Index
ISBN: 978-1-80071-518-9, eISBN: 978-1-80071-517-2
Publication date: 2 March 2022
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2022), "Index", Sindakis, S. and Aggarwal, S. (Ed.) Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa: The Influence of Quadruple Helix on Technological Innovation (Advanced Strategies in Entrepreneurship, Education and Ecology), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221018
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM)
, 173
Abu Dhabi Sustainable Finance Declaration
, 175
Academia
, 11
in boosting entrepreneurship
, 100–101
Academic Entrepreneurship Centre of Excellence (AECE)
, 80
Academic institutions
, 78–80
Academic networks
, 224–225
Accelerator Labs
, 143
Adaptation
, 182–183
Adult Population Survey (APS)
, 30–31
Aerospace Research and Innovation Centre (ARIC)
, 18
Afkari initiative
, 15
Age profile of entrepreneurs
, 44–46
Al Khawi youth program
, 22
Algeria’s economy
, 23
Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
, 18
AltCity Bootcamp
, 19
Android Pay
, 170
Apple Pay
, 166, 170
Arab culture
, 195
Arab Spring
, 128
Arab Youth Start-up Marketplace (AYSM)
, 97
Ashoka
, 142
Ashoka Arab World
, 142
Association of Southeast Asian countries (ASEAN countries)
, 24–25
AUC
, 136–137
Automation
, 220
Automatization
, 101–102
BADIR
, 251, 253
Bahrain, cultural influences on innovation in
, 212–213
Beehive P2P Limited
, 171
Big data analytics (BDA)
, 226, 229–230
Big data knowledge cluster
, 226
Bitcoin
, 170
Blockchain
, 16, 170, 172
Branding UAE’s tourism
, 115
Business
continuity during H1N1 pandemics
, 153
sector
, 115
Business Development Centre (BDC)
, 72, 78
Center of Excellence for Green Nanotechnologies (CEGN)
, 249
Center of Excellence for Nanomaterial for Clean Energy Applications (CENCEA)
, 249
Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB)
, 17, 261
Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE)
, 174
Chi-square test
, 45
Civic morality
, 59
Civil Society
, 13, 22
Codifying knowledge
, 229
Collectivism
, 185
Collectivist societies
, 192
Commonwealth of Independent State (CIS)
, 114
Conflict
, 54–55
Conflict zone entrepreneurs (CZEs)
, 54
drawbacks
, 56–58
formalization and institutions in
, 58–60
Confucian dynamism
, 186
Coronavirus recession
, 152
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 57
Country Preparedness and Response Plan (CPRP)
, 156
Covid-19 pandemic
, 150
business continuity during H1N1 pandemics
, 153
determining opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship under
, 157–160
economic growth from entrepreneurship
, 151–152
effects on entrepreneurship dynamics
, 154–155
and entrepreneurship
, 154–157
features of future changes
, 153–154
H1N1 outbreak of swine flu
, 153
impacts on small business
, 152–154
lockdown
, 153
from offline to online
, 153
effect of pandemic in Egypt and recovery from virus
, 156–157
effect of pandemic in UAE
, 155–156
effect of pandemic on world economy
, 155
recession plan
, 152
Creative accumulation
, 158
Creative destruction
, 158
Creativity
, 208
Crowdfunding
, 170
Cryptocurrencies
, 170
Cultural factors
, 204–205
Cultural influences
companies applying cultural influences in right way
, 208
governments/higher office encouraging cultural influences in innovation
, 208–209
in innovation and entrepreneurship
, 205–206
on innovation and information infrastructure
, 6
on innovation in Bahrain
, 212–213
on innovation in Oman
, 213–214
on innovation in Saudi Arabia and Egypt regions
, 211–212
on innovation in UAE
, 206–207
Cultural specificities and innovation within workplaces
, 191
high collectivist societies
, 192
high uncertainty avoidance
, 193–194
large power distance societies
, 191–192
moderate masculine societies
, 192–193
restrained societies
, 194–195
short-term orientation societies
, 194
Culture
, 75, 115–117, 182–184, 204, 206
dimensions
, 184–186
of innovation and entrepreneurship
, 207–209
Curriculum development
