Inventory and Morphological Characterization of Durian (Durio Zibethinus ) in Langkahan and Sawang Sub-District of North Aceh Indonesia
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this study was to invent morphological North Aceh durian data as germplasm information.
Methodology – The research was conducted at Langkahan and Sawang, North Aceh Region, from March to August 2014. The material used was the durian plant that should be 20 years and preferred by the local community. Exploration as the first step of experiment was done by purposive sampling. Identification was done on the source of durian germplasm. The source of durian germplasm as the experimental object was observed for its growth and morphology. Data analysis for morphological characteristics was done by using NTSYSpc (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis) NTSYSpc versi 2.02.
Originality – The results showed that there were 25 accessions superior durian in Langkahan and 26 accessions superior durian in Sawang. They had different characters in the vegetative parts of the plant. The durian coefficient value of similarity in Langkahan ranged from 0.33 to 0.94, while in Sawang, it ranged from 0.24 to 0.86. The diversity of the morphological character in superior durian of Langkahan and Sawang was seen from the qualitative character (surface and color of bark, crown shape, top surface color of leaves, and leaf shape) and quantitative character (plant height, stem diameter, crown diameter, length, width, and leaf area).
Keywords
Citation
Selvy Handayani, R. and Ismadi, (2018), "Inventory and Morphological Characterization of Durian (
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018, Selvy Handayani, Ismadi.
License
The research was funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia through a Hibah Bersaing Grant program in 2014.
1. Introduction
Durian is the top commodity of fruit sub-sector in Aceh province (Bank Indonesia Aceh and LPPM Unimal, 2012), so it has a great profit opportunity to durian farming. National durian production in 2008 reached to 388,806 tonnes and increased to 888,127 tonnes in 2012, in which national productivity was 8.09 tonnes/ha. Now a days Indonesia’s export value of durian is with a total amount of only 2,929 kg or US$ 4,511, while the import value is higher than export value such 20,638,608 kg or US$ 30,022,830 (Deptan, 2012).
Different types of durian fruit from Aceh apparently have diversity of properties, such as morphology and fruit quality. This difference included that fruit and plant give specifically unique properties. It enriches durian fruit collection of Aceh durian. There are approximately many species of plants that have not been discovered and cultivated.
Those recent days, there is no research related to exploration and mapping production of durian production area. Beside that the inventory of durian morphology and molecular characterization is not done yet. Furthermore information can be used to know superior properties of these plants.
Exploration is needed to enrich genetic diversity of a germplasm collection. Enrichment of germplasm collection is lied down on collection of genetic diversity and intensity of accessing durian. For example, high population diversity is occurred in crops pollinated durian. So that sampling of durian is directed to generate the superior durian in sampling region.
Sources of germplasm obtained from the exploration stage are used for identifying the plant. Identification of plant is the activity of characterizing the durian plant properties. Initial identification could be done based on morphological properties of plant (Swasti, 2007). Plant identification based on morphological markers was used specially as initial information of genetical diversity of plant. Identification according morphological characterization was also important to be done, as plant diversity not only depends on genetic variation but also morphology variation (Campos et al., 2005).
This research will discuss about morphological properties of Aceh durian plant through exploration and identification of durian plant. The aim of this research is to gain North Aceh durian phenotype characteristics which have high potential of quality. The research is expected to exhibit the potential of Aceh durian and as the basic information for protecting Aceh durian from the thread.
2. Methodology
2.1. Time and place
The experiment was aimed to analyze the characterization of Aceh Durian. This experiment was conducted at Sawang, Langkahan, Buluh Blang Ara, and Paya Bakung District, North Aceh region. This experiment was also done at Agroekoteknologi Laboratory Agriculture Faculty Malikussaleh University from March to December 2014.
2.2. Material and tools
The material used was the durian plant that should be 25 years and preferred by local community. The equipments of this research were measurement tools, vernier calipers, and haga altimeter.
2.3. Procedures
The procedure of this research consists of exploration and identification of durian characteristics. Exploration as the first step of experiment was done by purposive sampling. Purposive sampling was carried out by measurement and observation on to durian plant in which the data were primary data. While the secondary data were obtained by interviewing to the owner of durian and agriculture department. Identification was done on source of durian germplasm. The source of durian germplasm as the experimental object was observed for its growth and morphology.
