Index

Citation

(2022), "Index", Jefferson, A.M. and Jeffries, S. (Ed.) Gender, Criminalization, Imprisonment and Human Rights in Southeast Asia (Emerald Studies in Activist Criminology), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-286-820221012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Andrew M. Jefferson and Samantha Jeffries

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INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Abolitionism

, 11, 32, 36, 44, 92, 107, 131, 170

Access to justice

, 6, 23, 25, 51–53, 79, 85–86, 92, 94, 96, 98, 144–145

Activism

, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 20, 27, 31–33, 35–36, 38–39, 43, 154, 156, 162, 164, 166, 170–172

Age

Children, childhood

, 7, 8, 16, 23, 34, 39, 45–57, 82, 83, 87, 89, 95, 96–102, 104–106, 128–129, 131–135, 137, 140–141, 146

Older prisoners 6

, 9, 82, 93–107

Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act (2007)

, 40

Apwints

, 20, 27, 26, 168

Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP)

, 14

Authoritarianism

, 14, 17, 27, 29, 65, 159, 169

Bangkok Rules

, 2, 7–10, 43, 49–50, 62–63, 78, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 149–154

“Bhun-doh”

, 112

“Baryar”

, 67

Butler, Judith

, 114, 116, 117, 159

Cambodia

, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 21, 41, 45–57, 78, 103, 142, 143, 147, 150

Cambodian Law & International Human Rights

, 50–51

Cambodian legal system

, 46–47

community programs

, 56–57

legislation & sentencing

, 47–48

mothers & children in prison

, 48–50, 53–56

This Life Cambodia

, 45–57, 147

Cambodia Prison Procedures Guidance (CPPG)

, 48–49

Cambodian Criminal Code

, 47

Cambodian Law on Prisons (LOP)

, 48–49

Capital punishment (see death penalty)

Caregiving

, 6, 8, 23, 32, 34, 48–49, 50–53, 56, 79, 82–83, 87, 95–96, 99, 101, 106, 131–132, 137, 142, 148–149

Central Women’s Correctional Institution, Bangkok

, 81

“Chao khao” (Thailand hill-tribe) women

, 77–92

Chiang Mai Women’s Correctional Institution, Chiang Mai

, 81

Chiang Rai Central Prison, Chiang Rai

, 81

Civil Disobedience Movement

, 28

Civil society 28n

, 33, 35–36, 140, 146, 162

activism

, 35–36

groups in Indonesia

, 35–36

Collaboration

, 5, 14, 29, 56, 145, 147, 148, 152, 154, 155, 162, 168, 171, 172

Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK)

, 46

Community 53

, 61, 79, 81, 83, 84, 88–89, 91, 92, 107, 140, 144, 146, 147, 152

community-based programs, sentencing, corrections 8

, 10, 20, 50, 53, 56–57, 140–142, 146–150, 153–154, 168–169

community-based violence

, 81

Comparison in prison studies, 166n7

Comprehensive Cambodian Peace Agreement

, 47

‘Convict officers’

, 66–68

Correctional Centre 2 (CC2)

, 147

Correctional Institution for Women (CIW)

, 126

Correctional Institution for Women-Mindanao (CIW-Mindanao)

, 126

Corruption

, 6, 23, 25–26, 61, 70, 72, 85, 96, 125, 127, 132–136, 144, 168

Coup (Myanmar)

, 6, 9, 10, 25, 14–15, 18–19, 22, 25, 27, 28

Courts

, 25–26, 34, 38–41, 50–51, 66, 85–86, 98, 126–128, 136, 145, 154

Criminology

, 4–11, 156, 160–161, 164–166

activist

, 5, 8–11, 32, 36–37, 43, 156, 165–166, 171

Asian

, 2, 4–5

critical

, 5, 9, 28, 164–165

decolonizing, counter-colonial, Indigenous 78

, 113, 156, 162, 165–166

feminist

, 5–11, 21, 36–37, 43, 77–79, 94–96, 106, 126–127, 133, 136, 156–157, 160, 162, 165–167

queer

, 9

southern

, 162–167

Daly, Kathleen

, 5, 7, 94, 127, 136, 160

Dangerous Drugs Act (1952)

