Abortion

, 14–15, 101–102

elective

, 78

in Italy

, 77

narratives

, 79–81

provider

, 83

Accredited social health activists (ASHA)

, 96

Act of Resistance

, 122–123

ADHD

, 181–182, 186

in offspring

, 190

parents with ADHD children

, 187–188

Adoption

, 14–15

Allopathic medicine

, 99, 102

Allopathic system

, 102

American reproductive politics

, 120–121

American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)

, 69–70, 135

Angels Gardens

, 78–79

Anomie dread

, 14–16

Anthropological research in South Asia

, 97

Anthropological work

, 5–6

Anthropology of kinship

, 97

Apricot trees

, 117–118

Artificial insemination

, 57–58

Assisted reproduction law

, 166

Assisted reproduction techniques/technology (ARTs)

, 25, 34–35, 80, 131, 147–150, 152, 164–165

body undergoings

, 171–172

health system and

, 133–137

treatments

, 6

Asthma

, 183–184

Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative

, 30

Baby making

, 180

Baby wearing

, 42–43

Bed-sharing

, 42–43

Belonging

, 11, 14, 16

Bio-bureaucracies

, 123

Bio-functional

diseases

, 183

impairment

, 183–184

Bio-hazardous material

, 118–119

Bio-ontology

, 116–117

of placenta

, 5–6

Bio-praxes

, 124–125

Bio-psychologism

, 3

Biological process

, 44

Biologism

, 3

Biology

, 11

Biomedical approach

, 46–47, 112

Biomedical model

, 4

of care

, 43–44

Biomedicalization of reproduction

, 95–96

Biomedicine

, 6, 11

Birth

, 10, 23–24

ecology of

, 29

process

, 41

Birthing woman

, 122

Blood quality

, 98–99

Body-based identity

, 3

Body/bodies

, 9–10, 86–87

anomie dread

, 14–16

materiality

, 1–2

mobilization

, 3

offspring’s body and unexpected surprises

, 180–182

practices

, 40

representations

, 98

social bond clinic

, 16–17

traits and variations of common system

, 11–14

undergoing ART

, 171–172

work

, 45

Body politics

, 5, 124

Body work

, 45, 47–52

Breastfeeding

, 3, 40, 43, 66, 69

achieving breastfeeding project

, 49–50

ethnography on

, 67–68

initiating breastfeeding at home

, 44–45

Burial of stillborn children

, 82

national and regional regulations

, 82–84

C-section

, 65–66

Care

biomedical model of

, 43–44

providers

, 41

Catholic rules and changed sensitivities

, 84–86

Catholicism

, 98

Child health

, 40

Childbearing experience

constituent elements of ‘nature’ in

, 27–30

individualization of ‘nature’ in

, 32–34

‘nature’ into

, 26–27

Childbirth

, 3

medical assistance issue in

, 26–27

models

, 24

Children with mental defects

, 182–183

Civilization process

, 184, 188

Classical ethnographic research

, 1

Clinical reproductive medicine

, 130

Colonial biomedicine

, 116–117

Combined oral contraceptive (COC)