2.4. Data analysis
Data analysis for morphological characteristics was done by using NTSYSpc (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis) NTSYSpc versi 2.02 (Rohlf, 1998). Each characteristic was divided into sub-characteristics which shows the difference. The difference would be altered to binary data. Significant sub-characteristics would be marked as 1 and non-significant sub-characteristic would be marked as 0. Furthermore, the data were grouped using cluster analysis with SHAN method in NTSYSpc program 2.02 version.
2.5. Observation
The result of plant exploration was characterized initially by its properties, such as plant age, plant source, plant height, stem radian, crown width, plant shape, and plant branching. Furthermore, another property of plant was branch location, stem color, stem condition, and stem shape. Characteristics of leaf were also observed through leaf location, leaf color, leaf edge, leaf surface, color of top leaf surface, color of bottom leaf surface, and leaf position.
3. Result and discussion
The exploration result at Langkahan and Sawang sub-districts showed many types of Durian accessions which were favored by people. The inventarization and characterization activities of durian plant had been done at several villages in Langkahan and Sawang. Superior durian trees obtained from the exploration consist of 25 accessions in Langkahan and 26 accessions in Sawang. The morphological characteristics of the trunk and the crown of superior durian tree in Langkahan and Sawang sub-districts of North Aceh are presented in Table 1 while the morphological characteristics of the superior durian leaf in Langkahan and Sawang sub-districts of North Aceh are presented in Table 2.
Character of Trunks and Crowns of the Superior Durian in Langkahan and Sawang Sub-Districts of North Aceh District
| Amount/Range | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Character | Sub-Character | Langkahan (25 Accessions) | Sawang (26 Accessions) | |
| 1 | Tree height (m) | – | 22.58–48.38 | 15.26–50.23 | |
| 2 | Trunk circumference (m) | – | 1.67–3.80 | 7.60–3.20 | |
| 3 | Number of branches | – | 11.00–16.00 | 5.00–25.00 | |
| 4 | Trunk shape | Circle | 25.00 | 26.00 | |
| 5 | Trunk surface | Slightly rough | 4.00 | 1.00 | |
| Rough | 14.00 | 16.00 | |||
| Very rough | 7.00 | 9.00 | |||
| 6 | Trunk color | Brown | 6.00 | 7.00 | |
| Gray | 8.00 | 9.00 | |||
| Grayish brown | 11.00 | 10.00 | |||
| 7 | Crown diameter (m) | – | 11.00–22.00 | 10.00–26.00 | |
| 8 | Crown shape | Pyramidal | 5.00 | 6.00 | |
| Semicircular | 11.00 | 2.00 | |||
| Oblong | 4.00 | 6.00 | |||
| Irregular | 2.00 | 12.00 | |||
| 9 | Branching pattern | Horizontal | 14.00 | 8.00 | |
| Upright | 8.00 | 14.00 | |||
| Irregular | 3.00 | 4.00 | |||
Leaves of Superior Durian Trees in Langkahan and Sawang Sub-districts of North Aceh
| Amount/Range | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Character | Sub-Character | Langkahan (25 Accessions) | Sawang (26 Accessions) | |
| 1 | Leaves length (cm) | – | 11.20–17.00 | 7.00–14.05 | |
| 2 | Leaves width (cm) | – | 3.00–6.50 | 2.80–4.60 | |
| 3 | Color of upper surface | Green | 11.00 | 19.00 | |
| Dark green | 14.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Light green | 0 | 6.00 | |||
| 4 | Color of lower surface | Golden | 25.00 | 26.00 | |
| 5 | Leaves shape | Oval | 9.00 | 7.00 | |
| Elliptic | 16.00 | 19.00 | |||
| 6 | Leaves area (cm2) | – | 40.27–76.04 | 20.64–66.71 | |
Table 1 shows that the accessions of durian tree height range from 15.26 to 50.23 m. This is due to the difference in the durian tree life where it was not planted simultaneously (20–135 years). The difference in plant height is also influenced by environmental factors such as sunlight. Durian trees in Langkahan and Sawang sub-district were not planted in monoculture but were mostly planted in polyculture. Furthermore, the planting of the tree does not have the right spacing. Those problems cause the durian trees to be shaded and, therefore, their growth will be prolonged due to the influence of etiolation. Durian trees can grow approximately up to 200 years, and the durian trunks will continue to grow to the limit of his life. Durian tree height ranges from 20 to 83 m, although it can even reach 50 m (Wiryanta, 2010).
