Act of Tolerance

, 54

American Resting Place, The (Yalom)

, 8–9

Anglican

, 27

Anglican/English churchyard model

, 88–89

‘King’s Chapel’

, 46–47

Anglican Book of Common Pray (1662)

, 137

Apotropaic marks

, 68

Archaeologists

, 1–2

‘Archaeology of American Cemeteries and Gravestones’, The (Baugher and Veit)

, 16–17

Avalon Peninsula

, 136

Baltimore City

, 87–88

‘Brick Chapel’

, 87–88

Bristol and London Company

, 43

British burial traditions

, 19–20

protestant reformation effects on

, 37–43

British colonial period

, 32–33

British gravestone in North America

, 59–60

British in seventeenth century Newfoundland

, 108–112

British Isles

, 4–5, 26–27, 32–33

British North America

17th century burial landscapes in

, 77–78

in early seventeenth century

, 43–50

frequency analysis for comparison between regions

, 100

frequency analysis of seventeenth century settlements

, 100

results of analysis

, 99–105

settlement organization in 17th century

, 80–95

seventeenth to eighteenth century British settlements

, 84–85

statistical analysis of burial ground organization

, 95–99

British settlers

, 26–27

British-founded settlements

, 26–27

‘Britishness’ in colonial settlements

, 19–21

Burial Act (1880)

, 44–45

Burial grounds

, 3–4, 8–9, 11–14, 24, 53, 79–80

statistical analysis of burial ground organization

, 95–99

Burial(s)

, 1–2

burial/burying ground

, 26

cemeteries

, 8–9, 24–26

churchyard/graveyard

, 24

interments

, 3

landscapes

, 7–11, 22–24

rites in Britain preceding protestant reformation

, 31–37

site at Ferryland

, 6–7

space organization

, 42–43

terminology

, 22–27

Cadaver tombs

, 35–36

Carved gravestones

, 59–60

Carvers

, 14–15

Carvings

, 14–15

Catholic epitaphs

, 41–42

Catholicism

, 132

Catholics

, 129–130

Cemeteries

, 19–20, 25–26

garden

, 25–26

Chantry chapels

, 33–34

Chapel Field cemetery

, 58–59

‘Chapell’

, 92–93

Christian symbols

, 71

Churchyard

, 24–25, 54

Cláirseach

, 70

‘Coffin-less burial’

, 58–59

Coffins

, 51–52, 55–56

styles and accessibility

, 57–58

Colonial

burial grounds

, 32–33

gravestone carvers

, 14–15

Colonialism

, 3–4

‘Colony of Avalon’

, 87

British and Irish in seventeenth century Newfoundland

, 108–112

evidence of deaths at Ferryland

, 112–114

Guilford, Connecticut

, 122–127

seventeenth century burials at Ferryland

, 114–122

Commemoration

, 33–34

Common Burying Ground

, 91–92

Communal coffin

, 55–56

‘Communion tables’

, 39–40

Conception Bay South

, 136–137

Connecticut

, 88–90, 102–103

Copp’s Hill Burying Ground

, 46–47, 91

Copper pins

, 55

‘Counterreformation ideology’

, 16–17

Cremation

, 36–37

Cupids

, 43, 93–95

Daisy wheel. See Hexfoil

Death

, 1–2, 33–34

evidence at Ferryland

, 112–114

head

, 66–67

‘Dig a Grave both Wide and Deep’ report

, 13–14

Diggers

, 44–45

‘Dissolution of the Monasteries’

, 38

Doctrine of calvinism

, 38–39

East Coast

17th-century burial practices and landscapes on

, 51

gravestones in seventeenth-century Atlantic world

, 59–65

seventeenth-century gravestone iconography

, 65–76

below surface

, 54–59

Ebola

, 130–131

Embalming

, 31–32, 36–37

English churchyard model

, 98

Enthusiasts

, 44–45

European model of ‘grave recycling’

, 131

Excavations

, 56–59

at Ferryland

, 107–108, 121

at Foxtrap

, 136–137

Family plots

, 86–87

Ferryland

, 5–6, 43, 60–61, 109–111

death evidence at

, 112–114

excavations at

, 107–108, 121

gravestones

, 62–63, 65

pool

, 117

seventeenth century burials at

, 114–122

to St. John’s and cupids

, 110

Folk traditions

, 95

Foxtrap, excavations at

, 136–137

Google Earth Pro

, 21–22, 97–99

Granary Burying Ground

, 91

Grave(s)

