Index

Citation

(2022), "Index", Sindakis, S. and Aggarwal, S. (Ed.) Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa: The Influence of Quadruple Helix on Technological Innovation (Advanced Strategies in Entrepreneurship, Education and Ecology), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221018

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited

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INDEX

Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM)

, 173

Abu Dhabi Sustainable Finance Declaration

, 175

Academia

, 11

in boosting entrepreneurship

, 100–101

Academic Entrepreneurship Centre of Excellence (AECE)

, 80

Academic institutions

, 78–80

Academic networks

, 224–225

Accelerator Labs

, 143

Adaptation

, 182–183

Adult Population Survey (APS)

, 30–31

Aerospace Research and Innovation Centre (ARIC)

, 18

Afkari initiative

, 15

Age profile of entrepreneurs

, 44–46

Al Khawi youth program

, 22

Algeria’s economy

, 23

Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

, 18

AltCity Bootcamp

, 19

Android Pay

, 170

Apple Pay

, 166, 170

Arab culture

, 195

Arab Spring

, 128

Arab Youth Start-up Marketplace (AYSM)

, 97

Ashoka

, 142

Ashoka Arab World

, 142

Association of Southeast Asian countries (ASEAN countries)

, 24–25

AUC

, 136–137

Automation

, 220

Automatization

, 101–102

BADIR

, 251, 253

Bahrain, cultural influences on innovation in

, 212–213

Beehive P2P Limited

, 171

Big data analytics (BDA)

, 226, 229–230

Big data knowledge cluster

, 226

Bitcoin

, 170

Blockchain

, 16, 170, 172

Branding UAE’s tourism

, 115

Business

continuity during H1N1 pandemics

, 153

sector

, 115

Business Development Centre (BDC)

, 72, 78

Center of Excellence for Green Nanotechnologies (CEGN)

, 249

Center of Excellence for Nanomaterial for Clean Energy Applications (CENCEA)

, 249

Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB)

, 17, 261

Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE)

, 174

Chi-square test

, 45

Civic morality

, 59

Civil Society

, 13, 22

Codifying knowledge

, 229

Collectivism

, 185

Collectivist societies

, 192

Commonwealth of Independent State (CIS)

, 114

Conflict

, 54–55

Conflict zone entrepreneurs (CZEs)

, 54

drawbacks

, 56–58

formalization and institutions in

, 58–60

Confucian dynamism

, 186

Coronavirus recession

, 152

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 57

Country Preparedness and Response Plan (CPRP)

, 156

Covid-19 pandemic

, 150

business continuity during H1N1 pandemics

, 153

determining opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship under

, 157–160

economic growth from entrepreneurship

, 151–152

effects on entrepreneurship dynamics

, 154–155

and entrepreneurship

, 154–157

features of future changes

, 153–154

H1N1 outbreak of swine flu

, 153

impacts on small business

, 152–154

lockdown

, 153

from offline to online

, 153

effect of pandemic in Egypt and recovery from virus

, 156–157

effect of pandemic in UAE

, 155–156

effect of pandemic on world economy

, 155

recession plan

, 152

Creative accumulation

, 158

Creative destruction

, 158

Creativity

, 208

Crowdfunding

, 170

Cryptocurrencies

, 170

Cultural factors

, 204–205

Cultural influences

companies applying cultural influences in right way

, 208

governments/higher office encouraging cultural influences in innovation

, 208–209

in innovation and entrepreneurship

, 205–206

on innovation and information infrastructure

, 6

on innovation in Bahrain

, 212–213

on innovation in Oman

, 213–214

on innovation in Saudi Arabia and Egypt regions

, 211–212

on innovation in UAE

, 206–207

Cultural specificities and innovation within workplaces

, 191

high collectivist societies

, 192

high uncertainty avoidance

, 193–194

large power distance societies

, 191–192

moderate masculine societies

, 192–193

restrained societies

, 194–195

short-term orientation societies

, 194

Culture

, 75, 115–117, 182–184, 204, 206

dimensions

, 184–186

of innovation and entrepreneurship

, 207–209

Curriculum development

, 78–80

Customer experience

, 230

Daleel Madani initiative

, 23

Data analytics (DA)