The characters of the trunk and crown also show differences in the qualitative data such as surface of the trunk, color of the trunk, crown shape, and branching patterns. These indicate that there are differences in morphological properties of plantation in the two sub-districts. The surface and the color of the trunks have differences due to the age and origin of the different plant seeds. The seeds of durian trees came from different tree types and the elders are often unknown.
Other differences are seen in the top surface color of the leaves and the leaves shape (Table 2). The color of the top surface of durian trees of Langkahan is green and dark green, while in Sawang, green are more dominant than light green and dark green. The leaves color of a plant species may change according to its growing state and is closely related to water and food supplies and irradiation (Tjitrosoepomo, 2005). The bottom side of the durian tree leaves has a different color from its top surface where it was predominantly green. The color of the bottom surface durian leaves in both sub-districts is golden.
From the observation of vegetative parts of durian, both qualitatively and quantitatively showed a high degree of diversity. In addition to that, the visual observation of the leaves showed that there was a diversity but it was not very significant than the quantitative observations. However, the description of the observations alone was not sufficient to prove the degree of similarity between trees in general or in particular. Therefore, the level of plant similarity needs to be tested using the analytical method.
Clustering analysis is a useful statistical technique to classify objects or variables into groups where each object or variable is formed adjacent. Clustering analysis can group all data to form a dendogram. The similarity relation is higher when the value of similarity is close to number 1. The value of similarity index or equality index is used to compare the similarities found between one sample with another. If the value is close to 0.0 (0%), then the similarity level is low and if the value is close to 1.00 (100%), then the similarity of the community between samples is high (Khanna, 2015).
The amounts of the diversity of superior durian trees obtained in Langkahan sub-district are 25 accessions and in Sawang are 26 accessions. Accession classification of durian trees can be done based on the morphological nature of the vegetative part of the plant in both sub-districts. Dendrograms that describe the coefficient of similarity of superior durian trees in Langkahan and Sawang are presented in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1 shows that the durian trees in Langkahan sub-district have a high diversity level. At the similarity level of 0.33 (33%), the Langkahan durian tree was divided into two clusters. The first cluster consisted of 7 accessions and the second cluster with 18 accessions.
The similarity of the plant was said to be low if the coefficient value of the similarity was less than 0.6 (60%), otherwise the similarity was said to be high if the similarity coefficient value approaches above 0.6 (60%) or approaches number 1.00 (100%) (Cahyarini et al., 2004). At the value of similarity coefficient 0.6, the superior durian plant of Langkahan was divided into many clusters which were 12. Trees that had the highest similarity value of 0.94 (94%) are RR01 and SR03 accession. Trees with the lowest similarity were accessions of AD01, BL01, and AD06.
Figure 2 shows that durian plants in Sawang sub-district had high diversity level. At the similarity level of 0.24 (24%), Langkahan durian tree was divided into two clusters. The first cluster consists of 19 accessions and the second cluster was with 5 accessions. At the value of similarity coefficient of 0.6, Sawang durian was divided into many clusters which were 15. There were some trees that had the highest similarity with the level of 0.86 (86%) which are BK02 with RS02, CG02 with RS01, RS03 with RS05, PT02 with AL01, LD02 with AL05, and LD04 with RS04. Plants with the lowest similarity were accessions of AD01, BL01, and AD06.
Differences in the degree of similarity and dissimilarity of plants are due to morphological differences between the accessions qualitative and quantitative. Differences in morphological characters among durian trees are also influenced by genetic and environment. Plants need a certain environmental state that is the optimum environment conditions to express its genetic completely (Sitompul and Guritno, 1995).
