Abuse. See also Rape

, 1–4, 7, 14, 25, 35, 37, 76, 81, 91, 94, 107, 110, 114–115, 127–128, 133–134, 151, 165

sexual abuse

, 2, 7, 126, 133–136, 151

Acceptance. See also Discrimination

, 4, 36–37, 41, 52–53, 56, 73, 106, 116, 148

accepted

, 38, 54, 58, 83, 97, 100, 114, 148, 153, 165, 167

non-acceptance

, 56, 58, 109, 170

social acceptance

, 37

Activism

, 45, 74–75, 101, 127–129

Age. See also Sex industry

, 14, 42, 45, 71, 82, 109, 111, 134, 149, 151–153, 156, 171

child pornography

, 95, 124, 151

generation

, 57, 70, 125, 149

lolita

, 120, 121, 123, 144–145, 150–152, 156

papa katsu

, 20, 43–44, 124

youth

, 124, 150

Agency

, 2, 15, 19, 37, 39, 45, 47, 77, 99, 131–132, 135

capability

, 19

responsibility

, 19, 30, 125, 144, 154, 166

Amae

, 146–147

Anonymity

, 16, 45, 98

secrecy

, 59

Apartheid regime

, 5, 8, 51–52, 107, 108, 166

Assault

, 2, 5, 20, 76, 94–99

sexual assault

, 2, 5–8, 27, 70, 72, 74, 80, 85, 92–94, 97–98, 100, 101, 110, 132, 138–140

Biopolitics

, 4, 25–32

Bollywood films

Article 15 (2019)

, 127

Damini (1993)

, 73–75, 81–85

Highway (2014)

, 127, 131–136, 138–140

Insaaf ka Tarazu (1980)

, 81–86, 135

Pinjar (2003)

, 17, 29, 31

Pink (2016)

, 79, 85–87, 135

Section 375 (2019)

, 85–87

Bombay Begums (2021)

, 131, 136, 139

Caste. See also Status

, 2, 5–7, 70, 73, 82, 86, 126–127, 131–133, 140

Central Recovery Operation

, 27, 30–31

Chaku ero (erotic clothing)

, 151

Change

legal

, 20

long term

, 20

political

, 20

reform

, 15

short term

, 20

Child Pornography Law

, 95

Class. See also Caste; Economy; Equality

, 2, 5–8, 52, 73–75, 84–85, 126, 131–134, 139–149, 162–164

low-income communities

, 39, 75

middle class

, 74–75, 84–85, 127, 131–133, 139–140

poor communities

, 75

social groups

, 74–75, 144, 161

upper class

, 8, 74–75, 84–85, 87, 131–134, 138–139, 145

Collectivism

, 4, 7–8, 16, 21, 31, 32, 144–146, 162, 166–167, 169–170, 172

Colonial law

, 82

Community

collective identity

, 2, 5–8, 52, 73–75, 84–85, 126, 131–134, 139–149, 162–164

diverse communities

, 3, 106

Compensation

, 41

Complexity

, 46, 163

Constitutional protection. See Law

Corruption. See also Law; Police

, 7, 14–15, 106, 108

Court. See Law

Covert discrimination. See also Microaggressions

, 5, 14, 19, 52, 56, 61, 109, 128

COVID-19 pandemic

, 1, 4, 19, 37, 42–44, 93

Crime

, 5–8, 14, 8, 20, 28, 38, 41, 44, 53, 71–74, 76–77, 79–80, 82, 86, 91–100, 106–116, 124–127, 132–133, 138, 140, 162, 175

