)
, 45
analysis
, 47
assignment
, 47
consonance and dissonance
, 45
reducing dissonance
, 45–46
Cognitive flexibility
, 156, 240
Cognitive uncertainty
, 23
Cohesion
, 131
Collaborative working
, 38
Collectivism
, 28, 76, 78, 138, 183, 193, 232
Collectivist orientation
, 218
Collectivist societies
, 77, 221, 226, 302
Commodification of heritage
, 142
Communicability
, 37
Communication
, 13, 40, 130, 235, 241, 277, 280
Communication accommodation theory (CAT)
, 33
analysis
, 35
assignment
, 35
convergence and divergence
, 33
and cultural identity
, 34
managing communication and conflict in global workplace
, 34–35
non-verbal accommodation
, 33–34
tone of voice
, 34
Communicator
, 178
Communitarianism
, 78, 332–333
Communities of practice
, 326
Community social networks
, 38
Compensation
, 231
Competency framework
, 241
Competitiveness
, 187
Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
, 37
analysis
, 40–41
assignment
, 41
benefits of
, 38
communication, culture and artificial intelligence
, 40
issues relating to
, 39
types
, 37–38
Concertive control
, 294, 314
Conflict resolution skills
, 240
Conformity
, 126, 310
Confucian Asia
, 194
Confucianism
, 30–31
Confucianism
, 330
Confucius, teachings of
, 30–31
Connection
, 217
Connotation
, 133
Conservation
, 310
Consistency
, 217
Consonance
, 45
Constraints
, 42
Constructionism
, 106–107
Constructivist paradigm
, 108
Contexts
, 6, 9–10, 74, 85–86, 121, 178, 257, 273, 281
and culture shock
, 152–153
of language and communication
, 235
Contextual factors
, 148
Control of corruption
, 342
Convergence
, 33, 231
Conversational constraints theory (CCT)
, 42, 60
analysis
, 43
assignment
, 43
and culture
, 42–43
social-relational constraints
, 42
task orientation
, 42
types of
, 156
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
, 66
Corruption
, 335
Corruption perceptions index (CPI)
, 48
analysis
, 49–50
assignment
, 50
criticisms
, 49
main findings and recommendations
, 48–49
methodology
, 48
Cosmopolitanism
, 110
Cost efficiency
, 39
Council of Communication Associations (CCA)
, 245
Council of Europe
, 244
Country clusters
, 281
Creativity
, 176
Crisis
, 151
Critical approach
, 272
Critical intercultural communication (CICC)
, 51
analysis
, 52
assignment
, 52
dialectical approach
, 52
power
, 51–52
social construction of culture
, 51
Critical paradigm
, 108
Critical theory
, 7, 52, 122–123
Cross-cultural adaptation
, 228
Cross-cultural adjustment
, 13, 54, 62–63
adjustive resources
, 55
analysis
, 56
assignment
, 57
crossover and spill-over
, 55
domains of adjustment
, 54–55
process of
, 56
psychological adjustment
, 54
social support
, 55–56
sociocultural adjustment
, 54
Cross-cultural approach
, 272
Cross-cultural attachment theory (CCAT)
, 58
and adjustment
, 59
analysis
, 60
assignment
, 60
attachment and acculturation
, 59
attachment styles
, 58–59
Cross-cultural business
, 184
Cross-cultural communication (CCC)
, 62
analysis
, 63
assignment
, 64
cross-cultural adjustment
, 63
culture and context
, 62–63
culture and nation
, 62
Cross-cultural empathy
, 157, 241
Cross-cultural ethics
, 12–13
analysis
, 67
assignment
, 67
ethical leadership in global workplace
, 67
ethics and CSR in international business
, 66
ethics and culture in international business
, 66
ethics at work
, 65–66
in international business
, 65
Cross-cultural management (CCM) theory
, 3, 12, 30, 272–273
Cross-cultural skills
, 240
Cross-cultural training (CCT)
, 25, 155
Crossover
, 55
Cultural Anthropology
, 69
analysis
, 70
assignment
, 71
cultural relativism
, 70
ethnography and thick description
, 70
orientalism as legacy of colonialism
, 70
structuralism and universality of culture
, 69
Cultural appropriation
, 97–98
Cultural artefacts
, 236, 290
Cultural assimilator
, 156
Cultural bias
, 28
Cultural blending and alternating strategies
, 88–89
Cultural capital
, 66, 317
Cultural celebrations
, 92
Cultural clusters
, 193
Cultural competencies
, 192–193
Cultural constructs
, 250
Cultural content and narrative
, 247
Cultural context
, 72, 273
analysing context through PESTLE(C) analysis
, 74
analysis
, 75
assignment
, 75
cultural materialism
, 72
dimensions of context
, 72–73
high-context and low-context
, 73–74
proximate and distal context
, 73
Cultural determinism
, 84, 106
Cultural differences at work
, 277–278
Cultural dimensions
, 76, 333
analysis
, 78
assignment
, 78
E. T. Hall’s Hidden Dimension
, 76
GLOBE programme
, 77
Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions
, 76–77
R. D. Lewis Cultures
, 78
Trompenaars’ seven dimensions of culture
, 78
Cultural diplomacy
, 80–81
analysis
, 82
assignment
, 82–83
continuum of influence
, 81
cultural relations
, 82
hard power–soft power assets
, 80
soft power index
, 81–82
types
, 81
Cultural dissonance
, 46
Cultural essentialism
, 8, 84
analysis
, 86
anti-essentialism
, 84–85
assignment
, 86–87
cultural determinism
, 84
essentialism and context
, 85