The weakness of morphology marker is influenced by the development of plant and environmental development. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish the observed genotype, because it looks the same morphologically, although the genotypes are actually different. This is due to the covering of the recessive characters by the dominant characters (Bakhtiar, 2002).
Morphological characterization is considered less accurate because it is influenced by plant growth stage and environmental factors. However, morphological characterization is still needed as an early stage to find the genetic diversity of plants and to complete the results of biochemical and molecular analyzes. Morphological characterization is also important, since the morphological diversity in certain plants often does not depend on its genetic diversity. This can be seen from the low cofenetic correlations between morphological and molecular dendrograms (Koehler-Santos et al., 2003; Campos et al., 2005).
High diversity can be analyzed through both qualitative and quantitative characters (Pangestu et al., 2014). The high level of diversity of durian tree is due to the presence of self-incompatibility in it, so that the cross-pollination character is very strong (Bumrungsri et al., 2009; Indriyani et al., 2012). The low level of plant similarity indicates that the plant group has a high diversity that represents a large genetic distance. The large genetic distance indicates that the kinship relationship has quite a distance (Siregar and Olivia 2012). The lower the value of similarity (the longer the distance level) indicates the fewer similarities between the variables which means the kinship is further (Wahyudi, 2007) and vice versa.
The analyses of plant kinship relationship through morphological properties play a big role in plant development. Furthermore, it can also be used in applied fields such as plant breeding (Ihsan et al., 2012; Hadi et al., 2014), tissue culture (Lizawati et al., 2012; Zulkarnain et al., 2013), and the research source of alternative food crops. The increasing amount of genetic resources strongly support the plant breeding attempts (Lestari et al., 2016), so that the development and preservation of crops can be done.
4. Conclusion
- (1)
The number of superior durians was 25 accessions (Langkahan) and 26 accessions (Sawang).
- (2)
The durian coefficient value of similarity in Langkahan ranged from 0.33 to 0.94, while in Sawang, it ranged from 0.24 to 0.86.
- (3)
The diversity of morphological character in superior durian of Langkahan and Sawang was seen from the qualitative character (surface and color of bark, crown shape, top surface color of leaves, and leaf shape) and quantitative character (plant height, stem diameter, crown diameter, length, width, and leaf area).
References
Bakhtiar. (2002). Analisis keragaman genetik gladiol dengan penanda RAPD dan evaluasi ketahanan turunan dari beberapa kombinasi silangan terhadap Fusarium. Graduate School Thesis, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia.
Bank Indonesia Aceh, LPPM Unimal. (2012). Penelitian pengembangan komoditas/produk/ jenis usaha (KPJu) unggulan usaha mikro dan menengah (UMKM) Provinsi Aceh. BI Aceh dan LPPM Unimal, Indonesia.
Bumrungsri, S., Sripaoraya, E., Chongsiri, T., Sridith, K., Racey, P.A. (2009). “The pollination ecology of durian (Durio zibethinus, Bombacaceae) in Southern Thailand”. J. Tropical Ecology. Vol.25, pp. 85–92.
Cahyarini, R.D., Yunus, A. and Purwanto, E. (2004). “Identifikasi Keragaman Genetik Beberapa Varietas Lokal Kedelai di Jawa Berdasarkan Analisis Isozim Agrosains”. Agrosains, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 79–83.
Campos, E.T., Espinosa, M.A.G., Warburton, M.L., Varela, A.S. and Monter, A.V. (2005). “Characterization of mandarain (Citrus spp.) using morphological and AFLP markers”. Intersciencia, Vol. 11, pp. 687–692.
Deptan. (2012). Pertanian. Available: http://hortikultura.deptan.go.id/? q=node/327 [accessed 12 March 2013].
Hadi, S.K., Purnamaningsih, L.S. and Ashari S. (2014). “Keragaman dan pendugaan nilai kemiripan 18 tanaman durian hasil persilangan Durio Zibethinus dan Durio Kutejensis”. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 80–85.