, 78–80
Customer experience
, 230
Daleel Madani initiative
, 23
Data analytics (DA)
, 220
Death Valley
, 6, 255
“Delivering as One” initiative
, 133–134
Demand for innovation
, 236–237
Demography in UAE
, 113
Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM)
, 114–116
Design Thinking
, 126–128
2030 SDGs
, 128–130
academic institutions and innovation hubs
, 136–138
champions
, 134–135
countries/actors/sectors
, 135–136
examples of success stories
, 138–140
in-depth interviews
, 141–143
initiatives
, 133–134
methodology
, 130–131
push and pull factors
, 134
results
, 131–143
social entrepreneurship and social innovation
, 128–130
sorts of localizations or adaptations
, 136
survey participants
, 131
use
, 141
Destructive entrepreneurs
, 57
Development
, 112
DeZain
, 72, 78
Digital technology
, 2
Digital wallets
, 170
Dissemination of innovations
, 94
Dubai Food Festival
, 116
Dubai Future Accelerators
, 158–160
Dubai Health Authority (DHA)
, 116
Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC)
, 173, 261
Dubai Technology Entrepreneur Campus (Dtec)
, 15, 261
“Dubai World Cup” festival
, 116
Dubai World Trade Center (DWTC)
, 116
Dubai’s shopping festival
, 116–117
Dubai’s Summer Surprises
, 116
Early-stage entrepreneurial activity in Qatar
, 32–35
Economic and Social Development
, 2
Economic deprivation
, 55
Economic development
, 4–5
Economic growth from entrepreneurship
, 151–152
Economy
, 112
Education
, 18
level of entrepreneurs
, 46
system
, 204
eGrab
, 21
Egypt regions, cultural influences on innovation in
, 211–212
Egyptian civil society organizations
, 23
Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management
, 118
Employment through tourism entrepreneurship
, 119
Enforcement
, 60–61
Enterprise investment in innovation
, 237
Entertainment
, 115–117
Entrepreneurial activity
, 55
evolution in MENA
, 3–4
impact
, 38–46
in MENA economies
, 34–35
in Qatar
, 32–35
Entrepreneurial area for tourism industry
, 117
Entrepreneurial attitudes
, 35
perceptions of entrepreneurial skills
, 36–38
societal values
, 35–36
Entrepreneurial businesses
, 70
Entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 102
UAE e-commerce landscape
, 103
Entrepreneurial Education (EE)
, 118
Entrepreneurial employee activity (EEA)
, 43
Entrepreneurial engagement
, 59
Entrepreneurial environment
, 71–73
Entrepreneurial innovation
, 40
Entrepreneurial marketing (EM)
, 69
challenges of EM in Jordan SMEs
, 82–83
in Jordanian SMEs
, 81–82
Entrepreneurial orientation (EO)
, 69
academic institutions
, 78–80
government
, 77–78
in Jordan
, 70–71
in Jordanian SMEs
, 77–80
private sector
, 78
Entrepreneurial processes
, 229–230
Entrepreneurial skills, perceptions of
, 36–38
Entrepreneurial tourism
achieving
, 119–120
education in UAE
, 117–119
UAE culture and
, 120–121
Entrepreneurialism
, 117
Entrepreneurs
, 54–55
age profile
, 44–46
destructive
, 57
education level
, 46
gender profile
, 43–44
indigenous
, 57
peace-positive
, 57
social
, 129
Entrepreneurship
, 1, 40, 54, 97–98, 150, 173, (see also Youth entrepreneurship)
centers
, 80
in conflict settings
, 57
covid-19 pandemic and
, 154–157
under Covid-19
, 157–160
during crisis
, 158–160
cultural influences in
, 205–206
economic growth from
, 151–152
ecosystem
, 46–48
education
, 2
effects on entrepreneurship dynamics
, 154–155
fostering culture
, 207–209
matter for Qatar
, 32
in MENA region
, 3, 101–102
as propagator of peace
, 55–56
in Qatar
, 30
of sustainable nature
, 220
Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions (EFCs)
, 31
Entrepreneurship Leave Program (ELP)
, 33–34
Environmental Finance
, 172
Ethereum
, 170
Etihad Museum
, 115
Eurostat
, 238
Femininity
, 186
Festivals
, 116
Finance
, 164
Financial Technology (FinTech)
, 5, 164
under Covid-19 pandemic in UAE
, 175–176
evolution
, 165–167
FinTech 1.0
, 165
FinTech 2.0
, 165–166
FinTech 3.0
, 166–167
Green Finance, and sustainability
, 172–173, 175