neo-essentialism
, 85
strategic essentialism
, 85–86
Cultural exoticisation
, 97–98
Cultural flexibility
, 240
Cultural heritage
, 92
Cultural hybridisation
, 97–98, 215, 285
Cultural hybridity
, 88, 251
analysis
, 90
assignment
, 90–91
cultural blending and alternating strategies
, 88–89
forms of hybridity
, 88
globalisation and hybridisation
, 90
third space and interculturality
, 89–90
Cultural identity
, 7, 34, 92, 107, 236
analysis
, 94–95
assignment
, 95
cultural references and identity
, 92–93
hybrid identities
, 94
national cultural identity
, 93
personal cultural identity
, 93–94
social identity
, 93
Cultural imperialism
, 9, 82, 96, 247
analysis
, 98
assignment
, 99
cultural hybridisation, appropriation, exoticisation and localisation
, 97–98
disjunctive flows
, 97
linguicism and linguistic imperialism
, 98
modern imperialism, cultural invasion, globalisation and homogenisation
, 96–97
postcolonialism and orientalism
, 96
Cultural intelligence (CQ)
, 100
action
, 101
analysis
, 101
assignment
, 102
capabilities
, 100–101
culture-general vs. culture-specific
, 100
drive
, 100
knowledge
, 100
measurement
, 101
strategy
, 101
Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS)
, 101
Cultural invasion
, 96–97
Cultural life
, 6
Cultural localisation
, 97–98
Cultural looseness
, 314
Cultural mapping
, 92
Cultural materialism
, 72
Cultural meaning
, 124
Cultural metaphors
, 103, 160
analysis
, 104–105
assignment
, 105
culture distance
, 104
culture triangle metaphor
, 104
hierarchical metaphors
, 103–104
iceberg metaphor
, 103
moving metaphors
, 104
onion metaphor
, 103
software metaphor
, 104
Cultural narratives
, 92
Cultural norms and behaviour
, 92
Cultural onion
, 201
Cultural otherising
, 159–160
Cultural paradigms
, 106
agency and determinism
, 106
analysis
, 108
assignment
, 109
constructionism
, 106–107
dialectical approach
, 107
paradigms
, 107–108
Cultural perspectives
, 257
Cultural pluralism
, 110–111
analysis
, 111
assignment
, 111–112
ICD
, 111
omniculturalism
, 111
pursuit
, 110
UNESCO
, 110–111
Cultural prejudice
, 116
Cultural production
, 92
Cultural products
, 208
Cultural profile
, 80
Cultural references
, 92–93
Cultural relations
, 82
Cultural relativism
, 12, 66, 70, 113, 131, 189, 245, 273, 285
analysis
, 114–115
assignment
, 115
question of
, 9
Theory of Basic Human Values (Schwartz)
, 114
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, 113–114
values
, 113
WVS
, 114
Cultural resources
, 92, 207, 236
Cultural sensitivity training
, 34
Cultural stereotyping
, 116
addressing
, 118
analysis
, 119
assignment
, 119
categories and forms
, 116
reasons for
, 117
Cultural studies
, 70, 121
analysis
, 124
assignment
, 124–125
British cultural studies and culturalism
, 121
Frankfurt School and critical theory
, 122–123
Gramsci and hegemony
, 124
structuralism and poststructuralism
, 123–124
Cultural symbols
, 92
Cultural Tightness
, 272, 277, 314
Cultural Tightness–Looseness (CTL theory)
, 126
analysis
, 128
assignment
, 129
conformity
, 126
in global workplace
, 128
index of cultural tightness
, 127–128
regional studies on cultural tightness
, 128
and values
, 126–127
Cultural typologies
, 188, 201
Cultural universals
, 115, 130
analysis
, 131–132
assignment
, 132
categories
, 130
nature of human communication
, 131
universal intercultural processes
, 131
universal structures
, 131
Cultural values
, 277
dimensions of
, 338–339
Culturalism
, 121
Culturally endorsed implicit leadership
, 194–195
Culture
, 5–8, 11–12, 40, 74, 226, 234, 236, 250, 281
CCT
, 42–43
and context
, 62–63
context and power
, 9–10
beyond culture towards interculturality
, 10–11
as distinct way of life
, 147
expectancy violation theory
, 179
face negotiation and
, 183–184
IAT and
, 232–233
identity negotiation and
, 218
and law
, 306
and nation
, 62
postmodernism
, 299
and power
, 138
SIT and
, 314
and society
, 323
as spiral
, 280
universality
, 8–9
Culture 2000
, 244
Culture contact
, 118, 144
analysis
, 145
assignment
, 145–146
forced migration
, 145
immigration and acculturation
, 144
international relocation
, 144
tourism
, 145
Culture distance
, 65, 67, 104, 226
Culture learning support
, 148
Culture Learning Theory (CLT)
, 147
analysis
, 149
assignment
, 149
culture as distinct way of life
, 147
culture learning support
, 148
culture training
, 148
factors affecting intercultural interaction
, 147
Culture Programme 2007–2013
, 244
Culture shock
, 13, 46, 54, 62, 144, 151, 228, 261, 294, 318
ABC model of culture shock
, 152
analysis
, 153
assignment
, 153
context and
, 152–153
reverse culture shock
, 153
SAGD
, 152
U-curve model
, 151–152
Culture training
, 118, 148, 155
analysis
, 157
assignment
, 157
culture-specific or culture-general
, 155
ICT for IC
, 156–157
intercultural or cross-cultural
, 155
types of CCT
, 156
Culture Triangle, The
, 280
analysis
, 281
assignment
, 281–282
context vs. culture
, 281
country clusters
, 281