Ihsan, F., Sukarmin and Koswara, E. (2012). “Teknik persilangan durian untuk perakitan varietas unggul baru”. Buletin Teknik Pertanian, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 14–17.
Indriyani, N.L.P., Hadiati, I., Nasution, S., Sudjijo, E. and Irawati, Y. (2012). “Maternal and Paternal Effect on the Characters of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Fruit from Cross-pollination”. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 23–33.
Koehler-Santos, P., Dornelles, A.L.C., de Freitas, L.B. (2003). “Characterization of mandarin citrus germplasm from Southern Brazil by morphological and molecular analyses”. Pesq. agropec. bras. Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 797–806.
Khanna, P. (2015). Keragaman Genetik Menggunakan Marka Molekuler Random Amplified Polymhorpic DNA (RAPD) dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) di Jawa Barat. Graduate School Thesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor Indonesia
Lestari, P., Wikan, D., Rosdianti, I. and Sabran, M. (2016). “Morphological Variability of Indonesian Rice Germplasm and the Associated SNP Markers”. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 660–670.
Lizawati, Neliyati and Desfira, R. (2012). “Induksi kalus eksplan daun Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr. cv. Selat Jambi) pada beberapa kombinasi 2,4-D dan BAP”. Bioplantae. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23–29.
Pangestu, H.F., Azis, S.A. and Sukma, D. (2014). “Karakterisasi morfologi anggrek Phalaenopsis Hibrida”. Jurnal Hortikultura (Indonesia), Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 29–35.
Rohlf, F.J. (1998). User Guide of NTSYSpc Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System. Department of Ecology and Evolution State University of New York. New York.
Siregar, U.J. and Olivia, R.D. (2012). “Keragaman Genetik Populasi Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) pada Hutan Rakyat di Jawa Berdasarkan Penanda RAPD”. Jurnal Sivikultur Tropika, Vol. 3, pp. 130–136.
Sitompul, S.M. and Guritno, B. (1995). Analisis Pertumbuhan Tanaman. Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Swasti, E. (2007). Pengantar Pemuliaan Tanaman. Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Andalas, Indonesia.
Tjitrosoepomo, G. (2005). Morfologi Tumbuhan. Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Wahyudi, A.J. (2007). “Memperkenalkan cluster Analisis of variables malam minitab 11.12 untuk Kajian Filogeni suku-suku Krustaseae (Brachyura)”. Jurnal Oseana, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 21–36.
Wiryanta, B.T.W.. (2010). Panen Durian di Perkarangan Rumah. PT. Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
Zulkarnain, Neliyatiand, Lizawati. (2013). “Callus Proliferation from Immature Leaf Explants of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr. cv. Selat) with the Addition of Picloram and BAP”. Journal of Horticulture (Indonesia), Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 107–114.
Corresponding author
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Acknowledgement I
- Acknowledgement II
- The Effect of Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in BNI in the Working Area of Bank Indonesia Lhokseumawe
- The Effect of Work Motivation on the Employee Performance with Organization Citizenship Behavior as Intervening Variable at Bank Aceh Syariah
- Life-Cycle Performance of a Bridge Subjected to Multiple Heavy Vehicle Impacts
- The Efforts of Improving the Professionalism of Lecturers towards the Presentation and Change of KKNI within the University Environment in Aceh
- Morphological Process of Devayan: An Analysis of Morphological Tipology
- Effect of Freight Transportation for Regional Development in the North Zone of Aceh
- The Roles of Digital Democracy on Political Education for Young Generation
- Disorders of Sex Development: Ambiguous Genitalia and Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- Difference Analysis of the Autonomy of Extended Regencies in Aceh Province Indonesia
- An analysis of Service Quality on Mustahiq Satification using the Kano Model (Case Study on Baitul Mal)
- Exploration and Morphological Characterization of Vegetative Part of Avocado at Bebesan Subdistrict Central Aceh District, Indonesia