, 34

Death penalty

, 2, 10, 31–44, 83, 125–137

Decolonizing knowledge

, 165–166

Discrimination

, 61, 110

age-related

, 106–107

gendered

, 2, 7, 9, 10, 15, 23, 32, 141, 144, 148, 151–153

racial and ethnic

, 9, 41–42, 78, 80, 91–92, 150

sexual

, 9, 19–20, 25–27, 113, 150

transgender

, 9, 25–27, 109–124

Domestic anti-human trafficking law

, 34

Domestic violence

, 83, 85, 95, 97, 103, 104, 106, 128, 129, 144

Drug(s)

, 2, 10, 23, 27, 31–44, 49, 53–54, 63, 80, 82–86, 94, 97–107, 110, 118–121, 127, 129–133, 135–138, 141–146, 148–150, 153–154, 169

use and addiction

, 53, 79–81, 83–85, 96–98, 100, 103–106, 123, 131–132, 137, 149

drug-human trafficking relationship

, 40

wars

, 2–3, 10, 32, 63, 93–94, 131, 141–144, 148–150, 153–154, 169

Economic marginalization/precarity, 6–8, 22–23, 32, 34–36, 41, 46, 52–53, 56, 63, 79–83, 88–90, 92, 94–100, 104- 107

, 130–131, 137, 142, 144, 148–149, 166

Education

, 23, 51, 53, 60–63, 68, 74, 79–83, 85, 92, 94–96, 99–100, 102–105, 110, 113, 120, 152, 154

Emotional distress

, 103–104

Employment

, 54, 61–63, 72, 74, 82–83, 95, 99, 105, 107, 110, 113, 147–148

Ethnic minorities

, 5, 9, 21, 37, 77–92, 141, 150–151, 169

Ethnocentrism

, 156, 161

Family

, 6, 16, 36, 46–57, 61–62, 71, 81–84, 90, 92, 95–96, 105–106, 131–132, 134–135, 137, 144–147

connection or disconnection

, 79, 87–88, 103, 81–84

intimate partners 6

, 35, 38, 81, 83–85, 92, 96–97, 100, 103–104, 106, 127–134, 144–147

mothers and children, 48–50, 53–56 (also see caregiving)

economic provisioning, 56–57, 99–102, 131, 137, 146, (also see caregiving)

violence

, 81, 83, 85, 95, 97, 103, 104, 106, 128, 129, 144

Fang District Prison, Chiang Mai

, 81

Foreign nationals

, 21, 36–39, 78, 83, 141, 150, 169

Gender Equality Act

, 113

Gender responsive prisons, 7, 9, 10, 63, 89, 114, 143, 146–147, 152–153, 168 (also see Bangkok Rules)

Healthcare in prison, 3, 23–25, 88–90, 106, 110, 117–119, 121–123, 145, 150- 151

, 153

Hermaphroditism

, 112

Heteronormativity

, 9, 19, 20, 114–117, 121

Htamein flag protest

, 18

Human rights, 2–11, 22–23, 32–33, 36, 47–52, 56, 60, 63, 66, 72, 80, 88, 91, 92, 119, 156, 111, 114, 117, 119, 140–154–160, 167–170 (also see Bangkok Rules and Nelson Mandela Rules).

Human rights-based approach to development (HRBA)

, 158–159

Hygiene Street Food Project

, 147

Indigenous women prisoners

, 9, 78, 90, 136, 150

Indonesia

, 3, 4, 32–33, 35–36, 39, 42–43, 142–143

Inequality

, 52, 92, 128, 141, 144, 148–149, 151–153, 157, 170

Inspire Project

, 140

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

, 140

International Drug Policy Consortium

, 143, 146–149

International Women’s Day (IWD)

, 18

Intersectional feminism

, 9, 78, 86, 90, 92, 94, 141, 148, 150–152, 156–157

Intimate partner violence (see domestic violence)