hate crime

, 7, 14, 20, 53, 105, 107–115, 128, 162

sexual crime

, 71, 76, 92–93, 96, 100, 125

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 1983

, 82–83

Criminalised. See also Illegal

, 28, 41, 45, 108

Culture

of fear

, 5, 79–88

of silence

, 7–8, 125–127, 131–140

Direct Action Day

, 24–25

Discrimination. See also Crime; LGBTQ+; Minority; Race

, 5, 14–15, 51–56, 58–59, 61, 71, 73–74, 106, 109–115, 128, 162, 164

constitutional protection against. See Constitutional protection

covert. See Covert discrimination

hate speech

, 107, 109, 111–112, 115, 128

intersectional

, 3, 8–9, 52, 108–109, 129, 162–163

media representations of

, 7, 106, 109–115

overt

, 3, 5, 14, 58, 61, 109, 124, 128

prejudice

, 25, 44, 53, 107–115, 105

sexism

, 72

Economy. See also Precarity; Vulnerablity

, 74, 108

economic agency

, 37

economic class. See also Caste

, 74

economic harm

, 37

economic independence

, 39, 75

economic opportunities

, 47, 74

economic pressure

, 15

economic welfare. See also Wellbeing

, 37–38

financial resources

, 5–6, 75, 165

poverty

, 37, 42, 46, 75

Education

, 7, 15, 52, 72–74, 127–128, 144, 147, 153, 164

awareness

, 47, 72

re-education

, 42

sex education

, 128, 153

Emotional dependency

, 146, 151

Emotional development

, 146–148

Enjo Kōsai compensated dating

, 38, 43, 151

Equality. See also Gender; Rights

, 6, 8, 14–15, 71, 92–93, 105, 144, 149, 151, 154–155

disparity

, 71, 92, 153

egalitarianism

, 72

equal opportunity

, 105

gender equality

, 8, 15, 37, 92, 93, 145, 149, 154

gender parity

, 92, 145

inequality

, 14, 36, 106, 162–163

inequitable

, 106

Ethnic

, 18, 24, 26, 29, 52

ethnic minority

, 5, 110

Exploitation

, 14, 15, 36–37, 43, 46–47, 74, 93–94

Family

, 2, 4, 7, 14, 17–18, 27, 29, 31, 40, 45, 54–56, 59–60, 73–75, 80–81, 84–85, 98, 108, 115, 125, 127, 132, 135–136, 139, 140, 145–148, 153–155, 166–167, 169–171

family honour. See Honour, family

marriage

, 40, 32, 108, 136, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 167, 170

parental support

, 44

same-sex marriage

, 52, 108, 167

Fear

, 5–7, 13–14, 18, 45, 79–88, 96–97, 109, 112–113, 133, 134–135, 151, 166, 170, 171, 177

First information report (FIR)

, 79–80, 86

Gay. See LGBTQ+

Gender. See also LGBTQ+; Masculinity; Misogyny; Sexism; Stereotype

, 2, 8, 109

attitudes

, 92

biological sex

, 56, 109

cisgenderism

, 57

equality

, 8, 15, 37, 92, 93, 145, 149, 154

expression

, 57

female

, 8, 143

gap

, 69–70

identities

, 2, 6, 51–52, 106, 164

male

, 8

normative

, 57

norms

, 8, 20, 126, 143–156, 166

sex assigned at birth

, 56

violence

, 13–15, 124–125

Gender-based violence

, 1–5, 13–21, 23–29, 31–32, 36–37, 124–125

and culture

, 7–9

and law

, 5–9

society

, 123–129

topic and experiences

, 2

Genocide

, 4, 17, 24–29

Holocaust. See Holocaust

Post-Partition

, 1, 16, 27–28, 31

Rwandan genocide (1994)

, 24, 27–29

studies

, 26

Gini coefficient

, 106

Hate crimes

, 7, 14, 20, 53, 105, 107–115, 128, 162

Hate Crimes Working Group (HCWG)

, 111

Hegemonic masculinity. See Masculinity, hegemonic masculinity

Heterosexism

, 54–55, 57, 72, 109

Hindi cinema

, 79–81

Holocaust

, 24–27

Homophobia

, 5, 54, 106, 114

internalised

, 5, 54, 114

Honour

, 7, 18, 25, 29, 54, 59, 70, 84, 125, 132, 134, 135, 168, 169–171

dishonour

, 4, 18, 29–30, 132

family

, 7, 18, 54–55, 59, 125, 171

Izzat

, 23, 25, 59

Ikumen

, 8, 144–145, 154–156

Inclusivity

, 26, 75, 163

India

, 15, 17, 23–32, 69–70, 72, 125, 131–140

Indian Law

Indian court

, 5, 79–88

Indian Penal code (IPC)

, 81, 86

Indian rape laws

, 70, 81–85

Inter-dominion treaty. See also Central Recovery Operation

International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda (ICTR)

, 24, 28

Intersectionalities

, 162–163

of South African Indian LGBTQ+ experiences in South Africa

, 52, 54–56, 58–61, 74, 106, 109, 115, 162, 164–168

theory

, 163

Intimacy

, 40, 114, 153, 170

Japan

, 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 35–47, 71–72–76, 91–101, 124, 126, 128, 143–156