culture as spiral
, 280
Culture triangle metaphor
, 104
Culture zones
, 338
Culture-general knowledge
, 100, 155
Culture-specific awareness
, 156
training
, 180
Culture-specific behavioural response
, 179
Culture-specific body language
, 33
Culture-specific knowledge
, 100, 155
Culturism
, 27, 105, 159–160
analysis
, 160
assignment
, 160–161
cultural otherising
, 159
essentialism and culturism
, 160
exoticisation
, 160
gaze
, 160
markedness
, 159–160
de Saussure, Ferdinand
, 69
De-culturation
, 228
Debt bondage
, 189
Decision-making
, 137, 277
Deep level basic assumptions
, 293
Defence
, 166
Deference politeness system
, 183
Democracy
, 162–163
and development
, 163–164
Democracy index (DI)
, 162
analysis
, 164
assignment
, 164
democracy and development
, 163–164
democracy and freedom
, 162–163
four types of regime
, 163
Democratic rights
, 339
Demographic-descriptive multiculturalism
, 283
Demotic discourse
, 134, 336
Denial
, 166
Dependence on technology and connectivity, increased
, 40
Derrida, Jacques
, 123
Desires (D)
, 232
Detachment, increased
, 39
Determinism
, 84, 106
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
, 166–167
analysis
, 167
assignment
, 167–168
criticism
, 167
ethnocentrism
, 166
ethnorelativism
, 166
Dialectical approach
, 7, 52, 107
Dialectical process
, 10
Diaspora
, 94
Differentiation
, 217
Diffuse behaviour
, 332
Diplomacy
, 81
Diplomatic relations
, 81
Discourses
, 6, 235, 253, 290
community
, 235–236, 326
system
, 253–254
as system of communication
, 254
Discrimination
, 116
Discursive context
, 73
Disjunctive flows
, 97
Dismissive attachment style
, 58
Disparity
, 245
Dispute resolution
, 169
Dissimilarity
, 24
Dissonance
, 45
reducing
, 45–46
Distal context
, 10, 73
Divergence
, 33
Diversity
, 13, 35, 245, 268
comfortable with
, 276
training
, 268–269
Domains of adjustment
, 54–55
Dominant discourses
, 133–134, 137, 254–255, 336
Duty of care
, 258, 307
E. T. Hall
, 197
analysis
, 198
assignment
, 199
Beyond Culture
, 198
Hidden Dimension, The
, 76, 197
Silent Language, The
, 197
Ease of Doing Business Index (EDBI)
, 169
analysis
, 170
areas of business regulation
, 169–170
assignment
, 171
criticisms
, 170
fundamental principles
, 169
Eastern Europe
, 194
Economic benefit
, 118
Economic freedom
, 172
measuring
, 172–173
Economic Freedom Index (EFI)
, 172
analysis
, 173
assignment
, 174
EFW
, 173
Heritage Foundation
, 172
Economic Freedom of the World (EFW)
, 173
Economic growth
, 39
Economic migration
, 97
Economist Intelligence Unit
, 48, 343
Efficiency-driven economies
, 186
Ego defence
, 118
Electoral process
, 162
Emancipation values
, 339
Emergent culture
, 237
Emotional behaviour
, 332
Emotional support
, 56
Employee voice
, 35
Enabling environment
, 141
Enclavism
, 145
Enculturation
, 8, 19, 65, 92, 147–148, 323–324
Enmeshment
, 215
EPRG choice factors
, 260
Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI)
, 267
analysis
, 270
assignment
, 270–271
case for
, 267–268
diversity
, 268
diversity training
, 268–269
works
, 269–270
Erasmus programme
, 251
Espoused values
, 293
Essentialism
, 84, 86, 116, 160
and context
, 85
Essentialist paradigm
, 107
Ethical leadership in global workplace
, 67
Ethics
, 273
and CSR in international business
, 66
and culture in international business
, 66
at work
, 65–66
Ethnocentric perspective
, 229
Ethnocentric policy
, 259
Ethnocentricity
, 9
Ethnocentrism
, 117, 131, 166, 175, 218, 277
analysis
, 177
assignment
, 177
and global workplace
, 176
stereotyping
, 175
transcultural competence
, 176
unconscious bias
, 176
Ethnography and thick description
, 70
Ethnorelativism
, 166, 175
Ethnoscapes
, 97
European Union (EU)
, 97
initiatives
, 244
European Union National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC)
, 82
European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
, 244
Exclusion
, 20
Exoticisation
, 117, 142, 145, 160, 284
Expatriate staff (see Third-country nationals)
Expatriates (see Home country nationals)
Expectancy
, 178–179
Expectancy violation
, 179
Expectancy violation theory (EVT)
, 178
analysis
, 180
assignment
, 180
and culture
, 179
expectancy
, 178–179
expectancy violation
, 179
proxemics
, 179
theory of met expectations
, 180
Expectations (E)
, 232
Expert power
, 136
Exploitation, increased
, 40
External attribution
, 27
External control
, 333
External locus of control
, 27
Extra-situational context
, 73
Extra-situational forces
, 10
Face
, 182
Face negotiation theory (FNT)
, 182
analysis
, 184
assignment
, 184
and cross-cultural business
, 184
and culture
, 183–184
facework
, 182
and politeness
, 182–183
Face-negotiation
, 148
Face-restoration acts
, 183
Face-saving acts
, 183
Face-threats
, 182
Facework
, 182
Facial expressions
, 289
Factor-driven economies
, 186
Failure rates
, 261
False consciousness
, 122
Family adjustment
, 55
Family communities
, 220
Feminine cultures
, 77
Femininity
, 193
Field experience
, 156