, 116, 135–136

burial ground

, 92–93

European model of grave recycling

, 131

markers

, 14–18

shafts

, 116

Gravestone(s)

, 14–15, 40, 75–76

in seventeenth-century Atlantic world

, 59–65

of William Paddy

, 64

‘Gravestones of Early New England and the Men who Made Them’ (Forbes)

, 14

Graveyard

, 24–26

theory

, 19–20

Great Awakening

, 16–17

Great Migration (1630s)

, 90–91

Ground penetrating radar (GPR)

, 116, 119–120

Ground-truthing

, 58–59

Guilford, Connecticut

, 122–127

Guilford Green

, 124–126

Hexafoil. See Hexfoil

Hexagonal coffins

, 57–58

Hexfoil

, 68–74

Iceberg

, 6–7

Iconoclasm

, 40–41

Iconography

, 65–76

Inscribed gravestones

, 59–60

Irish

settlers

, 26–27

in seventeenth century Newfoundland

, 108–112

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum

, 91

Jamestown

, 43, 81–86

gravestones

, 65

ledger

, 63–64

John Coney stone

, 73–74

John Guy’s Cupids Plantation

, 93–94

JR102C individual

, 56–57

King’s Chapel Burying Ground

, 45–46

Landscape

, 1–2, 7–8

archaeology theory

, 53

Lydia Broun stone

, 73–74

‘Marking grave’

, 8–9

Massachusetts Bay Company

, 43–45, 90–93, 102

‘Meeting House Yard’

, 88–89

Memento mori motifs

, 66–67

Menunkatucket

, 123

Microsoft Excel

, 21–22

Monastic communities

, 38

Monumental brasses

, 41–42

Monuments

, 35

Morbid space

, 7–8

Muggletonians

, 44–45

Nails

, 57–58

New England gravestone art

, 14

Newfoundland Company

, 5, 20, 43, 51–52, 60–61

Parish coffin

, 55–56

‘Percy’ individual

, 56–57

‘Pilgrims’

, 44–45

Plymouth Colony

, 90–91

Plymouth plantation

, 44–45

Poole Plantation

, 113–114

Popham Colony

, 92–93

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF)

, 61–62

Pre-Reformation monuments and gravestones

, 35

Preiconography gravestones

, 64–65

Protective marks in mortuary context

, 68–76

Protestant

, 27

Protestant reformation

, 129

on British burial tradition

, 37–43

British North America in early seventeenth century

, 43–50

burial rites in Britain preceding protestant reformation

, 31–37

effects

, 31–32

Protestantism

, 19–20, 49, 78–79

Purgatory concept

, 33–34, 38–39

Puritanism

, 16–17, 45–48

Puritans

, 15–16, 27, 38–39, 42, 44–45, 129–130

gravestones

, 63–64

Quaker(s)

, 15–16, 26, 44–45

gravestones

, 63–64

Reform Act (1832)

, 54

Rhode Island

, 90

Romano–British gravestones

, 69

Rooms Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador

, 70

Round-end graves

, 58–59

Rural cemetery

, 25–26

Rural garden cemetery

, 25–26

Seekers

, 44–45

Settlement

organization in 17th century

, 80–95

planning

, 47–48

Seventeenth century

burials at Ferryland

, 114–122

settlers

, 133

Shrouds

, 55

‘Six-feet-under’ phrase

, 58–59

Six-sided cross

, 69

Sleeping chamber (koimeterion)

, 25–26

Statistical analysis

, 10, 77–78

of burial ground organization

, 95–99

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

, 21–22

Thomas Smith stone

, 73–74

‘Thunder mark’

, 69–70

Trenches

, 116–121

Vandalism theory

, 62–63

Virginia Company

, 20–21, 43–44

‘Virginia’

, 43, 81–86

Whorl or pinwheel design

, 68

Winged skull. See Death—head

Witch hex. See Hexfoil

Wound shroud

, 55

Yorktown

, 81–87