- Poverty Effectiveness for the Maisir (Contest) in the City of Indonesian Aceh Province
- Measurement of Study Productivity and Evaluation Analysis by using the American Productivity Center (APC) Model at a Palm Oil Factory (Pks PT. Syaukath Sejahtera)
- The Development of an Independent Entrepreneurship Model Through Creative Economy for Women in Lhokseumawe City
- Regionalism of Aceh’s Traditional Architecture at Bujang Salim Mosque at Krueng Geeukeuh, Aceh
- High Growth and Diameter of the Stem of Corn Plants (Zea May, S) with a Different Cropping Pattern
- Influence of Manufacture of Textiles, Clothing, and Leather and Manufacture of Paper, Printing, and Publishing on Economic Growth
- Land Erodibility and Land use Directions in Krueng Seulimum Watershed Aceh Province
- The Effect of Fermentation of the Peel of Arabica Coffee with Win Prob Probiotics on Crude Fiber Content and Fiber Fraction
- Teaching English International Lingua Franca (ELF) in ASEAN Economic Community Context: Teachers and Students Perspectives
- Animation as a Creative Industry: A Strategy to Build Creativity and Independence of Youth in Padang, West Sumatra
- Improving Production of Liquid Smoke from Candlenut Shell by Pyrolisis Process
- Interpersonal Communication of Commercial Sex Workers Transaction with Customers in Syariah Law Area in Indonesia
- Macrozoobentos Diversity Index as a Bioindicator in Krueng Cunda River to Support the Success of the Shrimp Agribusniness at Lhokseumawe City, Aceh
- The Examination Model of Aceh Commodity Export Firms’ Performance
- The Role of Fishing Techniques with Tuah Teng on Food Security in Facing the Asean Economic Community
- Reconstruction of Aceh Cultural Identity in the Discourse of Aceh Language Lesson Books in Elementary School
- The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate (Msg) Administration to Pyramidal Cells Necrosis on Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
- Personal Construct Experience of Tionghoa Community in Aceh Reality
- Study of Mineralogy Composition, Total, and Exchangable Content of K, Ca, and Mg of Volcanic Ash from Sinabung Mountain Eruption in North Sumatera, Indonesia
- The Role of Law in Economic Development: To Develop a Special Economic Zone in Order to Build a National and Regional Economy
- Model Corporate Social Responsibility Based on Local Wisdom in West Aceh Regency
- Recurrence of Intravenous Leiomyomatosis: A Rare Cause of the Obstruction of the Right Heart
- Single Mother Role in The Success of Their Children (Phenomenological Study of Single Women in Makassar City)
- Optimal Lot-Sizing Algorithms on Stochastic Demand at the Retailer
- Predict Environmental Conditions Using Groundwater Interpretation in Subdistrict Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera
- Public Discovery of the Concept of Time Value ofMoney with Economic Value of Time
- Study on Impact Strength Against Welding Smaw on Hardening Steel AISI 1050
- What is the Determinant of Non-Performing Financing in Branch Sharia Regional Bank in Indonesia
- Spatial Stochastic Modeling of Adolescent and Under-Five Children Nutritional Status: A Case Study from Aceh, Sumatera Island, Indonesia
- Religious Tourism: Concept of Community-Based TourisminAceh Singkil, Indonesia
- The Contribution of Revenue and Consumption Cost of Soybean Farmers in Muara Batu Subdistrict Aceh Utara
- The Composition of Women Parliament Members Presence in Local Parliament in Aceh (A Case Study at Provincial Parliament of Aceh Province During the Period of 2014 to 2019)
- Personal Branding Tri Rismaharini the Provision in Media
- Analysis of Factors Affecting the Poverty Level of Farmers Post-Tsunami in Aceh
- Dimension of an Islamic Model Value on the Existence of Syariah Walmart
- Batik Jambi Promotion Based on Social Media in Asean Economics Community
- Islamic Banks in Indonesia: Analysis of Efficiency
- Design of Information Monitoring System Flood Based Internet of Things (IoT)
- Economic Development and Access to Fish Resources: A Review Sociology on Fisherman’s Production Access in Kuala Langsa, Aceh
- Dynamics and Prospect of Wali Nanggroe Institution Post-Conflict in Aceh: Analysis of Policy and Educational Development
- Learning Management of Bahasa in Senior High Schools
