Abductive approach to reasoning

, 8

Academics

, 164

Academy nightclub

, 113

Accor

, 131

Accuracy

, 152

Actor network theory

, 199–200

Alternative research design

, 9

AMOS

, 53

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

, 34

Animal ethics

, 199–200

Animals in tourism, hospitality and leisure

, 199–200

ecofeminist perspective on animals

, 201

guidelines for researching animals’ perspectives

, 204–208

researching

, 201–204

Animals’ voices

, 203–204

Anthropocentrism

, 201–203

Archival data

, 113

Archival material

, 2, 111–112

analyzing archival photographs using visual thematic analysis

, 118–121

challenges and ethical considerations for visual archival research

, 115–117

tourism, hospitality, and leisure studies using

, 113–115

Archival research

, 113

Area of Interest analysis (AOI analysis)

, 103–104

Aspect level analysis

, 147

Autoethnography

, 202

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

, 95

Average variance extracted (AVE)

, 55

Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity

, 54

Bias

, 50–51

Big data

, 130, 163–164

Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal (BOLD signal)

, 93–94

Booking. com

, 131

Bottom-up approach. See Inductive approach

Broadcast and print media

, 113

CD tracks

, 114

Chi-squared test (x² test)

, 34, 55–56

Classification algorithm

, 152

Cluster analysis

, 34, 39–40

Comparative fit index (CFI)

, 55–56, 68, 72

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

, 53, 55–56, 73

Connected interaction

, 12–13

Construct validity

, 53–54

Constructivism

, 8

Consultancy firms

, 164

Content analysis

, 169–170

Content validity

, 48–50

Convergent parallel design

, 11

Convergent validity

, 55

Corpus

, 151

Corroboration

, 10

Creative analytic practice (CAP)

, 204

Creative writing blogs

, 206–207

Critical realism

, 9

Cronbach’s alpha scores

, 74–75

Customer experience

, 149

Data extraction and quality assessment

, 56–68

Data mining

, 145–147

Data repositories

, 145–146

Databases

, 127

use in tourism

, 129–130

Decision Tree

, 152

Deductive approach

, 8, 49

Degrees of freedom (D. F.)

, 68

Discriminant validity

, 55

DMOs

, 164

Document level analysis

, 147

Ecofeminism

, 201

Ecofeminist perspective on animals

, 201

Egomorphism

, 202–203

Electro-dermal activity (EDA). See Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Electroencephalography (EEG)

, 2, 91, 93–95

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM)

, 127

Embedded design

, 11

“Epistemological eclecticism” of mixed-methods

, 26

Expedia

, 132

Expert panel members or judges

, 50

Explanatory sequential design

, 11

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)

, 52, 74

Exploratory sequential design

, 11

Exploratory sequential mixed methods design

, 1–2, 26

application of

, 213

guidelines

, 31, 35

literature review

, 27–31

through reflexivity

, 35–40

in tourism

, 29–31

Extensive quantitative methods

, 9

Eye Tracker

, 2, 91, 93

Eye tracking

, 96–97

F-measure

, 152

Face validity

, 50

Facial Expression Recognition

, 2, 91, 93, 96–97

Factor analysis

, 34, 54

Factor extraction

, 52–53

Family photographs

, 117

Fiction

, 203–204

Fit function value

, 53

Focus group interviews

, 179–180, 189–190, 215–216

to derive SoP for tourism destination

, 182–183

guidelines for

, 188

Formative measures

, 51

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

, 93, 97

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

, 2, 91, 93, 95–96

Ghana

, 35

Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI)

, 53

Hands-on approach

, 164

Hashtags

, 165

Heart rate (HR)

, 93, 95–96

Heat map in marketing research

, 98, 102

HolidayCheck

, 127–128, 137

Hospitality

, 1–2, 47–48, 111–112

MMR in

, 17, 19–20

psychophysiological tools of research in

, 2

research design

, 8

research ethics of examining animals’ roles in

, 3–4

scholars

, 213

studies

, 113–115

use of neuromarketing tools in

, 97–105

Host community

, 179–181

Human/animal dualism

, 201–203

Hybrid approaches

, 147–148

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

, 56

Incremental Fit Index (IFI)