, 220

Death Valley

, 6, 255

“Delivering as One” initiative

, 133–134

Demand for innovation

, 236–237

Demography in UAE

, 113

Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM)

, 114–116

Design Thinking

, 126–128

2030 SDGs

, 128–130

academic institutions and innovation hubs

, 136–138

champions

, 134–135

countries/actors/sectors

, 135–136

examples of success stories

, 138–140

in-depth interviews

, 141–143

initiatives

, 133–134

methodology

, 130–131

push and pull factors

, 134

results

, 131–143

social entrepreneurship and social innovation

, 128–130

sorts of localizations or adaptations

, 136

survey participants

, 131

use

, 141

Destructive entrepreneurs

, 57

Development

, 112

DeZain

, 72, 78

Digital technology

, 2

Digital wallets

, 170

Dissemination of innovations

, 94

Dubai Food Festival

, 116

Dubai Future Accelerators

, 158–160

Dubai Health Authority (DHA)

, 116

Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC)

, 173, 261

Dubai Technology Entrepreneur Campus (Dtec)

, 15, 261

“Dubai World Cup” festival

, 116

Dubai World Trade Center (DWTC)

, 116

Dubai’s shopping festival

, 116–117

Dubai’s Summer Surprises

, 116

Early-stage entrepreneurial activity in Qatar

, 32–35

Economic and Social Development

, 2

Economic deprivation

, 55

Economic development

, 4–5

Economic growth from entrepreneurship

, 151–152

Economy

, 112

Education

, 18

level of entrepreneurs

, 46

system

, 204

eGrab

, 21

Egypt regions, cultural influences on innovation in

, 211–212

Egyptian civil society organizations

, 23

Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management

, 118

Employment through tourism entrepreneurship

, 119

Enforcement

, 60–61

Enterprise investment in innovation

, 237

Entertainment

, 115–117

Entrepreneurial activity

, 55

evolution in MENA

, 3–4

impact

, 38–46

in MENA economies

, 34–35

in Qatar

, 32–35

Entrepreneurial area for tourism industry

, 117

Entrepreneurial attitudes

, 35

perceptions of entrepreneurial skills

, 36–38

societal values

, 35–36

Entrepreneurial businesses

, 70

Entrepreneurial ecosystem

, 102

UAE e-commerce landscape

, 103

Entrepreneurial Education (EE)

, 118

Entrepreneurial employee activity (EEA)

, 43

Entrepreneurial engagement

, 59

Entrepreneurial environment

, 71–73

Entrepreneurial innovation

, 40

Entrepreneurial marketing (EM)

, 69

challenges of EM in Jordan SMEs

, 82–83

in Jordanian SMEs

, 81–82

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO)

, 69

academic institutions

, 78–80

government

, 77–78

in Jordan

, 70–71

in Jordanian SMEs

, 77–80

private sector

, 78

Entrepreneurial processes

, 229–230

Entrepreneurial skills, perceptions of

, 36–38

Entrepreneurial tourism

achieving

, 119–120

education in UAE

, 117–119

UAE culture and

, 120–121

Entrepreneurialism

, 117

Entrepreneurs

, 54–55

age profile

, 44–46

destructive

, 57

education level

, 46

gender profile

, 43–44

indigenous

, 57

peace-positive

, 57

social

, 129

Entrepreneurship

, 1, 40, 54, 97–98, 150, 173, (see also Youth entrepreneurship)

centers

, 80

in conflict settings

, 57

covid-19 pandemic and

, 154–157

under Covid-19

, 157–160

during crisis

, 158–160

cultural influences in

, 205–206

economic growth from

, 151–152

ecosystem

, 46–48

education

, 2

effects on entrepreneurship dynamics

, 154–155

fostering culture

, 207–209

matter for Qatar

, 32

in MENA region

, 3, 101–102

as propagator of peace

, 55–56

in Qatar

, 30

of sustainable nature

, 220

Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions (EFCs)

, 31

Entrepreneurship Leave Program (ELP)

, 33–34

Environmental Finance

, 172

Ethereum

, 170

Etihad Museum

, 115

Eurostat

, 238

Femininity

, 186

Festivals

, 116

Finance

, 164

Financial Technology (FinTech)