impact on key areas of financial industry
, 168–171
and Islamic Finance
, 171–172
leaders
, 173–174
TechFin and RegTech
, 167–168
in UAE
, 173–176
Firms
, 81
and research networks
, 225–226
Formal institutions
, 59
Formalization in conflict zones
, 58–60
4th industrial revolution (4IR)
, 18, 261
Gender profile of entrepreneurs
, 43–44
German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ)
, 133
Global Design Thinking Alliance (GDTA)
, 136
Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute (GEDI)
, 21
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
, 30, 68, 100
APS survey for Qatar
, 32
data
, 31
entrepreneurship model
, 31
methodology
, 30–32
Global Innovation Index (GII)
, 191, 212–213, 238, 260
Google Wallet
, 166
Governments
, 14–17
governments/higher office encouraging cultural influences in innovation
, 208–209
Green Finance
, 172–173, 175
Green transformation
, 172
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
, 150, 210
Growth
, 112
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
, 32, 112, 135, 240–241
Gulf region
, 112
H1N1 outbreak of swine flu
, 153
Hasso Plattner Institut School of Design Thinking (HPI D-School)
, 137
Historical institutions
, 222
Hofstede cultural dimensions on innovation
, 190–191
Hofstede’s cultural theory
, 182
Hospitality Education Institutions in UAE
, 118–119
Hospitality industry in UAE
, 117–118
Incentives
, 60–61
Indigenous entrepreneurs
, 57
Indigenous entrepreneurship
, 55
Individualism
, 185
Indulgence vs. restraint (IVR)
, 183, 186
Industry
, 13, 19–21
Informal institutions
, 59
Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
, 2, 69
Information technology (IT)
, 94, 155
Informed decision making, enhancing organizational performance through
, 229
Innovation
, 2–3, 12, 40, 97–98, 164, 182–184, 187, 220
analysis
, 239
under Covid-19
, 157–160
during crisis
, 158–160
cultural influences in
, 205–206
as culture
, 187–188
fostering culture
, 207–209
governments/higher office encouraging cultural influences in
, 208–209
hubs
, 137
issue within workplace
, 189–190
in Jordan
, 70–71
managerial and cultural barriers for innovation performance
, 195–196
in MENA region
, 190–191
metrics
, 255
networks
, 222
policy
, 254
systems
, 225–226, 236
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Centre
, 80
Innovation culture (IC)
, 188
in organizations
, 188–189
Innovation efficiency
, 241
ratio
, 240
Innovativeness
, 40–41
Institutions in conflict zones
, 58–60
“Integrative destination-marketing” process
, 121
Intellectual property (IP)
, 16
Intellectual property rights (IPRs)
, 246
International development
, 130
International Linkages/Local Clusters project
, 77
Internet of Things (IoT)
, 16
Investment
, 170–171
iPARK
, 72, 78
Islamic Finance
, 171–172
Islamic FinTech
, 174–175
Islamic values
, 120
Job growth expectation
, 38–40
Job market in region
, 101–102
Jordan
, 68–70
assessment of Jordan’s entrepreneurial environment
, 71–73
current status of SMEs context in
, 73–77
innovation and EO in
, 70–71
Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDCO)
, 77
Jordan Entrepreneurship and Innovation Association (JEIA)
, 72
Jordanian government
, 4, 77–78
Jordanian SMEs
EM in
, 81–82
EO in
, 77–80
Jordanian Young Economists Society (JYES)
, 83
Khalifa University (KU)
, 18
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)
, 238, 250
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
, 238
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)
, 250
Kingdom of Bahrain
, 17
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
, 22, 182, 190, 237, 242–243, 252
Knowledge clusters
, 222
Knowledge economy
, 223–228
Knowledge management
, 221
for building knowledge economy
, 223–228
innovation networks and knowledge clusters
, 222
technically enabled knowledge management and value creation
, 228–230
Knowledge management benefits (KMB)
, 227
Knowledge production
, 12
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (K.I.S.R.)
