Aftenposten (national newspaper)

, 54–55

Aluko’s British-African identity

, 166–167

Ambiguity

, 3

American dream

, 181

American nationalism

, 242

Analytical methods

, 226

Arab countries

, 84

Arab region

challenges to women in sports

, 86–88

GCC women’s football

, 85–86

professionalisation

, 90–94

progress in participation

, 88–90

Argentina

auto-ethnography, reflexivity and positionality

, 146–147

becoming native

, 150–154

entering field

, 147–148

foreign native

, 148–149

Argentine Football Association (AFA)

, 147, 153

Argentine women’s football

, 147, 149

Asian football team

, 68

Association Football

, 115–116

Athens Olympic Games (2004)

, 103

Athletes

, 241–243

Australian Football League Women (AFLW)

, 134

Auto-ethnography

, 146–147

Bahrain Football Association (BFA)

, 84–85, 89–90

Bahrain’s women’s national team

, 84

Beijing Olympic Games (2008)

, 68, 103

Bidding process

, 136

Bourdieu’s theory

, 50

Brazil

centre and periphery

, 42

consequences of policy

, 41

context and implementation of Obrigatoriedade

, 35–38

contractual arrangements

, 40–41

footballer

, 107–111

gender and football in

, 102

gendered lessons of Paulistana

, 111–112

historical context of Brazilian Women’s Football

, 35

informal Obrigatoriedade

, 43–44

national team developments

, 43

outsourcing

, 39–40

Paulistana

, 103–105

policy loopholes

, 38–39

professionalisation of women’s football in

, 33–34

socialisation and sporting elements

, 106

youth categories

, 40

Brazilian football

, 104

Brazilian Football Federation (CBF)

, 112, 199

Brazilian sportswomen

, 102

Brazilian Women’s Football

, 35

historical context of

, 35

Bromley Borough club

, 165

BUL Oslo club

, 55–56

Carteira assinadas

, 40–41

Case-study approach

, 134–135

Championship club

, 135–137

Chelsea club

, 25–26

Christianity movement

, 178–179

CIES Football Observatory

, 51–52

Civic nationalism

, 238

Civil Rights Act (1964)

, 195

Class

, 250–251

Clubes de camisa (big-name clubs)

, 42

Clubs, commercialisation and professionalisation of

, 57–59

Coding process

, 135

Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)

, 195–196

Combat sports

, 102

Commercial global sport process

, 179

Commercialisation (see also Globalisation)

, 179–180, 184, 253

of clubs and establishment of Women’s Elite League

, 57–59

process

, 177, 185

Commission for Development of Women’s Football

, 36–37

Company workers, players as

, 69–72

Conception of professionalisation

, 91

Confederaçao Brasileira de Futebol (CBF)

, 34

Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL)

, 33–34, 40–41

Conscientisation

, 150–151, 154

Content analyses

, 225

Continental Tyres

, 19–20

Contractual arrangements

, 40–41

Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

, 109–110

Corporate amateurs

, 74, 77

Corporate sports, age of

, 69–72

Corporate teams and new creative solutions, decline of

, 72–75

COVID-19 pandemic

, 3, 24

Cradle of sport

, 183

Cross-cultural trends

, 86–87

Dagbladet (newspaper)

, 54–55

Danish women’s national team

, 9

Deep exclusion

, 161

Denmark’s football association (DBU)

, 198–199

Department for Culture Media and Sport (DCMS)

, 168

Despar

, 163

Disciplinary analysis

, 118

Diversity in England women’s squad

, 162

Doctoral thesis

, 42

Doxa

, 50–51

Drawn-out legal process

, 191–192

Elite sportswomen

, 178

Elite women’s football, changing times in

, 116–117

Emigration

of Norway’s women footballers

, 57

of Scandinavian football players

, 58

Emphasized femininity

, 212–215

Empowerment

decline of corporate teams and new creative solutions

, 72–75

players as company workers

, 69–72

women

, 75–78

England

, 180–184

professionalisation of women’s football in

, 132–134

women fly economy

, 22–23

women’s football team

, 168

women’s national football team (2021)

, 159–160

English Football Association

, 18

FA positioning of women’s football

, 20–22

FA strained relationship with women’s game

, 18–20

future focus of FA and changing responsibilities

, 25–26

realities and contradictions of WSL

, 22–25

English lion club

, 216

English Media Coverage of 2015 FIFA World Cup

, 210–216

amount of coverage

, 210–211

comparison of female players/team to male players/team

, 212–214

frequency and type of photographs

, 211

frequency of articles

, 210

gendered hierarchy of naming and infantilisation

, 215–216

location of articles

, 210–211

personal life

, 214–215

skill of players/team

, 211–212

tasks

, 211, 214, 216

English national team

, 21–22

English Premier League (EPL)