Financescapes
, 97
Financial risk, increased
, 40
Fixed identity
, 122
Flawed democracies
, 163
Flexibility
, 39, 176
Forced and early marriage
, 189
Forced labour
, 189
Forced migration
, 145
Formal organisation
, 293
Foucault, Michel
, 123
Four Freedoms
, 113
Four-stage linear model
, 151
Fourth Industrial Revolution
, 187
Frankfurt School
, 122–123
Fraser Institute
, 173
Free speech
, 49
Freedom
, 162–163
from fear
, 113
of religion
, 113
of speech
, 113
from want
, 113
Friendship
, 220
Fulbright programme
, 251
Full democracies
, 163
Fundamental attribution error
, 27
Future orientation
, 193
Gaze
, 160
Gender
, 8
egalitarianism
, 77, 193
equality
, 173
Gender development index (GDI)
, 211
Gender inequality index (GII)
, 211
Generalisability
, 232
Genres
, 235
Geo-centric policy
, 259
Germanic Europe
, 194
Gestures
, 24, 288
Ghettoisation
, 284–285
Giddens, Anthony
, 123, 298
Global competitiveness index (GCI)
, 186
analysis
, 187–188
assignment
, 188
competitiveness and national culture
, 187
Fourth Industrial Revolution
, 187
stages of development
, 186–187
Global cultural mapping
, 339
Global indicators
of business performance
, 66
of context
, 10
of cultural context
, 13
Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness programme (GLOBE programme)
, 77, 192
analysis
, 195
assignment
, 195
cultural clusters
, 193
cultural competencies
, 192–193
culturally endorsed implicit leadership
, 194–195
Global People project
, 241
Global position and politics
, 207
Global Slavery Index (GSI)
, 189
analysis
, 190
assignment
, 191
causes of modern slavery
, 190
scale of problem
, 189–190
slavery and GDP
, 190
Global workplace
, 12–13, 176, 272
analysis
, 274–275
assignment
, 275
cross-cultural or intercultural management
, 272–273
ethics and cultural context
, 273
leadership and people management in global workplace
, 273
SIT
, 314
Globalisation
, 90, 96–97
Governance
, 130, 341
indicators
, 342
Government
effectiveness
, 341
functioning of
, 162
size
, 172
Grammar of Culture (Holliday)
, 206, 208
analysis
, 208
assignment
, 209
cultural products
, 208
small culture formation
, 206
social and political structures
, 207
universal cultural processes
, 206–207
Grammar systems
, 234
Gramsci
, 124
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 80, 190
Group cohesion
, 117
Group constraints
, 43
Group identity
, 27, 131, 145, 220
Habermas, Jürgen
, 122
Hall, Stuart
, 122
Haptics
, 289
Hard power assets
, 80
Harmonisation
, 89
Hedonism
, 310
Hegemony
, 124, 133–134
Heritage Foundation
, 172
Heroes
, 200
Hidden Dimension, The
, 197
Hidden power
, 137
Hierarchical metaphors
, 103–104
Hierarchical politeness system
, 183
High power distance
, 183
High-context
, 73–74
Historical pathways
, 338
Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture
, 201–203
Hofstede’s IBM studies, comparison with
, 31
Hofstede’s Individualism and Collectivism
, 148
Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions
, 76–77
Hoggart, Richard
, 121
Home country nationals
, 258
Homogenisation
, 96–97
Honeymoon
, 151
Horizontal control
, 294
Horizontal cultures
, 221–222
Horizontal-collectivist (HC)
, 221
Horizontal-individualist (HI)
, 221
Horkheimer, Max
, 122
Host country nationals
, 259
Host society
, 20
Hostility
, 131
HR practice and policies
, 258
Human communication, nature of
, 131
Human Development Index (HDI)
, 210
analysis
, 212
assignment
, 212
dimensions of human development
, 210–211
GDI
, 211
GII
, 211
IHDI
, 211
MPI
, 212
Human Rights Watch
, 114
Human trafficking
, 189
Humane orientation
, 77, 193
Humane-oriented leadership
, 194
Hybrid identities
, 94
Hybrid regimes
, 163
Hybridisation
, 88, 90, 94, 215, 229, 251
Hybridity, forms of
, 88
Iceberg metaphor
, 103
Identity
, 8, 11, 226
autonomy
, 218
blending
, 89
consistency
, 218
construction sites
, 93
freezing
, 117, 214
management phases
, 214
security
, 217
strategies
, 218
transformation
, 218
vulnerability
, 217
Identity Management Theory (IMT)
, 117, 214
analysis
, 215–216
assignment
, 216
hybridisation and interculturality
, 215
identity freezing and stereotyping
, 214
identity management phases
, 214
Identity negotiation theory (INT)
, 217
analysis
, 219
assignment
, 219
core assumptions
, 217–218
and culture
, 218
identity strategies
, 218
Ideological conditioning
, 127
Ideological level
, 137
Ideological state apparatus
, 133
Ideological-normative multiculturalism
, 283
Ideology
, 133
analysis
, 134
assignment
, 135
demotic discourse
, 134
power, hegemony and dominant discourse
, 133–134
and social formation
, 133
Ideoscapes
, 97
Immigration
, 144
In-group
, 313
collectivism
, 193
Inclusion
, 35, 217
Inclusivity
, 217
and equality of opportunity
, 39
Individual approaches
, 43
Individual ethics
, 66
Individual factors
, 148
Individualism
, 28, 76, 138, 183, 187, 222, 332
Individualism and Collectivism
, 220, 272, 314
analysis
, 222–223
assignment
, 223
group identity
, 220