, 100

Commissioning parents

, 57–58

Community nostalgia

, 16

Contamination

, 112, 118–119, 124–125

Contraception

, 14–15, 94

Contraceptive method in India

, 94–95

incorporating modern medical technology

, 103–105

ineffectiveness of reversible contraception

, 101–103

perception of reversible contraception

, 99–101

producing reproductive capacity

, 98–99

Copper-T

, 94

COVID-19

, 1

Critical feminist discourse

, 112–113

Cross-border reproductive care

, 164

Spain

, 166

Cultural practices

, 44

Cultural valuation

, 182–183

Custom-made models

, 44

Day of Dead

, 76

De-technicized birth model

, 24

Death

, 10

certificate

, 82

nature of

, 77

professionals

, 77

Decolonizing flesh

, 123–125

Decolonizing local healing

, 120–121

Defective child reproducing in Italy

differences

, 182–186

family (onto)genetics and individual responsibility

, 188–192

moralization of ‘misleading’ body

, 186–188

unexpected surprises

, 180–182

Dehumanization

, 121–122

Delegated biopolitics

, 182, 192

Deliveries

, 64–66

Destiny

, 14–15

Digitization of fingerprints

, 9–10

Disability

, 182

Discourses and practices

, 59

Discursive surveillance

, 182

DNA

, 11–12

recourse to

, 15

tests

, 13–14

verification

, 10

Do-it-yourself projects

, 11

Doulas

, 24

Dyadic body project

, 61–62

Ecology of birth

, 29

Economic liberalization

, 17

Embodied knowledge

, 121, 124

Embodiment

, 40

Embryo transfer (ET)

, 57–58

Enfleshment

, 123

Environmental health

, 119

Equalitarian parenting practices

, 42

Equality in Spain

, 132

Ethical thresholds

, 121–122

Ethnographic materials

, 60

Ethnographic research

, 1

Ethnography

, 41

European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)

, 135, 158–159, 164

Exceptional ethnographies

, 1

Family

(onto)genetics and individual responsibility

, 188–192

planning

, 102

reunification

, 10

Fear of anomie

, 15–16

Female fertility

, 101–102

Female infertility

, 147, 152, 154

impossible improvement of

, 156–157

Female reproductive body

, 99

Female sterilization

, 4–5, 103–104

Feminist movements

, 26

Fertility. See also Infertility

agencies

, 60, 62

clinic

, 60, 62

decline

, 165

Fingerprints digitization

, 9–10

Flesh

, 1–2, 4, 83

decolonizing

, 123–125

restoring flesh to social bond

, 14–16

Fleshed reproductive body

, 95

Formaldehyde

, 117–118

Formalin

, 112

placentas injected with

, 117–118

France

, 166–167

legislation on medically assisted procreation in and

, 164–168

obstacles to ART in

, 168–170

ongoing obstacles for French women seek ART in Spain

, 170–171

reproductive governance in

, 164, 166–167

Free birthing

, 24

French reproductive travelers

, 6

Freudian theory

, 10

of mourning

, 13

Frozen embryo transfer (FET)

, 60

Gender

, 130

asymmetries

, 137

identity

, 137

inequalities

, 4

infertility

, 5–6, 148–149, 154

neo-maternalism

, 42

sexuality and

, 97

Gender perspective

diagnosing infertility from

, 149–154

female infertility

, 152–154

male infertility

, 150–152

Gender relationship

, 31–32, 34

Gestational carriers (GCs)

, 57–58, 60

Gestational surrogacy (GS)

, 57–58

Global Gag Rule

, 120–121

Good parenting practices

, 40

Governmentality

, 1–2

Haptonomy

, 10

Health

care

, 121

crisis

, 1

policies in Uganda

, 113

system and ARTs

, 133–137

Healthcare professionals

, 78

Holistic care

model

, 3, 45

in Switzerland

, 41–44

Home birth

, 24, 27–28, 51, 122

Homosexual Movement

, 17

Hospital psychologists

, 78

Human nature

, 16

Human practices

, 1

Human reproduction

, 2–3, 24

Hyper-liberal ideology

, 181–182

ICSI

, 157–159

Identity/identities

, 60, 86–87

requirement

, 2

Imperative of motherhood

, 132

Impulse dysregulation

, 188

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

, 57–59, 131, 135, 147, 151

Independent midwives

, 41

out-of-hospital birth with

, 42–43

India

contraceptive method in

, 94–95

incorporating modern medical technology

, 103–105

ineffectiveness of reversible contraception

, 101–103

Kacch District and City of Bhuj

, 95–96

Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)

, 105

Individual responsibility

, 188–192

Individualization

, 16

of ‘nature’ in childbearing experience

, 32–34

Industrialization of medicine

, 112

Ineffectiveness of reversible contraception

, 101–103

Infertile body

, 130

health system and ARTs

, 133–137

imaginary of infertility in Spain

, 131–133

visions and practices from embodied experience

, 137–141

Infertility

, 5–6, 130, 148

diagnosing infertility from gender perspective

, 149–154

impossible improvement of female infertility

, 156–157

improving

, 155–157

male infertility as foundation for action

, 155–156

and medicalization

, 138–139

Intended parents (IPs)