, 68

Inductive approach

, 49, 171

Intensive qualitative methods

, 9

Interaction level

, 12–13

Internet data representativeness

, 129

Interpretation and presentation of results

, 34–35

Interview procedures and data collection

, 33

Involuntary nervous system. See Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Item generation

, 48–51

Item-to-total correlation

, 52

K Nearest Neighbor (KNN)

, 152

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure (KMO)

, 54

Laughing out loud (LOL)

, 172–173

Leisure

, 111–112

studies

, 113–115

Levene’s test

, 135–136

Lexicon-based sentiment analysis

, 147–148

Likert scale questionnaire

, 28–29

LinearSVC

, 152

LISREL

, 53

Location Based Social Matrix Factorization (LBSMF)

, 148–149

Logical partitioning approach. See Deductive approach

Logistic Regression

, 152

Longitudinal study

, 117

Machine learning

, 147–148

Manual labeling

, 151–152

Maximum-likelihood estimation (ML estimation)

, 74

Measurement

, 47–48

Measurement Invariance (MI)

, 55–56

Method triangulation

, 180

Micro siemens (µS)

, 95

Mixed methods research (MMR)

, 1, 5–6, 213

advantages

, 14–17

application

, 13–14

and application in tourism studies

, 27–29

approaches to analysis

, 17

challenges

, 17–18

choice

, 12–13

competing characteristics

, 7

corroboration

, 10

designs

, 11

in hospitality and tourism

, 17

initial results

, 10

measurement instruments

, 11

reasons to adopt

, 9–11

research paradigm

, 6–9

rigor

, 14–16

types

, 11

Moniker “incompatibility thesis”

, 8

Mplus

, 53

Multinominal Naive Bayes

, 152

Multiple emojis

, 172–173

Multiple operationalism

, 6

Multispecies ethnography

, 202

Multispecies research teams

, 207

Naive Bayes and Decision Tree algorithms

, 148

National park, place meanings for

, 181–182

Netnography. See Online ethnography

Neuromarketing

, 87, 91, 93

development of neuromarketing literature

, 92

fMRI

, 93–97

limitations of frequently used traditional data collection methods

, 89–90

psychophysiological/neuromarketing data collection methods

, 93

use of neuromarketing tools in hospitality and tourism research

, 97–105

Noise

, 174

Non-conventional language

, 172–173

Normed Fit Index (NFI)

, 72

NVIVO

, 33

One-way ANOVA post hoc Games-Howell test

, 135–136

Online comments

, 146

Online databases

, 2

Online ethnography

, 113–114

Online reviews

, 127–128

Opinion mining. See Sentiment analysis

Photo-elicitation

, 179–180

data collection

, 188–189

focus group interviews, VEP, and Q-methodology

, 182–183

place meanings for national park

, 181–182

using Q-Sort and focus group

, 190–192

research design

, 186–188

Photographs

, 112, 114–115, 214

Pictorial measures

, 180

Pilot studies

, 52

Population

, 52

Portable document format (PDF)

, 37–38

Positivism

, 8–9

Post-positivism theory

, 9

Post-positivist perspectives

, 8–9

Pragmatism

, 8

Precision

, 152

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)

, 56

Principal Axis Analysis (PAA)

, 52

Principal axis factoring (PAF)

, 74

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

, 52, 74

Priority of respective strands

, 12

Psychometric properties of scale assessment

, 71–72

Psychoneurobiochemistry

, 90

Psychophysiological tools

, 2, 214

Q-methodology (QM)

