All-female groups
, 16, 35, 36, 37, 47, 62, 89, 109
Amateur
, 22, 28, 32, 33, 34
Appearance
, 12, 18, 54, 84, 94, 98
Bass guitar
, 10, 13, 15, 23, 70, 71, 75
Boys
, 6, 11, 17, 28, 66, 67, 68, 70
Boundaries
Social
, 82, 83
Symbolic
, 80, 81–82
Brazil
, 22, 23, 37, 38, 43, 58, 60, 104
Career
, 5, 9, 21, 23, 33, 34, 79, 111, 113
Children
, 6, 12, 17, 34, 66, 67, 68
Classification (see also Gender classification)
Covers (see Vocal covers)
Cultural
Capital
, 11, 20
Subcultural capital
, 17, 20, 32n1, 33, 51, 52
Embeddedness
, 85–88
Fit
, 85, 87, 98
Dominance
Numerical
, 80
Symbolic
, 80, 82
Double-edged sword
, 5, 18, 20, 23, 54, 62, 77, 79, 117
Drums
, 10, 11, 13, 14, 23, 35, 52, 65, 66, 71, 73, 74, 75, 80, 84, 92, 105, 114, 117
Encyclopaedia Metallum
, xvi, xix, 19, 111
Ethnicity (see also Race)
Facebook (see Social media)
Family
, 6, 12, 17, 34, 67
Femininity
Emphasised femininity
, 7, 20
Pop femininity
, 11, 20
Female-fronted (i.e. male-backed)
, 31, 73
Gaze
Erotic gaze
, 84
Female gaze
, 90
Male gaze
, 18, 83, 84, 90, 94, 95
Romantic gaze
, 18
Gender(ed)
Blind ideology
, 91
Classification
, 31
Doing gender
, 7, 11, 17, 68, 87, 89, 93, 109
Evaluating gender
, 5–10
Expectations (see gender roles)
Ideologies
, 54
Instrumentation
, 65, 72, 76
Learning gender (also see gendered socialization)
Overrepresentation
, 22
Roles
, 6, 13, 18, 84
Socialisation
, 7
Status
, 8, 12, 20, 71, 83
Status beliefs
, 7, 8, 12, 20, 68, 71, 83
Trans
, 107
Underrepresentation
, 15
Genre
Conventions
, 29, 52, 73, 87, 104
Rules (see Genre conventions)
Subgenres (see Metal subgenres)
Girls
, 3, 6, 11, 12, 52, 62, 65, 67, 68, 87, 109
Globalisation
, 37, 38, 39, 40
Glocalization
, 38, 39, 40, 41–45, 105
Guitar
, 10, 11, 13, 52, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 105, 110, 117
Hard rock (see Heavy metal)
Identity
Collective identity
, 33
Interviews (see Qualitative research)
Instrument
Stereotyping
, 11, 20, 67, 109
Instruments store
, 11, 67
Keyboards
, 13, 23, 52, 66, 71, 75, 114
Longitudinal comparison
, 8
Magazines
Guitar World
, 68
Kerrang!
, 16
Loudwire
, 16
Revolver
, 89
Rolling Stone
, 16
She Shreds
, 68, 109
Marketing (see Promotion)
Marking (see Social marking)
Masculinity
Masculine culture
, 42
Hegemonic masculinity
, 7, 17, 20, 52
Index (Hofstede’s Masculinity Index)
, 42
Rock masculinity
, 11, 20
Media
, 6, 11, 17, 37, 38, 39, 40, 89, 104
Metal Archives (see Encyclopaedia Metallum)
Metal subgenres
Black metal
, 22, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 89, 95, 97, 98, 98, 107, 116
Crossover metal
, 56, 97, 98
Death metal
, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 77, 82, 84, 89, 95, 97, 98, 98, 114
Extreme metal
, 15, 21, 35, 49, 50, 52, 53, 77, 108, 115
Heavy metal
, 9, 13, 29, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 50, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 92, 97, 98, 104, 105, 112, 114
Gothic metal
, 15, 22, 23, 45, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 73, 75, 83, 90, 97, 98, 105
Grindcore
, 49, 50, 54, 56, 97, 98
J-metal (Japan metal)
, 45
Metalcore
, 56, 97, 98, 114
Numetal
, 111
Power metal
, 23, 56, 60, 61, 98, 98, 105
Progressive metal
, 56, 60, 61, 75, 97, 98
Speed metal
, 35, 114
Thrash metal
, 22, 30, 35, 36, 47, 49, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 75, 95, 96, 98, 98, 105, 114
Musical career (see Career)
Netherlands (the)
, 9, 23, 44, 45, 58, 59, 60, 61, 93, 117
Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC)
, 49
Performance
Expectations
, 12, (see also gender role expectations)
Live performance (see concerts)
Pop music
Teen pop
, 9
K-pop (Korean pop)
, 9
Privilege
Male privilege
, 8
Professional
, 22, 33, 34, 77
Quantitative research
, 106, 111
Race
, 21, 28, 91, 107, 108, 117, (see also Ethnicity)
Recognition
, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 22, 24, 28, 32, 33, 63, 80, 82, 88, 92, 95–101, 106, 107
Record label (see Music industry)
Record store (see Music store)
Relationships
, 57, 96, 97
Rock music
Psychedelic rock
, 9
Rock ‘n’ roll
, 13
Hardrock (see Heavy metal)
Russia
, 22, 23, 38, 42, 44, 58, 59, 60, 61, 105
Segregation
, 8, 65, 66–71, 72, 73, 107, (see also Sex segregation)
Sex
Eroticism
, 18, 84, 94
Objects
, 18
Segregation (Horizontal)
, 65, 66–69
Segregation (Vertical)
, 66, 69–71
Sexism
, 14, 31, 92, 95, 103, 108
Sexuality
Heterosexuality
, 11
Sexualization
Hyper-sexualization
, 89
Skills
, 8, 11, 18, 54, 80, 83, 85, 87, 91, 106, 108
Social marking
, 61–63, 80–82, 83
Statistics (see Quantitative research)
Stereotypes
, 6, 11, 12, 30, 65, 66–69
Structural embeddedness
, 5, 85–88, 95
Sweden
, 22, 42, 43, 58, 59, 61, 104
Tokenism
, 5, 20, 80, 82–85, 88, 95, 98
Twitter (see Social media)
United Kingdom
, 22, 37, 45, 76, 104, 117
United States
, 9, 22, 37, 45, 58, 59, 60, 77, 104, 116, 117
Vocals
Clean/operatic
, 15, 30, 76, 117
Guttural/growling/screaming
, 13, 15, 18, 30, 52, 61, 73, 77, 82, 84, 88, 93, 115, 117
Violin
, 11, 52, 66, 71, 114
Visibility (see also Invisibility)
YouTube, xvi
, 21, 89, 91, 108, 115