Prelims

Fiona Macaulay (University of Bradford, UK)

Transforming State Responses to Feminicide: Women's Movements, Law and Criminal Justice Institutions in Brazil

ISBN: 978-1-80071-566-0, eISBN: 978-1-80071-565-3

Publication date: 21 April 2021

Citation

Macaulay, F. (2021), "Prelims", Transforming State Responses to Feminicide: Women's Movements, Law and Criminal Justice Institutions in Brazil (Perspectives on Crime, Law and Justice in the Global South), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xv. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-565-320211008

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited


Half Title Page

TRANSFORMING STATE RESPONSES TO FEMINICIDE

Series Page

PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME, LAW AND JUSTICE IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH

Series editors: Prof Kerry Carrington and Prof Máximo Sozzo

Scholarly perspectives on crime, law and justice have generally been sourced from a select number of countries from the Global North, whose journals, conferences, publishers and universities dominate the intellectual landscape. As a consequence, research about these matters in the Global South has tended to uncritically reproduce concepts and arguments developed in the Global North to understand local problems and processes. In recent times, there have been substantial efforts to undo this colonized way of thinking leading to a burgeoning body of new work. Southern theories, subaltern knowledges and border epistemologies are challenging the social science to open up new ways of thinking about society, crime, law and justice.

This book series aims to publish and promote innovative new scholarship with a long term view of enhancing cognitive justice and democratising the production of knowledge. Topics of interest from the perspective of the global south include - environmental and ecological plunder; gendered violence; religion, war and terror; drug wars; the historical and contemporary legacies of slavery; the contemporary legacies of injustice arising from dispossession and colonisation; systems of punishment and forms of customary or transitional justice; human rights abuses and struggles for justice - all of which threaten the security of peoples who inhabit the global south.

Previous Volume:

  • Southern Green Criminology: A Science to End Ecological Discrimination

    Edited by David Rodríguez Goyes

Forthcoming Volumes:

  • Perspectives on the Histories of Punishment in Ireland

    Edited by Lynsey Black, Louise Brangan and Deirdre Healy

  • International Editorial Advisory Board

    Prof Elena Azaola Garrido, Centre for study and investigation Social Anthropology, Mexico

  • Prof Rosemary Barberet, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, USA

  • Dr Jarrett Blaustein, Lecturer in Criminology, Monash University, Australia

  • Prof G.S. Bajpai, Registrar & Professor, National Law University, Delhi, India

  • Associate Prof Avi Brisman, University of Kentucky, USA

  • Prof Meda Chesney-Lind, University of Hawaii, USA

  • Prof Elliott Currie, University of California, USA

  • Prof Camila Prando, University of Brazil, Brazil

  • Prof Patricia Faraldo Cabana, University of A Coruna, Spain

  • Dr Kate Fitzgibbon, Monash University, Australia

  • Prof Manuel Iturralde, Universidad de Andes, Colombia

  • Prof Jianhong Liu, University of Macau, China

  • Dr David Rodriguez Goyes, Assistant professor at the Antonio Nariño University, Colombia

  • Prof Vera Malaguti, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

  • Prof Ragnhild Sollund, University of Oslo, Norway

  • Elizabeth Stanley, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

  • Prof Clifford Shearing, University of South Africa, South Africa

  • Dr Leon Moosavi, Director of the University of Liverpool, Singapore

  • Prof Nigel South, University of Essex, UK

  • Prof Sandra Walklate, University of Liverpool, UK

  • Prof Richard Sparks, University of Edinburgh, UK

  • Prof Robert White, University of Tasmania, Australia

  • Prof Chuen-Jim Sheu (許春金), National Taipei University, Hong Kong

  • Prof Eugenio R. Zaffaroni, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

  • Dr Diego Zyman, University of Buenos Aries, Argentina

Title Page

TRANSFORMING STATE RESPONSES TO FEMINICIDE

Women’s Movements, Law and Criminal Justice Institutions in Brazil

Fiona Macaulay

University of Bradford, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

© 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the Author or the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80071-566-0 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-565-3 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-567-7 (Epub)