horizontal cultures
, 221–222
IDV
, 221
leadership and culture in global workplace
, 222
self and other
, 220
vertical cultures
, 221–222
Individualism index (IDV)
, 202, 221
Individualist societies
, 302
Individualistic orientation
, 218
Individualistic societies
, 226
Individualistic–collectivist dichotomy
, 218
Individuation
, 229
Indulgence
, 77
Indulgence versus self-restraint Index (IVR)
, 203
Inequality
, 10
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
, 210–211
Informal organisation
, 293, 314
Information availability
, 38
Informational power
, 136
Informational support
, 56
Infrastructure
, 141
Inner spiral
, 280
Innovation
, 25
Innovation-driven economies
, 186
Institutional collectivism
, 193
Institutional resources
, 55
Institutionalised power
, 137
Integrated Threat Theory (ITT)
, 225
analysis
, 226–227
assignment
, 227
culture and identity
, 226
implications for training and intervention
, 226
types of threats
, 225–226
Integration
, 19, 21, 167
secure attachment style
, 59
Integrative Communication Theory (ICT)
, 152, 228
analysis
, 229
assignment
, 229–230
for IC
, 156–157
intercultural personhood
, 229
intercultural transformation
, 228
SAGD
, 228
Interaction adaptation
, 232
Interaction adaptation theory (IAT)
, 231
analysis
, 233
assignment
, 233
and culture
, 232–233
dyadic model of interaction adaptation
, 232
principles
, 231–232
Interaction predictability
, 217
Interaction unpredictability
, 217
Interactive CMC
, 38
Interactive position (IP)
, 232
Interactive strategy
, 23
Intercategory comparisons
, 265
Intercultural approach
, 272
Intercultural communication (ICC)
, 51, 234
analysis
, 237
assignment
, 237–238
communication
, 235
context of language and communication
, 235
culture
, 236
discourse communities
, 235–236
intercultural pragmatics and interculturality
, 237
language
, 234–235
Intercultural communicative competence
, 241
Intercultural competence (IC)
, 13, 23, 239, 247–248
analysis
, 242
assignment
, 243
INCA project
, 242
individual traits
, 239–240
intercultural communicative competence
, 241
intercultural interaction competence
, 241–242
training for
, 240–241
Intercultural Competence and Assessment project (INCA project)
, 242
Intercultural contact
, 4
Intercultural dialogue (ICD)
, 67, 111, 119, 244, 286
analysis
, 245–246
assignment
, 246
Baku process
, 244–245
CID
, 245
and cultural relativism
, 245
and disparity
, 245
EU initiatives
, 244
Intercultural interaction
competence
, 241–242
factors affecting
, 147
sites of
, 4–5
Intercultural learning
, 251
Intercultural literacy
, 247
analysis
, 248
assignment
, 248
cultural content and narrative
, 247
intercultural competence
, 247–248
stereotyping and cultural imperialism
, 247
Intercultural management (ICM)
, 12, 30, 272–273
Intercultural meetings
, 255
Intercultural personhood
, 229
Intercultural pragmatics
, 237
Intercultural sensitivity
, 166
Intercultural skills
, 240
Intercultural space
, 250–251
Intercultural strategies
, 240
Intercultural teams
, 276
analysis
, 278–279
assignment
, 279
benefits of
, 276–277
cultural differences at work
, 277–278
interculturality in global workplace
, 278
Intercultural third space
, 11
Intercultural training (ICT)
, 118, 155
Intercultural transformation
, 228
Interculturality
, 3, 9, 21, 35, 86, 89–90, 176, 215, 229, 237, 250, 276, 295
among multicultural groups
, 285–286
analysis
, 251
assignment
, 251
cultural constructs
, 250
cultural hybridity
, 251
beyond culture towards
, 10–11
in global workplace
, 278
intercultural learning
, 251
intercultural space
, 250–251
Interdiscourse communication (IDC)
, 253
analysis
, 255
assignment
, 255
discourse
, 253
discourse as system of communication
, 254
discourse system
, 253–254
dominant discourses
, 254–255
intercultural meetings
, 255
Intergroup anxiety
, 225
Internal attribution
, 27
Internal control
, 78, 333
Internal locus of control
, 27
International agreements
, 49
International business
, 342
International Human Resource Management (IHRM)
, 257
analysis
, 262
assignment
, 262
challenges in implementing
, 257
EPRG choice factors
, 260
and failure rates
, 261
and international relocation
, 260–261
recruitment policy
, 259
and staffing
, 258
International relocation
, 144, 260–261
International reputation
, 80
International tourism, growth of
, 140
Interpersonal connection
, 218
Interpersonal skills
, 240
training
, 156
Interpretive approach
, 106
Interpretive perspective
, 8, 108
Interpretivist perspective
, 108
Interpretivist viewpoint
, 6
Intersectional or holistic approach
, 86
Interstitial culture
, 326
Interstitial space
, 89
Intimate distance
, 179
Intolerance of ambiguity
, 239
Just laws
, 305
Kaleidoscope
, 244
Kinesics
, 288
Knowledge and ideas
, 241
Laissez-faire management
, 314
Language
, 13, 130, 234–235
and communication
, 147
training
, 34, 156
Large cultures
, 206
Latin America
, 194
Latin Europe
, 194
Law and ethics in global workplace