Justice,

access to justice

, 6, 23, 25, 51–53, 79, 85–86, 92, 94, 96, 98, 144–145

corruption

, 6, 23, 25–26, 61, 70, 72, 85, 96, 125, 127, 132–136, 144, 168

system/s, 2, 5, 8, 22–27, 52, 74, 79, 85–86, 94–96, 98, 110, 128–129, 131, 133, 140, 142–144, 149–153, 156

, 160–161, 170–171

Juvenile Justice Diversion Program

, 57

Juvenile Justice Law

, 48

Kamlangjai Project

, 140

Kathoey (transgender woman)

, 112–120

Khmer Rouge

, 46–47

Labor camp

, 21, 64–65, 72–74

Language barriers and harms

, 67, 78–79, 81, 85–92, 117–118, 153, 160

Legal literacy, 23, 51–52 (also see justice access to)

Lethal neglect

, 23

LGBTQIA+

, 9, 10, 20–22, 25–27, 109–124, 113–115, 117–118, 121, 123, 150, 168

LICADHO

, 48

Malaysia

, 3–4, 31–44, 142, 143

death penalty in

, 37–43

drug trafficking

, 33

human trafficking

, 35

Malaysian law

, 34

Malaysian Dangerous Drugs Act (1952)

, 38

Mental health, 7, 8, 51–52, 79, 80–81, 89, 94–96, 105, 109, 118, 122–123, 144, 148, 150–151 (also see drug use and addiction)

Methamphetamine, 83, 98–101, 103–105, 129, 131–133 (also see drug use and addiction)

Migration, 32, 33, 37, 39, 44, 169 (also see foreign nationals)

Mobility

, 9, 16, 33, 36–37, 42–43, 66, 80, 82

Model Prison Project

, 146–147

Mutuality

, 164, 171–172

Myanmar

, 3, 4, 13–30, 59–76

military coup 6

, 9, 10, 25, 14–15, 18–19, 22, 25, 27, 28

sexuality and gender identity

, 19–20

transgender experiences

, 20, 27, 26, 168

women’s experience of prison

, 21–23

women’s health

, 23–25

women’s resistance to coup

, 18–19

women and sexual minorities in prison

, 25–27

Myanmar Penal Code

, 20

Myanmar Prison Department

, 60

National League for Democracy (NLD)

, 17

Nelson Mandela Rules

, 7, 48–50, 61, 63, 88, 152

Non-custodial measures

, 8, 10, 20, 50, 53, 56–57, 140–142, 146–150, 153–154, 168–169

Over-crowding (prisons)

, 3, 51–52, 57, 67, 114, 117, 120, 141, 143, 148, 171

Pathways to prison

, 6–8, 21, 34, 49, 53, 79, 81–83, 93–107, 124, 126–137, 141–145, 149, 152–153, 156, 160–161

Patriarchy

, 6–8, 10, 18–19, 27, 78, 141, 157

Penal Reform International

, 146

Persecution

, 14

Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act (2007)

, 33

Philippines

, 3–4, 32, 35, 39, 42–43, 63, 125–137

criminal justice system

, 132–133

drug laws

, 131

responding to violence

, 128–130

women’s pathways into prison

, 127–128

Phuchai-Kham-Phet (trans man)

, 113, 114

Phuying-Kham-Phet (trans woman)

, 113, 114, 117, 121

Police Act 35 (1945)

, 20

Policy language

, 150

Politics of knowledge

, 162, 164

Post-release employment

, 54, 61–63, 72, 74, 82–83, 95, 99, 105, 107, 110, 113, 147–148

Poverty (see economic marginalization/precarity)

Pre-trial detention

, 2–3, 37, 47–48, 50–51, 69, 84, 141, 143, 148–149, 153

Prison population figures

, 3–4, 142

Prison postures, 67n3

Prison staff

, 24–25, 60, 67–68, 71, 73, 78, 87, 89–92, 123, 141, 145–146, 152–153, 169

Prison work

, 59–75, 90–91, 119–121

Rehabilitation

, 8, 49, 59–75, 89, 91, 110, 120, 124, 141, 146, 149

Reintegration

, 8, 56–57, 61, 63, 100, 124, 152

Republic Act

, 126

Research

, 161–162, 164, 171

collaborative

, 168

mutual

, 171

normative power of

, 167

Resistance to coup

, 18–19

Rule of Law and Development Program (RoLD)