Contents

List of Tables ix
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations Used xi
Map of Brazil xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Chapter One: Feminicide as a Latin American Issue 1
Introduction 1
Genesis, Methodology, and Sources 4
Feminicide: The Emergence of a Concept 5
Thirty Years of Global Activism and Policy Development 8
Putting Gender-based Violence on the Agenda in Latin America 11
The Political Environment of Responses to Gender-based Violence in Brazil 13
New Right Politics and ‘Gender Phobia’ 19
Chapter Two: Legislating Feminicide 23
Introduction 23
Legal Change in Brazil: From Domestic Violence to Feminicide 23
Latin American Laws on Feminicide 27
 The Cotton Field Judgement 28
 Definitions and Typologies of Feminicide 29
Brazil’s Anti-feminicide Law 33
 Seizing a Legislative Opportunity 33
 The Law’s Significance and Interpretation 37
Chapter Three: Recording, Recognising, and Investigating Feminicide 43
Introduction 43
Recording Feminicide 44
 Feminicide Watches 46
 Modifying Police Terminology and Improving Data 48
Recognising Feminicides 50
 Victims, Vulnerability, and Intersectionality 50
  Race and Ethnicity 51
  Transgender Women 52
  Women Connected to Criminal Groups 53
 The Features of Feminicides 54
Investigating Feminicide 56
 Diffusing Good Police Practice 59
Chapter Four: Prosecuting and Punishing Feminicide 65
Introduction 65
Justice Delayed, Justice Denied: Getting Feminicide Cases to Trial 66
Framing Feminicide in Court: Judges, Juries, and Defence Strategies 69
 Jury Trials in Brazil 70
 Exculpatory Strategies: ‘Honour’, Emotion, and Provocation 71
 Jurisprudence and Changing Judicial Attitudes 75
Getting to Trial and Improving Conviction Rates 78
 Prosecuting more Effectively 79
 Speeding up Proceedings 80
Chapter Five: Preventing Feminicide 85
Introduction 85
Enforcing Restraining Orders 86
 The Maria da Penha Patrols 86
 Panic and Protection Apps and GPS Tracking 92
Risk Assessment Tools 94
Primary Prevention 97
 Changing Police Cultures 97
 Community Education 100
Chapter Six: Conclusions 105
Policy Innovation and Diffusion 107
Women’s Movements and Transnational Actors 108
Legislation and Implementation 109
Political Environment 110
Challenges 114
References 117
Index 131

List of Tables

Table 1 Types of Feminicide 33
Table 2 Homicide and Feminicide in Brazil from 2007 to 2019 45

Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations Used

bancada feminina cross-party women’s caucus in Brazilian legislatures
Belém do Pará Convention Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women
BO Police incident report (boletim de ocorrência)
CCJ Standing Committee on Constitution, Justice and Citizenship (Comissão de Constituição, Justiça e Cidadania)
CEDAW UN Convention for the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
CEVID Committee on Women and Domestic Violence (Coordenadoria Estadual das Mulheres em Situação de Violência Doméstica e Familiar)
CIM Inter-American Commission of Women (Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres)
CNDM National Council for Women’s Rights (Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Mulher)
CNJ National Justice Council (Conselho Nacional de Justiça)
CNMP National Prosecutor’s Office Council (Conselho Nacional do Ministério Público)
DEAMs Women’s police stations (Delegacias Especializadas no Atendimento à Mulher)
delegacia Police precinct (run by the civil police, for the investigation of crimes)
FBSP Brazilian Forum on Public Safety (Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública)
feminicide the intentional killing of a girl or woman for reasons related to social norms around gender roles
homicídio privilegiado mitigated homicide, voluntary manslaughter
homicídio qualificado aggravated homicide
IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
JECrims Criminal misdemeanour courts (Juizados Especiais Criminais)
MESECVI Follow-up Mechanism to the Belém do Pará Convention (Mecanismo de Seguimiento de la Convención de Belém do Pará)
Model Protocol Latin American Model Protocol for the Investigation of Gender-related Killings of Women (femicide/feminicide)
MP Public Prosecutor’s office (Ministério Público)
MPU urgent protection measure (medida protetiva urgente)
NGO Non-governmental organisation
OAS Organization of American States
Procuradoria da Mulher Women’s Advocacy Office in Congress
PT Workers’ Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores)
SPM Special Secretariat for Policies for Women (Secretaria Especial de Políticas para as Mulheres)
STF Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal)
STJ Supreme Court of Justice (Superior Tribunal de Justiça)
TJ State-level appellate court (Tribunal de Justiça)
UN United Nations
UNSR United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women
UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

Map of Brazil

Acknowledgements

This book is dedicated to the many researchers, academics, and criminal justice system professionals across Brazil whose insights have informed this book. It is always a privilege to spend time talking to individuals who are on the front-line of making change happen and have dedicated their working lives to reducing fear and insecurity for ordinary Brazilians, especially women and girls. I am especially grateful to colleagues in the Brazilian Forum on Public Safety for their support and for their pioneering work transforming the quality of criminal justice data and of public policy on crime and violence.