, 306–307
Leadership
, 280
and culture in global workplace
, 222
in global workplace
, 273
style
, 35
Learning to Live Together theme
, 244
Legal case
, 267
Legal domain
, 65
Legal framework
, 335
Legitimate power
, 136
Leisure groups
, 220
Level of threat
, 127
Levi-Strauss, Claude
, 69
Lewis model, criticism of
, 265
Life enhancement
, 39
Life expectancy
, 210
Linear-active
, 78, 264
Linguicism
, 98
Linguistic competence
, 241
Linguistic imperialism
, 82
Linguistic imperialism
, 98
Lived culture
, 72
Local staff (see Host country nationals)
Location neutrality
, 38
Locus of control
, 239
and attribution
, 27
Long-term orientation (LTO)
, 30–31, 77–78, 193, 329
criticism
, 31
index
, 203
Low power–distance
, 183
Low-context
, 73–74
Lyotard, Jean-Francois
, 298
Marcuse, Herbert
, 122
Marginalisation
, 19
anxious attachment style
, 59
Marginalised groups
, 20
Markedness
, 159–160
Market knowledge
, 276
Marxism
, 122, 299
Masculine cultures
, 77
Masculinity
, 193
Masculinity versus femininity index (MAS)
, 202
Material resources
, 127
Media freedom
, 336
Mediascapes
, 97
Melting pot
, 20
Meta-communication
, 289–290
Meta-messaging (see Meta-communication)
Millennium Development Goals
, 212
Mindfulness
, 23, 156, 240
Minimisation
, 166
Modern imperialism
, 96–97
Modern slavery, causes of
, 190
Modern Slavery Act
, 190
Monochronic time
, 197, 329
Moral case
, 267
Motivational component
, 100
Moving metaphors
, 104
Multiactive
, 78, 264
Multicultural workforces
, 259
Multiculturalism
, 20, 110, 283
analysis
, 286
assignment
, 286
criticism
, 284–285
cultural hybridisation
, 285
interculturality among multicultural groups
, 285–286
omniculturalism
, 285
types of
, 283–284
Multidimensional poverty index (MPI)
, 211–212
Multidimensional power
, 137–138
Multimodality
, 290
Mutual accommodation
, 20
Mutual-face
, 183
National cultural identity
, 93
National cultures
, 5, 13, 30, 51, 76, 93, 187, 195, 206, 236–237, 242, 272–273, 294–295, 302
National staff (see Host country nationals)
Nationality
, 8, 236
Natural and cultural resources
, 141
Needs
, 309
Negative face
, 43, 182
Negative stereotyping
, 225
Neo-essentialism
, 85
Network density
, 316
Neutral behaviour
, 332
Non-accommodation
, 33
Non-assertive
, 21
Non-decision-making
, 137
Non-essentialism
, 160
Non-essentialist way
, 8
Non-verbal accommodation
, 33–34
Non-verbal communication (NVC)
, 33, 148, 234, 288
analysis
, 290–291
assignment
, 291
cultural artefacts and discourses
, 290
kinesics
, 288
meta-communication
, 289–290
multimodality
, 290
paralanguage
, 289
Non-work adjustment
, 55
Nordic Europe
, 194
Normative and legal constraints
, 127
Objective perspective
, 107
Observable culture
, 293
Observable power
, 137
Oculesics
, 289
Omnicultural
, 9
Omniculturalism
, 111, 285
Onion metaphor
, 103
Open government
, 306
Open markets
, 172
Open networks
, 316
Open-mindedness
, 176
Openness to change
, 310
conservation vs.
, 114
Organic hybridity
, 88
Organisation
, 280
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 164
Organisational climate
, 293
Organisational culture
, 235–236, 292, 294–295
analysis
, 295
assignment
, 295–296
levels of
, 293
managing
, 294
national and organisational culture
, 294–295
organisational climate
, 293
organisational enculturation process
, 294
strong and weak culture
, 294
types of
, 292–293
Organisational enculturation process
, 294
Organisational structure
, 302
Orientalism
, 96
as legacy of colonialism
, 70
Other
, 220
Otherisation
, 105, 117, 159–160, 284
Out-group
, 313
Paralanguage
, 234, 289
Participative leadership
, 194
Particularism
, 332
Partnership skills
, 240
Passive strategy
, 23
Paucity of communication
, 39
People management in global workplace
, 273
Performance orientation
, 77, 193
Person culture
, 292
Personal characteristics
, 239
Personal cultural identity
, 93–94
Personal cultural trajectories
, 207
Personal distance
, 179
Personal identity
, 313
Personal qualities and dispositions
, 242
Personal resources
, 55
Personality
, 239
PESTLE(C) analysis, analysing context through
, 74
Phatic communication
, 289
Physical arousal
, 179
Physical environment
, 10
Physical setting
, 73
Pluralism
, 162
Policy conditions
, 141
Politeness
, 182–183
Political and social change
, 39
Political conviction
, 134
Political culture
, 163
Political maturity
, 127
Political participation
, 163
Political stability and absence of violence
, 341
Political structures
, 207
Polycentric policy
, 259
Polychronic time
, 197, 329
Positive discrimination
, 116
Positive face
, 182
Positivist approach
, 8
Positivist perspective
, 106–107
Postcolonialism
, 96
Postmodern turn in social theory
, 297–298
Postmodernism
, 51, 297
analysis
, 299
assignment
, 300
criticism of
, 299
and culture
, 299
key postmodernist thinkers
, 298
postmodern turn in social theory
, 297–298
and poststructuralism
, 298
Poststructuralism
, 123–124, 298
Posture
, 288
Power
, 9–10, 51–52, 133–134, 136, 310