, 5, 164

under Covid-19 pandemic in UAE

, 175–176

evolution

, 165–167

FinTech 1.0

, 165

FinTech 2.0

, 165–166

FinTech 3.0

, 166–167

Green Finance, and sustainability

, 172–173, 175

impact on key areas of financial industry

, 168–171

and Islamic Finance

, 171–172

leaders

, 173–174

TechFin and RegTech

, 167–168

in UAE

, 173–176

Firms

, 81

and research networks

, 225–226

Formal institutions

, 59

Formalization in conflict zones

, 58–60

4th industrial revolution (4IR)

, 18, 261

Gender profile of entrepreneurs

, 43–44

German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ)

, 133

Global Design Thinking Alliance (GDTA)

, 136

Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute (GEDI)

, 21

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)

, 30, 68, 100

APS survey for Qatar

, 32

data

, 31

entrepreneurship model

, 31

methodology

, 30–32

Global Innovation Index (GII)

, 191, 212–213, 238, 260

Google Wallet

, 166

Governments

, 14–17

governments/higher office encouraging cultural influences in innovation

, 208–209

Green Finance

, 172–173, 175

Green transformation

, 172

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

, 150, 210

Growth

, 112

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

, 32, 112, 135, 240–241

Gulf region

, 112

H1N1 outbreak of swine flu

, 153

Hasso Plattner Institut School of Design Thinking (HPI D-School)

, 137

Historical institutions

, 222

Hofstede cultural dimensions on innovation

, 190–191

Hofstede’s cultural theory

, 182

Hospitality Education Institutions in UAE

, 118–119

Hospitality industry in UAE

, 117–118

Incentives

, 60–61

Indigenous entrepreneurs

, 57

Indigenous entrepreneurship

, 55

Individualism

, 185

Indulgence vs. restraint (IVR)

, 183, 186

Industry

, 13, 19–21

Informal institutions

, 59

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

, 2, 69

Information technology (IT)

, 94, 155

Informed decision making, enhancing organizational performance through

, 229

Innovation

, 2–3, 12, 40, 97–98, 164, 182–184, 187, 220

analysis

, 239

under Covid-19

, 157–160

during crisis

, 158–160

cultural influences in

, 205–206

as culture

, 187–188

fostering culture

, 207–209

governments/higher office encouraging cultural influences in

, 208–209

hubs

, 137

issue within workplace

, 189–190

in Jordan

, 70–71

managerial and cultural barriers for innovation performance

, 195–196

in MENA region

, 190–191

metrics

, 255

networks

, 222

policy

, 254

systems

, 225–226, 236

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Centre

, 80

Innovation culture (IC)

, 188

in organizations

, 188–189

Innovation efficiency

, 241

ratio

, 240

Innovativeness

, 40–41

Institutions in conflict zones

, 58–60

“Integrative destination-marketing” process

, 121

Intellectual property (IP)

, 16

Intellectual property rights (IPRs)

, 246

International development

, 130

International Linkages/Local Clusters project

, 77

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 16

Investment

, 170–171

iPARK

, 72, 78

Islamic Finance

, 171–172

Islamic FinTech

, 174–175

Islamic values

, 120

Job growth expectation

, 38–40

Job market in region

, 101–102

Jordan

, 68–70

assessment of Jordan’s entrepreneurial environment

, 71–73

current status of SMEs context in

, 73–77

innovation and EO in

, 70–71

Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDCO)

, 77

Jordan Entrepreneurship and Innovation Association (JEIA)

, 72

Jordanian government

, 4, 77–78

Jordanian SMEs

EM in

, 81–82

EO in

, 77–80

Jordanian Young Economists Society (JYES)

, 83

Khalifa University (KU)

, 18

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)

, 238, 250

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)

, 238

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)

, 250

Kingdom of Bahrain

, 17

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)

, 22, 182, 190, 237, 242–243, 252

Knowledge clusters

, 222

Knowledge economy

, 223–228

Knowledge management

, 221

for building knowledge economy

, 223–228

innovation networks and knowledge clusters

, 222

technically enabled knowledge management and value creation

, 228–230

Knowledge management benefits (KMB)

, 227

Knowledge production

, 12

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (K.I.S.R.)