Japanese sex industry

, 20, 36, 4, 15, 19, 20, 36, 38–47, 74, 94, 123, 147

Justice

, 6–7, 14, 71, 75–76, 79–88, 92, 97–98, 101, 107–109, 111–116, 133, 135–139, 163

out of court settlements

, 71, 75

criminal justice system. See Law

legal punishment

, 14, 71, 107

punishment

, 14, 41, 71, 72, 75, 85, 92, 95, 99, 107, 111

sentences

, 7, 71, 73, 95, 97

social justice

, 14, 71, 81, 87, 105, 133, 139

Justice Verma committee

, 85

Labour

, 8, 42, 44, 154–155

labour conditions

, 39–40

Law. See also Legal; Police

, 5, 7, 70

constitutional protection

, 5, 6, 52, 105–116

court

, 7, 70, 71, 73, 75–77, 79–88, 93–94, 96, 98, 101, 108–109, 112, 147

criminal justice system

, 73, 107–108

enforcement

, 42, 72, 111

jurisprudence

, 70, 82

procedure

, 71, 77, 86, 97

prosecutor

, 29, 44, 87, 95–99, 101

rape law. See also Rape

, 6, 70, 80–82, 85–87

report

, 5–7, 40, 73, 80, 86, 92–93, 96–97, 99, 106, 108–113, 129, 132, 162

secondary victimisation

, 7, 73, 109, 112

trial

, 17, 24, 70, 80–87, 94, 98, 101

Legal. See also Justice; Law

, 4–5, 14, 71, 41–44, 91–101, 113–114, 124, 132, 145, 165

out of court settlements . See also Justice

, 71, 75

illegal

, 5, 36, 41–42, 61, 108, 151

legal definition. See also Terminology

, 6

legal procedure

, 77

legal status

, 47

legal system

, 71

legality

, 36

legislation

, 107

legislative

, 105–106

prosecution

, 94–95

semi-legal

, 37

LGBTQ+. See also Discrimination; Minority

, 5–7, 19, 51–59, 74, 105–116, 162, 164–168

cisgenderism

, 57

coming out

, 55, 59–60, 137, 168

difficulties experienced by LGBTQ + people of Indian descent in South Africa

, 54–56

gay men

, 3, 5, 17, 19, 53–55, 58–60, 61, 110, 114–115, 125–126, 128, 161–162, 165–169, 170–171

hate crimes in South Africa

, 107

LGBTQ + People in Indian communities

, 53–54

LGBTQ + people’s experiences in South Africa

, 52–53

media representations of discrimination

, 109–115

sexual orientation

, 19

Lolita Complex

, 144–145, 150–152, 156

Marriage

, 40, 52, 107–108, 136, 146, 148–149, 153, 167, 170–171

Masculinity. See also Gender

, 28, 57, 126, 133, 151, 164, 165–168

effeminacy

, 58

grass eaters

, 58

hegemonic masculinity

, 164–166

Ikumen

, 144–145

male gender norms

, 126

masculine ideal

, 58

toxic masculinity

, 126

Mental health. See also Suicide

, 1, 16, 107, 114–115

addiction

, 16

depersonalisation

, 114

psychological challenges

, 54

psychological well-being

, 114–115

self-devaluation

, 114

stress

, 7, 61, 96–97, 114, 125, 145, 149, 153, 156

substance abuse

, 114

#MeToo movement

, 2, 25, 32, 80, 87–88, 95, 136–140

Microaggressions. See also Discrimination; Violence

, 1, 3, 5, 8, 19, 51–62, 114, 126, 128, 161–172

microassault

, 5, 58, 61

microinsult

, 5, 58, 60–61, 169, 171

microinvalidation

, 5, 58–59, 61, 169

sexual orientation microaggression

, 5, 8, 19, 51–62

types and outcomes

, 58–61

Minority

ethnic minority. See also Ethnic; Race

, 5, 8, 52, 110–111

marginalisation

, 114

marginalised

, 14, 73, 87, 166

religious minority. See also Religion

, 52

sexual orientation minority. See also LGBTQ+

, 5, 8, 19, 51–62, 74, 106–107, 109–111, 114, 161–172

Misogyny. See also Discrimination; Gender

, 72, 144–145, 148–150, 156

misogynist

, 71, 83, 87, 148–149

Mono no aware

, 150

Morality

, 154

“good” victim

, 70

“good” woman

, 81

social values

, 125

Murder

, 71, 74, 84–85, 94

forced suicide. See also Suicide

, 29, 84

killing

, 24, 28, 135

Mutual genocide

, 24

Non-confidential offence

, 99

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 45, 111, 114–115

Hate Crimes Working Group (HCWG)