, 3, 179–180, 215–216

to derive SoP for tourism destination

, 182–183

guidelines for

, 188

Q-sort process

, 179–180, 189–190

QDA Miner software

, 33, 37–38

Qualitative analysis

, 164

Qualitative inquiry

, 167

Qualitative instrument

, 32

Qualitative research

, 14, 179–180

Qualitative results

, 33

Quantitative data

, 34

Quantitative phase and instrumentation

, 34

Quantitative research

, 14

Quantitative sample and data collection

, 34

Random Forest

, 152

Recall

, 152

Reflexivity

case study of exploratory sequential mixed-methods in tourism through

, 35–40

interpretation and presentation of results

, 40

interview procedures and data collection

, 37

qualitative instrument

, 35–36

qualitative results

, 37–38

quantitative data

, 39–40

quantitative phase and instrumentation

, 38–39

quantitative sample and data collection

, 39

sample size and data site

, 36

target participants

, 36–37

Reliability

, 54–55, 127–128

Representativeness

, 129

Research design

, 20

Responsibility

, 117

Review Collection Platform (RCP)

, 131

Review rating prediction approach

, 146, 148–149

Reviews

, 127

Right questions

, 50

Sample/sampling

, 52, 127–128

size and data site

, 32–33

techniques

, 33

Scale assessment

, 53–56

Scale development

, 13–14, 47–48, 52–53

guidelines and procedures

, 76–77

limitations

, 68

in methodological research literature

, 48–56

methodology

, 56–68

results

, 68–72

Scale guideline

, 56–57

Scan path analysis

, 98–99, 102

Search strategy

, 56

Sense of place (SoP)

, 181

Sentence level analysis

, 147

Sentiment analysis

, 146–148

studies

, 2–3

SentiWordNet

, 148–149

SGDC Classifier

, 152

Shangri-La Hotels

, 131

Small tourism enterprises

, 25–26

SmartPLS

, 53

Social desirability

, 51

Social media

, 163–164, 215

data

, 3

data analysis

, 169–171

data collection

, 166–169

data in research

, 165

data sample

, 172

holistic understanding

, 174–175

implications and observations

, 172

missing important information

, 172

noise

, 174

non-conventional language

, 172–173

platforms

, 164

research context

, 165–166

supplementary information

, 173–174

Twitter

, 165

Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)

, 56

Social sciences research design

, 13–14

Soft science

, 179–180

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

, 53

Strong influencing polarity (SIP)

, 150, 154

Structural equation modeling (SEM)

, 53–54

Student’s t-test

, 135

Supervised learning

, 147–148

Sustainability

, 25–26

Swissôtel

, 131

Systematic review

, 56

Target participants

, 33

tatilbudur. com

, 97–98, 100

Text mining

, 145–146

approach

, 215

classification algorithm

, 152

Corpus

, 151

data collection

, 150

data pre-processing

, 151–152

data source

, 150

evaluation of cruise passengers’ comments using

, 149–152

findings

, 153–154

literature review

, 146–149

proposed method

, 151

research background

, 149–150

results

, 155–157

review rating prediction

, 148–149

sentiment analysis

, 147–148

studies

, 2–3

Thematic analysis

, 33

Timing

, 12

Top-down approach. See Deductive approach

Tourism

, 1–2, 47–48, 111–112, 127–128

boycotts

, 164

exploratory sequential mixed-methods design in

, 29–31

industry

, 87–88

literature review

, 129

methodology

, 132–133

MMR in

, 17, 19–20

participation rates

, 131–132

providers

, 164

psychophysiological tools of research in

, 2

requested or spontaneous reviews

, 130–131

research design

, 8

research ethics of examining animals’ roles in

, 3–4

results

, 133–136

scholars

, 213

studies

, 113–115

use of databases in

, 129–130

use of neuromarketing tools in

, 97–105

TripAdvisor

, 2, 127–128, 130–132, 214

Troia-Melides coastline

, 113

Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP)

, 181–182

Twitter

, 3, 164–165

API

, 166–167

data access points

, 166

Uni-dimensionality

, 54–55

Unsupervised learning

, 147–148

User-generated content (UGC)

, 127, 150

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

, 93–94

Visitor employed photography (VEP)

, 179–180, 189–190, 215–216

to derive SoP for tourism destination

, 182–183

guidelines for

, 188

Visual archival research

challenges and ethical considerations for

, 115–117

data collection

, 115–116

ethical considerations

, 116–117

Visual thematic analysis, analyzing archival photographs using

, 118–121

codes

, 118–119

simultaneous data collection and data analysis

, 118

themes

, 120–121

Web-based surveys

, 129

Wyndham

, 131