, 57–58, 60, 62

experiences

, 58–59

Intensification of parenthood

, 40

Interlocutors

, 96

International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART)

, 134

Italian Agency for Drug Administration

, 185–186

Italian public maternity hospital

, 25–26

Italy

abortion and pregnancy loss

, 76–79, 81–82, 84, 86–87, 89

defective child reproducing in

, 181

disability

, 181–183

family (onto)genetics and individual responsibility

, 188–192

medically assisted procreation

, 148–150, 152, 154–155, 157, 159

natural childbirth

, 23, 25–27, 30–32, 34–36

offspring’s body and unexpected surprises

, 180–182

Kinship

, 97

relationships

, 130

Male infertility

, 147, 150, 152

as foundation for action

, 155–156

Male sterilization

, 103

Materiality

, 77

Maternal bodies

achieving breastfeeding project

, 49–50

fathers producing

, 48–49

heavily managed ‘natural’ process

, 45–48

holistic care in Switzerland

, 41–44

initiating breastfeeding at home

, 44–45

Medical assistance issue in childbirth

, 26–27

Medicalization

, 29, 105, 116–117

infertility and

, 138–139

Medicalized birth model

, 24, 28

Medical techniques

, 29–33, 36, 150

Medicine

, 5, 113–114

allopathic

, 99

biomedicine

, 99

industrialization

, 112

indigenous

, 121–122

patriarchal legacies

, 119–120

regenerative

, 117

reproductive

, 130, 150–151, 168

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)

, 101

Midwifery

, 24–25, 116

Midwives

, 78, 119–120

noninterventionist approach

, 43

Mindful Body

, 103

Misleading body, moralization of

, 186–188

Modality of relationship

, 158

Modern contraceptive method

, 95

Modern infertility

, 34–35

Modern medical technology

, 103–105

Modernity

, 95–96

Molecular biology

, 10

Moralization of ‘misleading’ body

, 186–188

Motherhood

, 40

imperative of

, 132

Mothering

, 59–60

Names

, 86–87

National Family Health Survey

, 94–95

National family planning policies

, 94–95

National regulations for stillborn children burial

, 82–84

Natural advocacy

, 24–25

Natural birth model

, 3, 23–26

Natural childbirth. See also Childbirth

constituent elements of ‘nature’ in childbearing experience

, 27–30

evolution

, 31–32

in Italy. See also Italy

, 23–24

Natural process management

, 45–48

Naturalism

, 3

Naturalization

, 52

of marriage

, 14–15

Naturalness

, 24–25

of childbearing experience

, 28–29

Nature

in childbearing experience

, 26–27

constituent elements of

, 27–30

extension of ‘nature’ to core family

, 34–35

individualization of

, 32–34

normalization of

, 30–31

Negotiated breastfeeding

, 43

Neo-maternalism

, 42

Neurobiology

, 189

Neuropsychiatric paradigm

, 189–190

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 1–2

Non-medicalized childbirth

, 24

Noninterventionist approach

, 47

Nurses

, 78

Nutrition

, 40

OBGYNs

, 60

Oestrogen

, 100

Operating room (OR)

, 65–66

Ordinary physicalism

, 13

Out-of-hospital birth

, 40–41

with independent midwife

, 42–43

project

, 47–48

Parenthood

, 2, 40

Parenting

equalitarian parenting practices

, 42

good parenting practices

, 40

proximal

, 42–43

Parents-children relationship

, 34

Pathology

, 133

Patriarchy

, 102

Perfect child

, 180–181

Philosophy of technology

, 131

Physical distancing

, 1–2

Physiological childbirth

, 43

Placenta

, 5–6, 113

narratives

, 114–116

pills to doorstep

, 122–123

Placentophagy

, 112

Political ecology

, 118–119

Postcolonial biomedicalization of female body

, 105

Postpartum body management

, 44

Pragmatic agency concept

, 102

Pregnancy

, 59–60

quest for

, 152

surrogacy

, 61–64

Pregnancy loss

, 78

in America

, 78

culture of

, 79–80

international guidelines on

, 79–80

in Italy

, 77

Primary social bond

, 17

Progestin-only pill (POP)