, 16

Labor Market Access Program

, 133, 143

LE15M Innovation Center

, 18–19

Lebanon Support’s initiative

, 22–23

Lebanon’s innovation ecosystem

, 19

Lending

, 168–169

Leveraging Design Thinking

, 139–140

Lifelong learning

, 78–80

Local government units (LGUs)

, 119

Lockdown

, 153

Long-term orientation (LTO)

, 183

maktApp

, 20–21

MamoPay

, 176

Market failures

, 239

Masculine societies

, 192–193

Masculinity

, 186

Meddy

, 21

Medical tourism

, 116

Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE)

, 116

MENA Design and Research Center (MENA DRC)

, 133

Middle East

, 175

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

, 1, 54, 61, 182–183

cultural influence on innovation and information infrastructure

, 6

digital entrepreneurship potential

, 2

economic development and new business creation

, 4–5

economies

, 1

entrepreneurial activities evolution in

, 3–4

entrepreneurial activity in MENA economies

, 34–35

entrepreneurship

, 101–102

innovation

, 190–191

need and scope for sustaining value in

, 220–221

region

, 2–3, 69, 99, 114, 126, 150, 204, 220, 259

societal attitudes towards entrepreneurship in

, 37

socio-cultural profile

, 209–210

technology trends in innovation in

, 210–211

youth entrepreneurship in

, 94–97

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV)

, 154

Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship (MoDEE)

, 72, 77, 260

Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (MICT)

, 72

Mohammed bin Rashid Centre for Government Innovation

, 15

Morocco’s business landscape

, 20

Motivation

, 41–42

Multiplier effect

, 1

NASDAQ

, 165

National culture

, 184

National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI)

, 48

National Expert Survey (NES)

, 31

National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS)

, 72

National innovation system (NIS)

, 15, 235

methodology

, 237–239

results

, 239–246

National Linkages/Local Clusters Project

, 77

National Science, Technology, and Innovation Plan (NSTIP)

, 16, 237–238

National Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy

, 16

National Strategy for Higher Education 2030

, 17, 19, 261

National Youth Employment Plan

, 24

Near Field Communication (NFC)

, 170

Negative peace

, 55

New business creation

, 4–5

Non-technological innovation

, 237

Oasis500

, 72, 78

Oman, cultural influences on innovation in

, 213–214

“One Million Arab Coders”

, 155–156

Online banking

, 166

Open innovation (OI)

, 226

Open Quadruple Helix model of open innovation

, 12

Organizational adaptation

, 189

PayBy

, 176

Payment

, 169–170

PayPal

, 166

Peace

, 55

Peace-positive entrepreneurs

, 57

Peer to Peer (P2P)

, 169

financial services

, 171

lending

, 169–170

Perceptions of entrepreneurial skills

, 36–38

PEST analysis

, 226

Plug and Play Tech

, 173

Policy

, 13

Political institutions

, 61

Political Regime

, 2

Poverty

, 55

Power distance

, 184–185

societies

, 191–192

Power distance index (PDI)

, 185

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

, 174

Princess Sumaya University for Technology (PSUT)

, 79

Private financing of innovation

, 237

Private sector

, 78

Product and service innovation

, 229

Q-Cab

, 21

Qatar

, 29

data and GEM methodology

, 30–32

impact of entrepreneurial activity

, 38–46

entrepreneurial activity in

, 32–35

entrepreneurial attitudes

, 35–38

entrepreneurial ecosystem in

, 30

entrepreneurship

, 32

entrepreneurship ecosystem

, 46–48

policy implications

, 48–50

Qatar Business Incubation Centre (QBIC)

, 32

Qatar Development Bank (QDB)

, 30

Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP)

, 32

Qatar’Qatar’sation-driven entrepreneurs

, 261

Qatari government

, 4

Quadruple Helix

, 12

Innovation Model

, 259–260

Innovation System Framework

, 10

Innovation Theory

, 13–14

model

, 3

Model of Innovation Dynamics

, 13–24

results

, 24

Quality Partners

, 78

Queen Rania Centre for Entrepreneurship (QRCE)