analysis
, 138
assignment
, 138
and interaction
, 137
and leadership in global workplace
, 302–303
multidimensional power
, 137–138
types
, 136
Power culture
, 292
Power distance
, 77–78, 138, 179, 187, 193, 232, 272, 301
analysis
, 303
assignment
, 303
organisational structure
, 302
PDI
, 301–302
power and leadership in global workplace
, 302–303
social structure
, 302
Power distance index (PDI)
, 201, 301–302
Practices
, 113
Pragmatic competence
, 241
Pre-occupied attachment style
, 58
Predictability
, 217
Predictive expectation
, 178
Preferentialism
, 284
Prescriptive expectation
, 178
Press freedom
, 49
Press freedom map
, 336
Primary coping strategies
, 240
Primary identity
, 324
Primary socialisation
, 323–324
Primitive peoples
, 121
Priori culture
, 237
Privacy, reduced
, 40
Private media
, 335
Professional communities
, 220
Professional conduct
, 65–66
Professionalism
, 335
Programmatic-political multiculturalism
, 283
Property rights
, 169
Proxemics
, 179, 197, 288
Proximal environmental factors
, 10
Proximate context
, 73
Psychological adjustment
, 54
Psychological support
, 60
Public diplomacy
, 81
Public distance
, 179
Public interest
, 49
R. D. Lewis Cultures
, 78
Race
, 8
Racialisation
, 284
Racism
, 160
Raphael
, 244
Reach superiority
, 38
Reactive
, 78, 265
Realistic threats
, 225
Reciprocity
, 231
Recovery
, 152
Referent power
, 136
Refugees
, 145
Regime, four types of
, 163
Regiocentric policy
, 259
Regional studies on cultural tightness
, 128
Regulatory efficiency
, 172
Regulatory quality
, 342
Relational tension
, 52
Relationships
, 178, 242
Relativist standpoint
, 8
Reliability
, 342
Religious conviction
, 134
Renegotiation
, 215
Renquing. 317
Reporters Without Borders
, 335
Requirements (R)
, 232
Resources
, 339
Respectfulness
, 176
Reverse culture shock
, 153
Reward power
, 136
Rituals
, 131, 200
Role adjustment
, 55
Role culture
, 292
Rule of law
, 172, 342
Rule of Law Index (RLI)
, 305
analysis
, 307
assignment
, 307–308
Center for Financial Stability
, 306
culture and law
, 306
law and ethics in global workplace
, 306–307
origins and scope
, 305
universal principles
, 305–306
Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values
, 309
analysis
, 311
assignment
, 311
basic values
, 310
dimensions
, 310–311
values and needs
, 309
Scripts
, 235
Secondary identity
, 324
Secondary strategies
, 240
Secular-rational values
, 114, 338
Secure attachment style
, 58
Security
, 310
Segregation
, 20, 284
Self
, 220
Self-concept
, 313
Self-direction
, 310
Self-efficacy
, 239
Self-enhancement
, 114, 310
Self-expression
, 222
values
, 114, 338
Self-face
, 183
Self-monitoring
, 239
Self-protective leadership
, 194
Self-restraint
, 77
Self-serving bias
, 27
Self-transcendence
, 114, 310
Sensitivity
, 176
Separation
, 19–20
Separation dismissive attachment style
, 59
Sequential Planning
, 78
Sequential time
, 333
Seven Dimensions of Culture model
, 332
analysis
, 333
assignment
, 333–334
Trompenaars
, 332–333
Shared enculturation process
, 254
Shared face and politeness system
, 254
Shared language and discourse features
, 254
Shared outlook or worldview
, 254
Sharia councils
, 306
Short-term orientation (STO)
, 77, 203, 329
Silent Language, The
, 197
Similarity
, 24
Skills, greater diversity of
, 276
Slavery
, 190
Small ‘c’ culture
, 236
Small culture formation
, 206
Social behaviour
, 134
Social categorisation, identification and comparison
, 313–314
Social companionship
, 56
Social construction of culture
, 51
Social constructionist perspective
, 6
Social constructionist theory
, 51
Social distance
, 179
Social formation
, 133
Social identity
, 93, 313, 324
Social Identity Theory (SIT)
, 117, 313
analysis
, 315
assignment
, 315
and culture
, 314
in global workplace
, 314
in-group and out-group
, 313
social categorisation, identification and comparison
, 313–314
Social interactive needs
, 309
Social living
, 130
Social network analysis (SNA)
, 316
analysis
, 318
assignment
, 318
cultural capital and social networks
, 317
network density
, 316
open and closed networks
, 316
ties and bridges
, 317
virtual social networks and global workplace
, 317–318
Social networks
, 60, 317
Social organisation
, 130
Social progress index (SPI)
, 320
(see also Rule of Law Index (RLI))
analysis
, 321
assignment
, 321–322
basic human needs
, 320
foundations
, 320–321
opportunity
, 321
wealth and
, 321
Social role bias
, 277
Social sciences
, 13
Social structures
, 207, 302
Social support
, 55–56, 60
Social-relational constraints
, 42
Socialisation
, 8, 65, 93, 104, 175, 220, 323
analysis
, 324–355
assignment
, 325
culture and society
, 323
enculturation
, 324
primary socialisation
, 323–324
secondary socialisation
, 324
social identity
, 324
Sociality
, 37
Sociocultural adjustment
, 54, 147
Sociocultural cohesion
, 118
Sociocultural learning
, 148
Sociocultural norms
, 65
Sociolinguistic competence
, 241
Sociological imagination