, 100

Proximal parenting

, 42–43

Psychic naturalization

, 14–15

Psycho-emotional child development

, 40

Psychoanalytic approaches

, 43

Public health agencies

, 40

Public Health Service (PHS)

, 130–131

Radical catalysts for care

, 121

Reality test

, 13

Regenerative medicine

, 117

Regional regulations for stillborn children burial

, 82–84

Relational-processual view of person

, 97

Replenishing blood cells

, 117

Reproduction

, 5, 148–149, 182

fractures

, 105

Reproductive body physiology

, 98

Reproductive capacity, producing

, 98–99

Reproductive disruption

, 5–6

Reproductive exclusion

body undergoing ART

, 171–172

legislation on medically assisted procreation in Spain and France

, 164–168

obstacles to ART in France

, 168–170

Reproductive governance

, 1–2, 58–60, 120

in France

, 164

Reproductive politics

, 123

in United States and Uganda

, 112–113

Reproductive regulations

, 119–120

Reproductive rights

, 1–2

Reproductive technologies

, 104, 130

‘Revenge of the flesh’

, 58–59

Reversible contraception

ineffectiveness of

, 101–103

perception of

, 99–101

Risk-centred approach

, 40

Rituals

, 78–79

Rooming-in

, 66–69

Self-actualization

, 190–191

Self-constraint behaviours

, 185, 188

Self-dependency

, 116–117

Self-description, dimension of

, 152–154

Self-government of oneself

, 40

Self-sufficiency

, 116–117

Skin to skin practices

, 66–69

Social activism of families

, 183

Social anthropology

, 166–167

Social bond

clinic

, 3, 16–17

restoring flesh to

, 14–16

Social gestation

, 64

Social identification

, 10

Social ideologies of bodily matter

, 112

Social movements

, 26

Social nature of natural childbirth

, 24–25

Social recognition codes

, 180–181

Sociobiology

, 13

Spain

imaginary of infertility in

, 131–133

legislation on medically assisted procreation in

, 164–168

women in

, 134–135

Spermatozoids quality

, 158–159

Spermogram

, 150–151

Sterilization

, 94–95, 103

Stillborn children

burial of

, 82

Catholic rules on

, 84–86

names, bodies and identities

, 86–87

national and regional regulations

, 82–84

Suckling techniques

, 47

Surrogacy

, 57–59

pregnancy

, 4, 59, 61, 64

surrogacy-friendly states

, 57–58

Sustainability

, 122–123

Switzerland, holistic care in

, 41–44

Temporality

, 41

Testicular biopsy

, 157

Toxic formaldehyde practices

, 112

Toxicity

, 118–119

Traditional birth attendants (TBAs)

, 105, 112–113, 119–120

Traditional surrogacy (TS)

, 57–58

Transcultural birth practices

, 114–116

Transnational reproductive journeys

, 190

Uganda

reproductive politics in

, 112–113

women in

, 114–115

Unborn children

, 76, 88–89

United States

reproductive governance in

, 124–125

reproductive politics in

, 112–113

Untangling toxicity

decolonizing flesh

, 123–125

decolonizing local healing

, 120–121

ethical thresholds

, 121–122

igloo coolers, apricot trees and formaldehyde

, 117–118

placenta narratives

, 114–116

placenta pills to doorstep

, 122–123

reproductive regulations

, 119–120

toxicity and political ecology

, 118–119

womb politics and bio-ontology

, 116–117

US surrogacy

, 58–61, 64, 66, 69

US surrogates

, 58–59

Uterus

, 99

Woman’s reproductive capacity

, 99

Womb politics

, 116–117

Women

empowerment

, 29–30

infertility

, 153

role as mothers

, 104

women-centred advocacy

, 120–121

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 3, 30, 40, 130