- The Difference in the Antimicrobial effect of Katuk Leaf Extract (Sauropus Androgynus (l.) Merr.) Concentration against Escherichia Coli
- City Branding of Denpasar City as a Creative City Through the Denpasar Festival Event
- Semantics Equivalence of Cultural Terms of Meurukon Texts Translated from Acehnese into Indonesian
- Preparation of Activated Carbon From Banana (Musa acuminate L.) peels for Carbon Monoxide Adsorption
- Thermal Behavior of Modified Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Synthesized from Sago (Metroxylon Sagu) with Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate and Castor Oil
- Typhoid Fever Profiles at Cut Meutia Hospital, North Aceh, Indonesia, in 2016-2017
- Student Radicalism Ideology Prevention Strategy: A Study at an Islamic Boarding School in Jabal Nur, North Aceh, Indonesia
- Implementation of Task-Based Learning for Non-English Students: A Practice in Malikussaleh University
- Design of Wild Animal Detection and Rescue System with Passive Infrared and Ultrasonic Sensor based Microcontroller
- Policy of Educational Budget Aceh Regency
- Foreign Direct Investment Inflow into Aceh province of Indonesia After a Peace Agreement
- Design of Web Based Fire Warning System Using Ethernet Wiznet W5500
- Sari Cincau Ngrayun Equals with Modern Ready-to-Drink Beverage
- The Status of Conservation of Mangroves in the Krueng Reuleng River Area, Leupung, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia
- Analysis of Understanding the Level of Vibration and the Wave Concept with a Demonstration Method for Students in SMAN 1 Peureulak, Aceh
- Screening of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gore-Sorber Method for Predicting Hydrocarbon Generation
- Incorporating Peace Education into Aqidah Akhlak Subject in East Aceh
- Learning Motivation of Peripheral University Students and its Relation with their English Grades
- Thermal Cracking of Low Temperature Conversion on Low Density Polyethylene Plastic Waste for Liquid Hydrocarbon
- Correlation of Lead and Zinc Contents in Sediments And Faunus Ater Against Faunus Ater Density in Reuleung River, Leupung, Aceh Besar
- The Correlation between Stress Level and Degree of Depression in the Elderly at a Nursing Home in Lhokseumawe in the Year 2017
- Effect of Palm Oil Bunches Microfiller on LDPE-recycled Composite Tensile Strength through Melt Blending Process
- CSR and Profitability in IDX Agricultural Subsectors
- The Crown Witness and the Protection of Human Rights in Criminal Law Verification
- Design and Implementation of SCADA Wireless Communication System for Monitoring the Performance of Microhydro Power Plant Based on Protocol AX.25
- Production of Lipid Biomass in Locally Isolated Microalga Cultivated in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
- An Analysis and Design of a Virtual Collaboration Information System of the Jamu Supply Chain Network Based on a Fair Adaptive Contract
- Adsorption of Manganese (II) Ion in the Water Phase by Citric Acid Activated Carbon of Rice Husk
- Eco-informatics: The Encouragement of Ecological Data Management
- Challenges in Designing ESP Course for First Year Students of Engineering Faculty at Malikussaleh University
- Isotherm and Kinetics of Cd(II) Adsorption by Durian (Durio zibethinus) seed Immobilized into Ca-alginate
- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Learning on Student’s Science Process Skills and Science Attitudes
- Effect of Perception of Facilities, Intensity of Conduct, and Satisfaction of Tax Payers to Submission of Letter by E-Filing Notice on Tax Service
- Aceh: Conflict Development after the Helsinki Agreement
- The Discretionary Accrual in the Financial Statement of a Public Company in Indonesia: A Literature Review
- Inventory and Morphological Characterization of Durian (Durio Zibethinus) in Langkahan and Sawang Sub-District of North Aceh Indonesia
- Model of Sustainable Electrical Power Management: Lamp Efficacy of the National Street Lighting in North Sumatera Province
- Hamming Index for Some Classes of Graphs with Respect to Edge-Vertex Incidence Matrix
- Electrical Automation of Solar Cell-Based Arduino Uno With 16 × LCD Display
- Concept Designs of Patient Information Security Using e-Health Sensor Shield Platform on Blockchain Infrastructure