, 16
Labor Market Access Program
, 133, 143
LE15M Innovation Center
, 18–19
Lebanon Support’s initiative
, 22–23
Lebanon’s innovation ecosystem
, 19
Lending
, 168–169
Leveraging Design Thinking
, 139–140
Lifelong learning
, 78–80
Local government units (LGUs)
, 119
Lockdown
, 153
Long-term orientation (LTO)
, 183
maktApp
, 20–21
MamoPay
, 176
Market failures
, 239
Masculine societies
, 192–193
Masculinity
, 186
Meddy
, 21
Medical tourism
, 116
Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE)
, 116
MENA Design and Research Center (MENA DRC)
, 133
Middle East
, 175
Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
, 1, 54, 61, 182–183
cultural influence on innovation and information infrastructure
, 6
digital entrepreneurship potential
, 2
economic development and new business creation
, 4–5
economies
, 1
entrepreneurial activities evolution in
, 3–4
entrepreneurial activity in MENA economies
, 34–35
entrepreneurship
, 101–102
innovation
, 190–191
need and scope for sustaining value in
, 220–221
region
, 2–3, 69, 99, 114, 126, 150, 204, 220, 259
societal attitudes towards entrepreneurship in
, 37
socio-cultural profile
, 209–210
technology trends in innovation in
, 210–211
youth entrepreneurship in
, 94–97
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV)
, 154
Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship (MoDEE)
, 72, 77, 260
Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (MICT)
, 72
Mohammed bin Rashid Centre for Government Innovation
, 15
Morocco’s business landscape
, 20
Motivation
, 41–42
Multiplier effect
, 1
NASDAQ
, 165
National culture
, 184
National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI)
, 48
National Expert Survey (NES)
, 31
National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS)
, 72
National innovation system (NIS)
, 15, 235
methodology
, 237–239
results
, 239–246
National Linkages/Local Clusters Project
, 77
National Science, Technology, and Innovation Plan (NSTIP)
, 16, 237–238
National Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy
, 16
National Strategy for Higher Education 2030
, 17, 19, 261
National Youth Employment Plan
, 24
Near Field Communication (NFC)
, 170
Negative peace
, 55
New business creation
, 4–5
Non-technological innovation
, 237
Oasis500
, 72, 78
Oman, cultural influences on innovation in
, 213–214
“One Million Arab Coders”
, 155–156
Online banking
, 166
Open innovation (OI)
, 226
Open Quadruple Helix model of open innovation
, 12
Organizational adaptation
, 189
PayBy
, 176
Payment
, 169–170
PayPal
, 166
Peace
, 55
Peace-positive entrepreneurs
, 57
Peer to Peer (P2P)
, 169
financial services
, 171
lending
, 169–170
Perceptions of entrepreneurial skills
, 36–38
PEST analysis
, 226
Plug and Play Tech
, 173
Policy
, 13
Political institutions
, 61
Political Regime
, 2
Poverty
, 55
Power distance
, 184–185
societies
, 191–192
Power distance index (PDI)
, 185
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
, 174
Princess Sumaya University for Technology (PSUT)
, 79
Private financing of innovation
, 237
Private sector
, 78
Product and service innovation
, 229
Q-Cab
, 21
Qatar
, 29
data and GEM methodology
, 30–32
impact of entrepreneurial activity
, 38–46
entrepreneurial activity in
, 32–35
entrepreneurial attitudes
, 35–38
entrepreneurial ecosystem in
, 30
entrepreneurship
, 32
entrepreneurship ecosystem
, 46–48
policy implications
, 48–50
Qatar Business Incubation Centre (QBIC)
, 32
Qatar Development Bank (QDB)
, 30
Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP)
, 32
Qatar’Qatar’sation-driven entrepreneurs
, 261
Qatari government
, 4
Quadruple Helix
, 12
Innovation Model
, 259–260
Innovation System Framework
, 10
Innovation Theory
, 13–14
model
, 3
Model of Innovation Dynamics
, 13–24
results
, 24
Quality Partners
, 78
Queen Rania Centre for Entrepreneurship (QRCE)
, 72, 78, 80
R&D-based growth model
, 10
Ramadan and Eid in Dubai
, 116
Recession plan
, 152
RegLab
, 173
RegTech
, 167–168
Research
, 78–80
Resistance to change
, 189–190
Restrained societies
, 194–195
RiseUp Summit
, 142
Saudi Arabia, cultural influences on innovation in
, 211–212
Saudi Business Incubators Network (SBIN)
, 251
School Renovations Program
, 22
Science
, 13
Science, technology, and innovation (STI)
, 16, 237
Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA)
, 174–175
Seed capital
, 236
Self-perception
, 38
Shamal Start
, 72, 78
Shopping
, 117
Short term orientation
, 186
Short-term orientation societies
, 194
Six-stage Design Thinking model
, 127–128
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)
, 69, 155
challenges of EM in Jordan SMEs
, 82–83
current status of SMEs context in Jordan
, 73–77
marketing
, 81–82
Social entrepreneurs
, 129
Social entrepreneurship
, 128–130
Social innovation
, 128–130
Social networks
, 226–227