, 111

Nihon Fūzoku Joshi SapōtoKyōkai (Japan Sex Workers Support Association)

, 45–46

OUT LGBTQ+ Well-Being

, 110, 112

Right to Care

, 114

South African Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG)

, 115

SWASH

, 16, 40, 42, 46

White Hands

, 45–46

Nordic model

, 20, 36, 45

Norm. See also Gender; Microaggressions

, 144, 166

abnormality

, 57, 60

normality

, 57

sexual pathology and abnormality. See also Microaggressions

, 57, 60

social norms

, 13, 59, 144

un-African

, 72, 106, 164

Western norm

, 36

Nuisance Prevention Law

, 95

Offenders. See Perpetrators

Oppression

, 14, 36, 51, 115

Overt discrimination

, 58

Papa Katsu (father activities)

, 20, 43–44, 124

Partition

, 1, 4, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23–32

abducted

, 29

abduction

, 17–18, 24, 29–30, 135

Post-partition

, 1, 16, 27, 28, 31

rape as weapon of genocide

, 27–31

recovered

, 27, 29–30

studies

, 25, 56

Patriarchy

, 52, 54, 72, 106, 108–109, 133, 162, 164–166

patriarchal

, 36, 39, 71–72, 80–81, 83, 87, 144, 146, 148, 164–165, 175

Permanent refugee

, 30

Perpetrator

, 5, 7, 58, 61, 79, 83–84, 94, 96, 125, 132–136, 139

offender

, 71, 99

Police. See also Corruption; Law

, 16, 52, 71–73, 80, 82, 84, 86, 96–98, 101, 108, 111, 134, 138, 162

custodial rape. See also Rape

, 72

secondary victimisation

, 7, 73, 112

Political intersectionality

, 163

Politicians

, 16, 27, 44, 75, 84

sex industry (scandals)

, 4, 15, 19, 20, 36, 38–47, 74, 94, 123, 147

Poverty. See Class; Economy; Precarity; Status

Power

, 2, 3, 25, 37, 45, 75–77, 81, 84, 161

Precarity

, 3, 15, 29, 37

precarious

, 1, 3, 4, 15, 16, 30, 37, 39, 43, 47

precariousness

, 30

Procedure. See Law; Legal

Prostitution. See also Sex industry; Sex work

, 4, 16, 35–39, 41–42, 45, 151

commercialised sex

, 36, 94

sex trade

, 20, 38, 41, 94

transactional sex

, 36

Prostitution Prevention Law

, 41, 45

Public awareness

, 38, 100

Public perceptions

, 39, 53

Punishment. See Justice

Race. See also Discrimination; Ethnic; Minority

, 14, 26, 52, 74, 107, 111, 162–164

Apartheid

, 5, 8, 51–52, 107–108, 166

people of color

, 51–52

racial segregation

, 51–52

Rape. See also Violence

, 1, 5, 6, 9, 18, 25–31, 70–74, 80–88, 92–100, 107, 110, 125–126, 128, 131–140

custodial rape. See Police

Delhi gang rape

, 79, 84–86

laws

, 6, 70, 80, 81–87

Unnao gang rape

, 80–81, 87

as weapon of genocide

, 27–31

Refugee camps

, 31

Religion

, 4, 8, 38, 109, 111, 114, 162, 167–168, 170

Hindu

, 24, 29, 131

Muslim

, 4, 24

religious leader

, 114

religious minority. See also Minority

, 52

Religious practice

, 167–168

Resistance

, 39, 82, 93, 97, 114, 144–145

physical resistance

, 94, 97

Rights

, 7, 14–16, 20, 36, 40, 42, 53–54, 71, 81–82, 92–94, 98, 106–107, 152, 175

civil rights

, 14

human rights

, 15

victim rights

, 98

women’s rights

, 93

Settlements, legal

, 71, 75, 96, 98, 100, 101

jidan (示談) (settlement industry)

, 98

Sex

sexless relationships. See also Intimacy; Marriage

, 40

sexual crime. See Rape

sexual history

, 6, 70, 81, 85

sexualisation. See also Microaggressions

, 37, 57, 59, 94, 124–125

Sex industry. See also Prostitution

, 4, 15, 19–20, 36, 38–47, 70, 74, 94, 147–148

compensated dating. See also Papa Katsu

, 38, 43, 151

definition, pressure for

, 44–45

delivery health stores

, 38

hostess clubs

, 38, 40

love hotels

, 38

mizu-shōbai (Water Trade)