, 70
Sociopolitical control, increased
, 40
Sociopolitical values
, 80
Soft power assets
, 80
Soft power index
, 81–82
Software metaphor
, 104
Software of the Mind
, 200
analysis
, 203–204
assignment
, 204
cultural onion
, 201
Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture
, 201–203
Sojourners (see Home country nationals)
Solidarity politeness system
, 183
Sounds
, 234
Southern Asia
, 194
Space efficiency
, 38
Specific behaviour
, 332
Speech acts
, 235
Spill-over
, 55
Standard of living
, 210
State interference
, 335
Statements about culture
, 208
Stereotyping
, 105, 175, 214, 247
Stimulation
, 310
Strategic essentialism
, 85–86
Stress–Adaptation–Growth Dynamic (SAGD)
, 152, 228
Strong culture
, 294
Structural hybridity
, 88
Structuralism
, 69, 123–124
Structuralist paradigm
, 108
Structuration
, 123
Sub-Saharan Africa
, 194
Subjective perspective
, 8
Subjectivity
, 101
Survival
, 130
values
, 114, 338
Sustainable Development Goals
, 212
Symbolic interdependence
, 215
Symbolic threats
, 225
Symbols
, 200, 234
Synchronic time
, 333
Synchronous communication
, 37
Synchrony
, 231
Tangible assistance
, 56
Task culture
, 292
Task orientation
, 42
Team-oriented leadership
, 194
Teamwork
, 35
Technological development
, 127
Technoscapes
, 97
Terms and conditions of service (TACOS)
, 258
Theories
, 14
Theorists
, 14
Theory of Basic Human Values (Schwartz)
, 114
Theory of met expectations
, 180
Third culture
, 326
Third Culture Building
, 326
in global workplace
, 327
Third Culture Identity (TCI)
, 326
analysis
, 327
assignment
, 327–328
benefits and challenges
, 327
third culture building in global workplace
, 327
Third Culture Kids (TCK)
, 89
Third space
, 11, 66, 86, 89–90, 94, 215, 250, 278
Third-country nationals
, 259
Thompson, E. P.
, 122
Threats, types of
, 225–226
Ties
, 317
Time efficiency
, 38
Time orientation
, 329
analysis
, 330
assignment
, 330–331
implications for global workplace
, 330
long-and short-term orientation
, 329
monochronic and polychronic time
, 329
time and culture
, 330
Tokenism
, 284
Tolerance for ambiguity
, 157, 176, 240
Tone of voice
, 34
Tourism
, 140, 145
analysis
, 142
assignment
, 143
exoticisation and tourist gaze
, 142
gaze
, 142
growth of international tourism
, 140
measuring effects of
, 141
Tourist gaze
, 142, 145
Tradition
, 310
Traditional values
, 114, 338
Trailing spouse
, 55
Transcultural competence
, 176
Transparency, improved
, 39
Transparency International
, 48
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
, 141
Travel journalism
, 142
Trial and error
, 215
Trompenaars Seven Dimensions of Culture
, 78, 332–333
Trompenaars’ Universalism and Particularism
, 148
U-curve model
, 151–152
Ultimate attribution error
, 27
UN General Assembly
, 245
Uncertainty avoidance
, 77, 179, 193, 232, 272
Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI)
, 24, 201
Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT)
, 23–24
Unconscious bias
, 34, 117, 176
United Nation’s World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
, 140
United Nations (UN)
, 110
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
, 110–111, 244
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
, 145
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs)
, 49
Universal body language
, 33
Universal cultural processes
, 206–207
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, 9, 113–114
Universal intercultural processes
, 131
Universal structures
, 131
Universalism
, 310, 332
Universalist approach
, 8
Universality
, 130, 132, 231
of culture
, 8–9, 69
Validity
, 342
Values
, 113, 201, 309
Variability
, 232
Variable accommodation
, 232
Vertical cultures
, 221–222
Vertical-collectivist (VC)
, 221
Vertical-individualist (VI)
, 221
Virtual distance
, 39
Virtual social networks and global workplace
, 317–318
Visual map
, 339
Voice and accountability
, 341
Volatility
, 336
Vulnerability
, 190
W-curve
, 152
Weak culture
, 294
Welfare
, 309
Western bias
, 30
When Cultures Collide
, 264
analysis
, 265
assignment
, 266
categorising cultures
, 264–265
criticism of Lewis model
, 265
intercategory comparisons
, 265
White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue
, 244
Williams, Raymond
, 121–122
Work adjustment
, 55
World Bank (WB)
, 48
World Economic Forum (WEF)
, 48, 164
World Forum on Intercultural Dialogue
, 244–245
World Justice Project (WJP)
, 48
World Press Freedom Index (WPFI)
, 335
analysis
, 336–337
assignment
, 337
demotic discourse
, 336
dominant discourse
, 336
role of state
, 335–336
World Values Survey (WVS)
, 77, 114, 338
(see also Chinese values survey (CVS))
analysis
, 339–340
assignment
, 340
dimensions of cultural values
, 338–339
global cultural mapping
, 339
Worldview
, 106, 236
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)
, 341
analysis
, 343
assignment
, 343
good governance
, 342–343
governance indicators and international business
, 342
reliability and validity
, 342