, 19

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

, 195

Equal pay, women’s fight for

, 193–194

Equal Pay Act

, 195–196

‘Equal play, equal pay’ campaign

, 176

Equal Remuneration Convention

, 194–195

Equality, USWNT’s legal battle for

, 195–198

Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act

, 51

Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombudsperson Act

, 51

Ethnic nationalism

, 238

European ‘sports culture’

, 73–74

European Championship campaign

, 212–213

Falsa Yanqui

, 150–154

FARE BLM project

, 161

Fèdèration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

, 51–52, 85–86, 95, 221–222, 236

Connell and ‘gender order’

, 207

council

, 6

English media coverage

, 210–216

feminist research on gender, media and sport

, 207–208

Forward Development Programme

, 89–90, 95

methods

, 208–210

strategy

, 75–76

survey

, 6

theoretical considerations

, 207

Women’s Football Convention

, 198

women’s football in England and new age for women’s football and women’s sport

, 206–207

Women’s World Cup

, 2, 78, 208, 223–224, 228

World Magazine

, 89

Female athletes

, 5, 223

Female elite clubs

, 60

Female elite teams

, 60

Female footballers

, 57–58

Female players/team to male players/team, comparison of

, 212–214

Feminist failures

, 149

Feminist research

exploring women’s elite football changing contexts through Foucault

, 118–119

on gender, media and sport

, 207–208

in women’s football

, 117–119

Feminist-inspired sport sociology research

, 117

Field theory (Bourdieu)

, 50–51

Film

, 178

Financial Fair Play (FFP)

, 20

Financial literacy workshops

, 77

Football

, 1–2, 58, 102, 180

in Europe

, 52

girls

, 55

globalisation and

, 178–179

as work

, 8–9

Football Association (FA)

, 4, 8–9, 18–19, 116–117, 132, 161, 195, 206

approach

, 26

championship club

, 135–137

feeling pressure

, 138–140

insistence

, 23–24

marketing strategy

, 21–22

methodology

, 134–135

negotiating life, work and football commitments

, 140–142

professionalisation of women’s football in England

, 132–134

strategy of marrying women’s clubs

, 25–26

women’s championship

, 132

Football Association Women’s Super League (FA WSL)

, 8–9, 19

Foucauldian coaching studies

, 118–119

Foucault, Michel

, 118

disciplinary analysis

, 124–125

exploring women’s elite football changing contexts through

, 118–119

thinking

, 122–123

Freedom fallacy

, 117

Fulham FC

, 19

Gender

equality

, 205–206

feminist research on

, 207–208

identity and expression

, 51

Gender Equality Act

, 51

Gender Equality Council (1972)

, 55

Gendered hierarchy of naming and infantilisation

, 215–216

Gendered meanings

, 5

Gendered media coverage

, 222–225

German Football Association (DfB)

, 4

Global

, 3

ban on women playing football

, 4

deinstitutionalisation of amateur values

, 7

equal pay in women’s football

, 198–200

female superstars

, 225

players union

, 2

Global positioning technology (GPS)

, 118–119

Global sports

system

, 179–180

women’s football as major force in

, 192–193

Globalisation (see also Professionalisation)

, 179–180

and football

, 178–179

process

, 58

Grassroots initiatives

, 94–95

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

, 84

Women’s Football

, 85–86

Hamar Idrettslag Ladies Team (1931)

, 54

Hegemonic masculinity

, 207, 212–213, 216

Hegemonic sports

, 102

Heterosexual women

, 228–229

Inclusion

, 36, 178–179

in Men’s Clubs

, 60–61

struggle for acceptance and inclusion in national association NFA

, 54–56

Independent, The

, 210–211, 228

Industrial capitalism

, 183

Infantilisation

, 215–216

Informal Obrigatoriedade

, 43–44

Interdependence

, 175–176

patterns of

, 180

Internal process

, 150–151

International Championships for Women, milestones in

, 52–53

International competitions

, 95–96, 238–239

International development and milestones

, 51–53

milestones in International Championships for Women

, 52–53

International Federation of Professional Footballers (FIFPro)

, 2, 7–9, 199–200

International football, equal pay movement in

, 199–200

International Human Rights

, 109–110

International Labour Organization (ILO)

, 193–195

International Olympic Committee

, 5, 95

International sport competitions

, 238

International women’s football, equal pay debates in

global equal pay in women’s football

, 198–200

USWNT’s legal battle for equality

, 195–198

women’s football as major force in global sport

, 192–193

women’s long fight for equal pay

, 193–194

Iranduba Esporte Clube

, 42

Islamic Women’s Games

, 87–88

J-League-affiliate clubs

, 76–77

Japan Football Association (JFA)