, 38

Papa Katsu (father activities)

, 20, 43–44, 124

sei-fūzoku (Sexual Customs)

, 38

soaplands

, 38

yūkaku (red-light districts)

, 38, 41

Sex work

, 1, 3–4, 15–17, 36, 42, 47, 137

double standards and inadequate support systems

, 4, 44–46

legal and political views of

, 41–44

public attitudes towards

, 37–41

Sex workers

, 1, 3, 4, 15–16, 37, 39, 42–46

Sexism. See Discrimination

Sexual assault. See Assault

Sexual orientation. See LGBTQ+

microaggressions

, 52, 57, 61, 162, 169

Sexual violence

, 6, 7, 25–26, 28, 32, 37, 70–73, 85–86, 91–101, 125, 136–137

current situation

, 6, 92–93

issues

, 94–95

legal changes

, 93–94

movements

, 99–100

settlement industry

, 98–99

standards of prosecution

, 95–96

treatment of victims

, 96–98

Sexualisation. See Sex

Shame

, 3, 5–7, 18, 25, 30, 58, 81, 84, 96, 113, 125, 132, 136, 138, 155, 162, 169–171

Silence. See also Shame

, 7–8, 125–127

culture of silence

, 7–8, 132

silencing

, 7

Social dominance orientations

, 165

Social Networking Services (SNS)

, 42

Society

, 1–9

Sōshoku Danshi

, 145, 152–154

South Africa

, 1–9, 14, 17, 51–62, 69–70, 73, 74, 105–116, 161–172

South African Indian

, 19, 52, 54, 58–61, 74, 109–110, 115, 164–171

South African law

, 105, 108, 111–112

Status

, 2, 4, 5, 14, 24, 39, 41–42, 45, 47, 74, 81, 83, 108, 134, 164–165, 169

caste

, 7–8

social status

, 39

Stereotype. See also Gender; LGBTQ; Masculinity; Microaggressions

, 8, 16, 144

tropes

, 17

Stigma

stigmatisation

, 5, 36, 38, 44, 46, 54

stigmatised

, 167

Stranger

, 41

Suicide

, 4, 18–19, 37, 42, 45, 70, 85, 113–115

forced suicide

, 29, 84

social suicide

, 45

SWASH

, 16, 40, 42, 46

Symbolic violence

, 4–5, 36

Taboo

, 17, 54, 126–127, 135

Terminology. See also Inclusive; Visibility

, 5, 57, 76

labels

, 51, 76–77

legal definition. See also Legal

, 76–77

Transactional sex. See Sex work

Transparency

, 95–96

Transphobia. See also Discrimination; LGBTQ+

, 57

transphobic

, 57

Trauma

, 4, 21, 27–28, 76, 86, 107, 113, 133–136, 139

traumatic experience

, 76, 139

traumatised

, 76, 132, 134

UN-Africanness of identifying as LGBTQ+ in South Africa

, 162, 164

Unnao gang rape

, 80–81, 87

Victim

, 3, 6–7, 28–29, 70, 71, 74–76, 80–87, 93, 96–99, 107, 125–126, 132–136, 139–140

counselling

, 92–93

protection

, 92

rape survivor

, 72

support

, 6

victim awareness

, 92–93

victim-blaming

, 92–93

victim-survivor

, 6, 29, 70, 76, 80, 81–82, 133–136, 140

victimhood

, 135

Violence. See also Microaggressions

, 1–5, 7–9, 13–21, 13–21, 23–29, 31–32, 36–37, 124–125

commodified violence

, 3–4

covert violence

, 71–72

hate speech. See also Discrimination

, 107

physical violence

, 100

rape. See Rape

symbolic violence

, 4–5

verbal. See also Microaggressions

, 110

violent

, 3–4

Visibility

, 27, 75

Vulnerable

vulnerability

, 15, 101, 115, 169

vulnerable groups

, 3–4, 43

Wellbeing

, 14, 19, 36, 40, 110, 114, 156, 170

economic welfare. See also Economy

, 37–38

Women. See also Gender; Sexism

, 1, 4, 8, 14–15, 17–19, 23–32, 36–46, 55, 57, 69, 70, 72–76, 80–87, 92–96, 107, 126–127, 131–139, 144–156, 165, 168, 170

female infanticide

, 73

violence against women

, 31, 37, 72, 133

Women’s Guidance Centres

, 41

Women’s rights

, 14, 26, 69, 82, 93