, 147

Safety

, 56, 73, 78, 91, 111, 114, 117, 119, 122, 141, 147–148, 152–153

Same-sex intimacy

, 19

Sentencing

, 23, 31–44, 47–53, 57, 64, 68, 70–73, 83, 146, 148–149

Sex work

, 23, 26, 36–37, 42–43, 71, 103, 110, 128–130

Sexual minorities

, 9, 10, 20–22, 25–27, 109–124, 113–115, 117–118, 121, 123, 150, 168

Sexual violence

, 27, 97, 103, 110, 114–115, 121, 128–129

Sexuality

, 5, 9, 16–17, 19–20, 26, 42, 113, 121, 150

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

, 110, 23

Shadow laws

, 20, 26, 55

Social control

, 37, 46, 74

Social justice

, 9, 147, 158, 172

Social media

, 18, 40, 145

Socioeconomic status, 7, 32, 34–36, 41, 46, 56–57, 63, 95–96, 99, 81, 83, 130–131 (also see economic marginalization/precarity)

Stereotyping

, 42, 61–64, 70, 75

Stigmatization

, 7, 26, 43, 48, 52–53, 61, 71, 106, 110, 122, 144, 148, 151–152, 110

Substance misuse, 79–81, 93, 96, 97, 103, 105–106, 131–132, 149 (also see mental health, drug use and addiction)

Tatmadaw

, 6, 9–10, 14, 27

Thailand 3–4

, 39, 61, 63, 71, 77–92, 93–107, 109–124, 132, 140, 142–148, 168–169

ethnic minority women

, 77–92

transgender

, 109–124

older women

, 93–107

Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ), 143–149.

Thaton Prison

, 63, 65

This Life Cambodia

, 45–57, 147

This Life in Family program (TLIF program)

, 54–56

Tomboy (trans man), 113, 115, 117–118,

Trafficking

drug

, 31–44, 98, 99–102, 136, 144

human (including sex)

, 31–44, 81, 98, 103, 110

Transgender Prisoners, 11, 109–124 (also see LGBTQIA+)

Trauma (see victimization and violence)

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

, 48

United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights

, 32

United Nations General Assembly

, 2, 140

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

, 142, 145, 149

United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders (see Bangkok Rules)

United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women

, 143

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (see Nelson Mandela Rules)

United Nations Transitional Authority of Cambodia (UNTAC)

, 47

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

, 140

Victimization, 7–8, 25–26, 33–34, 40, 42, 79, 94–96, 106, 128–129, 137, 143–144, 152, 157, 159, 172 (also see violence)

Violation 4

, 25, 111, 141, 144, 157, 159, 170–172

Violence

child abuse

, 128–129, 144

domestic and family violence

, 81, 83, 85, 95, 97, 103, 104, 106, 128, 129, 144

gender-based

, 27, 32, 79, 81, 83, 85, 94, 95, 97, 103, 104, 106, 110, 114–115, 121, 128–129, 141, 144, 147, 149

police

, 20, 26, 83–84, 85, 86, 98, 128–129, 145, 160

responses to

, 128–130

sexual

, 27, 97, 103, 110, 114–115, 121, 128–129

state

, 20, 26–28, 73, 81, 83–84, 85, 86, 98, 128–129, 144, 160

Vocational training

, 59–75, 79, 92, 107, 120, 123, 147

Vulnerability

, 4, 6, 8, 23, 25–28, 32–34, 36–39, 41, 43, 53, 56–57, 78, 80–81, 110–111, 127, 150–151, 153, 157–160, 171–172

Work (see prison work and employment)

World Prison Brief

, 2

Yangon Police Act 30 (1899)

, 20