, 73–74

academy team

, 73

officials

, 68–69

Japan Ladies Soccer League (JLSL)

, 69–70

Japan’s corporate sports system

, 70

Japan’s Equal Employment Opportunity Law

, 71–72

Japan’s Women’s National football team

, 68

Kapp Idrettslag club

, 54

L-Leaguers

, 70–72

Ladies departments

, 54

Ladies League (L-League)

, 69, 72

office

, 74–75

League leaders

, 77–78

Licencing requirements

, 134

Lionesses (England women’s team)

, 216, 225

Luna Bar

, 244

Male-defined sports

, 211

Malestream

, 116–117

Manchester United

, 25–26

Media

communications

, 216

coverage of USWNT

, 243–244

feminist research on

, 207–208

narratives and sport nationalism

, 242–243

Men’s Clubs, inclusion in

, 60–61

Moss Ladies Team (1921)

, 54

Nadeshiko Japan

, 68, 73

Nadeshiko League

, 73

National association NFA, struggle for acceptance and inclusion in

, 54–56

National passion

, 107

National structures

, 94–95

National teams

, 92

developments

, 43

players

, 60

National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL)

, 8, 192–193

Newspapers

, 178, 209

Nike

, 244

#NiUnaMenos

, 35–36

Non-English players

, 25–26

Non-footballing elites

, 179

Non-Profit Organisation Law

, 73–74

Non-traditional model

, 90–94

Norway

development of professional football for women in Norway

, 54–62

empirical investigation into professionalisation of women’s football in Norway

, 53

international development and milestones

, 51–53

theoretical framework

, 50–51

Norway Cup (1972)

, 55

Norwegian Betting Company

, 58–59

Norwegian elite players

, 61

Norwegian Football Association (NFA)

, 50, 53–54, 61–62, 198–199

Norwegian society

, 49–50

Obrigatoriedade

, 33–34

context and implementation of

, 35–38

policy objective of

, 34

positive impact

, 37–38

Olympic Games (IOC)

, 61

Olympic Silver Medals

, 102

Olympics

, 22, 238–239, 243

Orthodox gender

, 104

Panopticism

, 118–119

Panopticon

, 122–123

Paulistana (2001)

, 103, 105, 112

gendered lessons of

, 111–112

Pay-to-play principle

, 195–196

Philanthropic investment

, 22–23

Physical Education lessons

, 106

Players as company workers

, 69–72

Policy, wider consequences of

, 41

Policy Loopholes

, 38–39

Positionality

, 146–147

Power relations

, 118

Precarity

, 251

Premier League (EPL)

, 179–180

Pressure

, 138–140

Prestige, zones of

, 180–184

Print media analysis of Megan Rapinoe at 2019 Women’s World Cup

changing times

, 224–225

methods

, 225–226

outspoken

, 227–228

personality

, 226–227

results

, 226–229

role model

, 228–229

women’s sport, gendered media coverage and Megan Rapinoe

, 222–225

Professional contracts

, 72

Professional Day (Proff-day)

, 59

Professional football for women in Norway

commercialisation and professionalisation of clubs and establishment of Women’s Elite League

, 57–59

development of

, 54–62

inclusion in Men’s Clubs

, 60–61

increased popularity and international successes

, 56–57

matches and curiosity

, 54

media coverage

, 61–62

proff-days

, 59–60

struggle for acceptance and inclusion in national association NFA

, 54–56

Professional Footballer’s Association (PFA)

, 19, 25

Professional players

, 77

Professional women’s football

, 191–192

Professionalisation

, 6–7, 35, 84, 90, 94

of clubs and establishment of Women’s Elite League

, 57–59

process

, 8–9, 116–117, 192–193, 250–251

of sport

, 52–53

USWNT and

, 237

of women’s football

, 20, 33–34

of women’s football in England

, 132, 134, 138

of women’s football in Norway, empirical investigation into

, 53

of women’s sport

, 7

Proff-Days

, 59–60

Progression process

, 194

Public-private collaborative model

, 73–74

Race and history of England women’s national football team

consequences of Eniola Aluko

, 166–169

England pioneers 1972–2002

, 162

Hope Powell

, 165–166

Kerry Davis

, 162–163

Samantha Britton

, 163–165

Radio

, 178, 216

Reflexivity

, 146–147

Research

, 253

agendas for women’s football

, 252–253

Rio Olympics (2016)

, 75–76

Sampling technique

, 135

Sandbach Ladies in Cheshire

, 162

Santos FC

, 104

Sao Paulo FC

, 104

Sao Paulo Football Federation (FPF)