Societal values
, 35–36
Society
, 13
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT)
, 165
Socio-cultural profile of MENA region
, 209–210
Speed@BDD
, 19
Sports
, 115–117
Spotii
, 176
Stanford Center for Professional Development
, 206–207
Startups
, 31, 94
STI Human Resources Program
, 16
Subsistence entrepreneurship
, 56–57
Substantive networks
, 224
Sustainability
, 172–173, 175
Sustainable development
, 228
Sustainable entrepreneurship
, 220
Sustainable Finance
, 172
Sustainable peace
, 55
TAQNIA
, 253
TechFin
, 167–168
Technology
, 10, 94, 164, 228, 237
trends in innovation in MENA region
, 210–211
Technopark
, 20
Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA)
, 31, 43, 46
Total Entrepreneurship Activity (TEA)
, 71
Tourism
, 112
achieving entrepreneurial tourism
, 119–120
and business sector
, 115
employment through tourism entrepreneurship
, 119
entertainment
, 115–117
entrepreneurial area for tourism industry
, 117
entrepreneurial tourism education in UAE
, 117–119
entrepreneurship
, 117
impact on economic development in UAE
, 114–115
industry
, 113–114
in UAE
, 113
UAE culture and entrepreneurial tourism
, 120–121
Tourists
, 113
Traditional strategies
, 189–190
Transparency
, 172
Travel
, 112
Triple Helix (see also Quadruple Helix)
in Developed Nations
, 11
model of Innovation
, 11
Trust
, 60–61
Tunisian start-ups
, 261–262
Tunisian Startups Index (TSIndex)
, 21
Twelve Degrees
, 139–140
U.K. Lebanon Tech Hub
, 19
UN Partnership Development Framework (UNPDF)
, 156
Uncertainty aversion index (UAI)
, 185
Uncertainty avoidance
, 185, 193–194
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
, 94, 150
academia in boosting entrepreneurship
, 100–101
cultural influences on innovation in
, 206–207
culture and entrepreneurial tourism
, 120–121
demography and tourism in
, 113
e-commerce landscape
, 103
entrepreneurial tourism education in
, 117–119
FinTech in
, 173–176
Innovation Month
, 18
Islamic FinTech
, 174–175
National Innovation Strategy
, 15
tourism and growth in
, 112
vision 2021
, 94
youth entrepreneurship in
, 95–97
United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (2030 SDGs)
, 5, 126, 128–130, 172
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
, 23, 133
Accelerator Labs
, 135
YLP
, 135
Universities
, 17–19
Urban Stage
, 20
Value creation
, 228–230
Venture capital
, 236
Vision 2030 program
, 16, 237
Workplace
, 182
World Bank
, 238
World economy
, 155
Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2025
, 21
Young Entrepreneurs Association (YEA)
, 72, 78
Youth entrepreneurship
, 94
academia in boosting entrepreneurship
, 100–101
entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 102–103
entrepreneurship in MENA and job market in region
, 101–102
in MENA region
, 94–97
substantial gender effect
, 98–100
in United Arab Emirates
, 95–97
Youth Leadership Program (YLP)
, 133, 143
Alumni
, 138
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1: The Entrepreneurial Rise and Technological Innovation in the Middle East and North Africa
- Section A: Evolution of Entrepreneurial Activities in the Middle East and North Africa
- Chapter 2: Four Pillars of Quadruple Helix Innovation Model: An Approach for the Future
- Chapter 3: Entrepreneurship Development in Qatar
- Chapter 4: Entrepreneurship, Peace, and Institutions in the Middle East and North Africa Region
- Chapter 5: Entrepreneurial Marketing in Jordanian SMEs: Initiatives and Challenges
- Chapter 6: Exploring Youth Entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates
- Section B: Economic Development and New Business Creation
- Chapter 7: The Economic Development of Tourism in the United Arab Emirates
- Chapter 8: Using Design Thinking to Accelerate Progress Toward the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals in the Middle East and North Africa Region
- Chapter 9: The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship: Examining the Cases of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates
- Chapter 10: FinTech in the United Arab Emirates: A General Introduction to the Main Aspects of Financial Technology
- Section C: Cultural Influence on Innovation and Information Infrastructure
- Chapter 11: Effects of National Culture on Adaptation of Employees to the Innovation in Workplace: The Case of the Middle East and North Africa Region
- Chapter 12: Cultural Influence on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa
- Chapter 13: Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters Accelerating Value Creation in the Middle East and North Africa
- Chapter 14: The Analysis of the National Innovation System of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Epilogue
- Chapter 15: Emerging Influence of Quadruple Helix Innovation Model in the Middle East and North Africa
- Index