, 72, 78, 80

R&D-based growth model

, 10

Ramadan and Eid in Dubai

, 116

Recession plan

, 152

RegLab

, 173

RegTech

, 167–168

Research

, 78–80

Resistance to change

, 189–190

Restrained societies

, 194–195

RiseUp Summit

, 142

Saudi Arabia, cultural influences on innovation in

, 211–212

Saudi Business Incubators Network (SBIN)

, 251

School Renovations Program

, 22

Science

, 13

Science, technology, and innovation (STI)

, 16, 237

Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA)

, 174–175

Seed capital

, 236

Self-perception

, 38

Shamal Start

, 72, 78

Shopping

, 117

Short term orientation

, 186

Short-term orientation societies

, 194

Six-stage Design Thinking model

, 127–128

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)

, 69, 155

challenges of EM in Jordan SMEs

, 82–83

current status of SMEs context in Jordan

, 73–77

marketing

, 81–82

Social entrepreneurs

, 129

Social entrepreneurship

, 128–130

Social innovation

, 128–130

Social networks

, 226–227

Societal values

, 35–36

Society

, 13

Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT)

, 165

Socio-cultural profile of MENA region

, 209–210

Speed@BDD

, 19

Sports

, 115–117

Spotii

, 176

Stanford Center for Professional Development

, 206–207

Startups

, 31, 94

STI Human Resources Program

, 16

Subsistence entrepreneurship

, 56–57

Substantive networks

, 224

Sustainability

, 172–173, 175

Sustainable development

, 228

Sustainable entrepreneurship

, 220

Sustainable Finance

, 172

Sustainable peace

, 55

TAQNIA

, 253

TechFin

, 167–168

Technology

, 10, 94, 164, 228, 237

trends in innovation in MENA region

, 210–211

Technopark

, 20

Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA)

, 31, 43, 46

Total Entrepreneurship Activity (TEA)

, 71

Tourism

, 112

achieving entrepreneurial tourism

, 119–120

and business sector

, 115

employment through tourism entrepreneurship

, 119

entertainment

, 115–117

entrepreneurial area for tourism industry

, 117

entrepreneurial tourism education in UAE

, 117–119

entrepreneurship

, 117

impact on economic development in UAE

, 114–115

industry

, 113–114

in UAE

, 113

UAE culture and entrepreneurial tourism

, 120–121

Tourists

, 113

Traditional strategies

, 189–190

Transparency

, 172

Travel

, 112

Triple Helix (see also Quadruple Helix)

in Developed Nations

, 11

model of Innovation

, 11

Trust

, 60–61

Tunisian start-ups

, 261–262

Tunisian Startups Index (TSIndex)

, 21

Twelve Degrees

, 139–140

U.K. Lebanon Tech Hub

, 19

UN Partnership Development Framework (UNPDF)

, 156

Uncertainty aversion index (UAI)

, 185

Uncertainty avoidance

, 185, 193–194

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

, 94, 150

academia in boosting entrepreneurship

, 100–101

cultural influences on innovation in

, 206–207

culture and entrepreneurial tourism

, 120–121

demography and tourism in

, 113

e-commerce landscape

, 103

entrepreneurial tourism education in

, 117–119

FinTech in

, 173–176

Innovation Month

, 18

Islamic FinTech

, 174–175

National Innovation Strategy

, 15

tourism and growth in

, 112

vision 2021

, 94

youth entrepreneurship in

, 95–97

United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (2030 SDGs)

, 5, 126, 128–130, 172

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

, 23, 133

Accelerator Labs

, 135

YLP

, 135

Universities

, 17–19

Urban Stage

, 20

Value creation

, 228–230

Venture capital

, 236

Vision 2030 program

, 16, 237

Workplace

, 182

World Bank

, 238

World economy

, 155

Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2025

, 21

Young Entrepreneurs Association (YEA)

, 72, 78

Youth entrepreneurship

, 94

academia in boosting entrepreneurship

, 100–101

entrepreneurial ecosystem

, 102–103

entrepreneurship in MENA and job market in region

, 101–102

in MENA region

, 94–97

substantial gender effect

, 98–100

in United Arab Emirates

, 95–97

Youth Leadership Program (YLP)

, 133, 143

Alumni

, 138