, 102–103

Sao Paulo Football Museum

, 112

(Semi-)professionalisation of Women’s Football

, 5–7

Semi-professional model

, 139

Semi-professionalisation of sport

, 52–53

Sky Sports Premier League (BSkyB Premier League)

, 206

Soccer girls

, 124–125

Social Identity theory (SIT)

, 240

and narratives of sport nationalism

, 240–241

Social strategies

, 53

South American confederation (CONMEBOL)

, 34

Sponsors

, 244

Sport

, 49–50, 239

associations

, 95

in Brazil

, 102

challenges to women in

, 86–88

development

, 89

feminist research on

, 207–208

media’s gendered coverage

, 224

nationalism

, 238–239

Sport/Media Complex

, 50–51, 61

Sporting female role model

, 124

Sports Council

, 18

Sportswomen

, 243

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 76

Sydney Olympics (2000)

, 57

Tasaki Pearl Company

, 69–70

Team executives

, 68–69

Television

, 178, 216

Textual analyses

, 225

Thematic data analysis

, 135

Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)

, 74

Toppfotball Kvinner (TFK)

, 58–59

Tournament

, 222

Traditional media

, 178

UAI Urquiza in Argentina

, 148, 150

UEFA Women’s Champions League (UWCL)

, 49–50

Union de Associations Europèannes de Football (UEFA)

, 52

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

, 85

United States (US)

, 147, 176, 180, 184, 221–222

United States Soccer Federation (USSF)

, 191–192

United States Women’s National Team (USWNT)

, 191–192, 196–197, 236–237

legal battle for equality

, 195–198

media coverage of

, 243–244

Unofficial championships

, 52

US Men’s National Team (USMNT)

, 195–196

US National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL)

, 7–8

US sport nationalism

breaking Status Quo

, 242–243

media coverage of USWNT

, 243–244

narratives within sport nationalism

, 241–242

(potential) inclusive power of sport nationalism

, 239–240

social identity theory and narratives of sport nationalism

, 240–241

sport nationalism

, 238–239

USWNT

, 236–237

USWNT and professionalisation

, 237

Video analysis

, 118–119

West Asian Football Federation (WAFF)

, 92

Women

, 227

challenges to women in sports

, 86–88

empowerment

, 75–78

footballers

, 37–38

milestones in international championships for

, 52–53

professional sport

, 244

relative inferiority in football cultures

, 5

Women Empowerment Trophy

, 78

Women’s Championship

, 134, 138–139, 141, 160–161

Women’s elite football changing contexts through Foucault

, 118–119

Women’s Elite League, commercialisation and professionalisation of

, 57–59

Women’s Empowerment League (WE League)

, 2, 69, 76, 78

officials

, 77

Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs)

, 76

Women’s football

, 2, 102, 179–180, 184–185, 222–224, 250–251

development of

, 3–5

empirical investigation into professionalisation of

, 53

in England and new age for women’s football and women’s sport

, 206–207

FA’s positioning of

, 20–22

feminist research in

, 117–119

in GCC

, 94

globalisation and football

, 178–179

growing social and economic significance of women’s football

, 176–177

key changes in

, 119–122

past, present and future

, 184–186

professionalisation of women’s football in England

, 132–134

(semi-)professionalisation of

, 5–7

women’s football, globalisation and commercialisation

, 179–180

women’s football in England and new age for

, 206–207

women’s professional football across globe

, 7–9

zones of prestige

, 180–184

Women’s Football Association (WFA)

, 18

Women’s Football Survey

, 51–52

Women’s Football Talent Development plan (1997)

, 19

Women’s Premier League

, 19, 135–136, 167

Women’s professional football

changing contexts

, 119–126

changing times in elite women’s football

, 116–117

feminist research in women’s football

, 117–119

across globe

, 7–9

implications of key changes in women’s football

, 122–126

key changes in women’s football

, 119–122

women’s professional football’s changing contexts

, 119–126

Women’s Professional Soccer (WPS)

, 8, 167, 182–183, 192–193

Women’s sport

, 205–206, 222, 225

women’s football in England and new age for

, 206–207

Women’s Super League (WSL)

, 7–8, 18–21, 132–133, 160–161, 178, 183, 193

champions

, 24

licensing model

, 21

realities and contradictions of

, 22–25

Women’s United Soccer Association (WUSA)

, 8, 182, 192–193

Women’s World Cup (WWC)

, 6, 9, 21–22, 52, 61, 71, 75–76, 150

Work and football commitments

, 140–142

World Championship

, 238–239

World Cup

, 6, 71, 150, 192, 238–239

Yorkshire Building Society (YBS)

, 19–20

Youth categories

, 40

Youth programmes

, 94–95

Zones of prestige

, 180–184