Index
ISBN: 978-1-78714-480-4, eISBN: 978-1-78714-479-8
Publication date: 8 November 2017
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Citation
(2017), "Index", Fée, D. and Kober-Smith, A. (Ed.) Inequalities in the UK, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-479-820171031
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Affordable housing
, 186–188, 194–197
After housing costs (AHC)
, 25–26, 143, 308
‘Anglosphere’ countries
, 29
Anti-poverty strategies in Wales
, 328–331
Archipelago economy
, 66
Aristotelian legalistic approach
, 171
Asylum policy
, 253
Asylum seeker
, 252–265
‘At-risk-of-poverty’ rate
, 139, 141
Attainment gap
, 206, 207
Atypical employment
, 326
Austerity
, 72, 106, 142–143, 156, 158, 182, 189, 197–198, 234, 252–253, 262, 288, 354
policies
, 73, 217–228, 234, 314
reinforcing gender divide
, 239–240
Banking system contraction
, 187
Bedroom tax
, 263
Before housing costs (BHC)
, 25–26
Behaviour patterns, changing
, 318
‘Below MIS’ indicator signals
, 113
Black and minority ethnic communities (BAME communities)
, 291
Bonding social capital
, 277, 278
Bourdieu, Pierre
, 79, 80, 254
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
, 78, 81
British Sociological Association’s ethical guidelines
, 273
Buy-to-Let
housing
, 202
investment
, 191–192
investors
, 191
landlords
, 187
lending
, 193
purchases
, 200
rental sector
, 31
Cambridge Social Interaction and Stratification Scale (CAMSIS)
, 81
Cameron and May governments’ strategies for the North
, 71–72
Capital in the Twenty-First Century
, 51, 78
Capitalism
, 25, 50, 156, 157
inclusive
, 44
patrimonial
, 78
predatory
, 158
Capitals approach to class
, 78–80
Capping household benefit payments from 2013
, 171–172
Cardiff Capital Region City Deal
, 336
Case for Universalism
, 221–222
Cash benefits
, 124–131
Casual Vacancy
, 20
Catholic/Protestant social inequalities in Northern Ireland
, 347
education opportunities
, 347–348
employment
, 348
housing
, 350–351
unemployment
, 349
Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR)
, 64
Chartered Management Institute (CMI)
, 239
Child poverty
, 50, 112, 153, 306, 316, 328
Child Poverty and Social Mobility Commission’s report (2014)
, 209–210
Child Tax Credits
, 50, 153, 240
Childcare subsidy
, 240
Children and Families (Wales) Measure (2010)
, 330
Children’s social participation
, 109
Christian democracy
, 43
Chronically Sick and Disabled Act (1970)
, 169
Cities Outlook report
, 62
City Learning Centres (CLCs)
, 207
Coalition government
, 72, 189
of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats
, 168, 206, 208, 209, 212
Coalition’s Record on Schools
, 210
Combating unequal inclusion of immigrants into host society
, 285
characteristics of studied cities
, 289
integration
, 286–288
local dimension into policy
, 290–292
methodology
, 288–289
spatial distribution of immigrants
, 290, 291
tools and measures by local integration policies
, 292–300
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
, 141
Comparators use in equality impact assessments
, 179–180
Comprehensive Spending Review in October (2010)
, 168
Conservative and Labour manifestos (2010)
, 102–104
Conservative Party
, 197, 198–199, 234, 241–242
Consumer Prices Index
, 174
Contemporary government policy
, 49
Contemporary welfare debates, proportionate universalism within context of
, 221–223
Context, inequality trends in
, 25–27
Contribution-based Employment and Support Allowance
, 173
Cope with pressure of care, measures to
, 246
Corbyn, Jeremy
, 150, 158–162
Council and housing association sector
, 193
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)
, 311
Council Tax Benefit (CTB)
, 169, 239
localisation and reducing spending on
, 172–173
Credit crunch
, 186–188
Critical geopolitics approach
, 61
Crystal meth
, 280
Cultural
capital
, 80–82
integration
, 287
issues in Northern Ireland
, 353
triumph
, 264
Cyprus
, 124
Data issues
, 176
administrative data
, 177–178
Family Resources Survey
, 178–179
survey data
, 178
Davies report (2010)
, 245–246
De-industrialisation
, 324
Dead money
, 46
Department for Business Innovations and Skills (BIS)
, 245
Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
, 206
Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)
, 142, 169, 172
Department for Education (DfE)
, 210, 212, 237
Department for International Development (DfID)
, 254
Department of Work and Pensions (DWP)
, 25, 27, 168, 177
officials
, 175, 178, 179
Dependency culture
, 60
Deprivation
, 60, 66, 69, 73, 111, 152, 226, 256, 343
extension to wider population
, 262–263
housing
, 259–260
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
, 275, 309
money
, 257–258
sense of safety
, 260–262
social contact
, 260
work
, 258–259
Devolution
, 71, 72
Devolved powers
benefits
, 312–314
inequalities in workplace
, 311–312
reluctance to raise taxes
, 314–315
tackling income inequalities
, 311–315
Direct taxes
, 124–131
comparing impact of cash benefits with
, 124–131
Disability
, 254
living allowance
, 262–263, 313
social model of
, 256
Disabled asylum seekers
, 251, 255, 256
deprivation extension to wider population
, 262–263
exceptionalism
, 264–265
Immigration and Asylum Act
, 252
terminology, classifications of entitlement and resulting inequality
, 253–256
wider population of disabled people
, 262
See also Deprivation
Dispersal policy
, 263
Disposable incomes
, 21, 22, 26, 34, 41, 46, 120–122, 127, 130–131, 139–140
Gini coefficient
, 25, 136
median
, 23
Distribution question
, 43–47
Diverging fortunes of different social groups
, 27–28
Downton Abbey
, 20
Dwellings by Tenure, England
, 193
Economic
capital
, 82
crisis
, 186–188, 201, 324, 331, 333, 343, 344
impact of inequality
, 41–43
issues in Northern Ireland
, 353
policy
, 60, 62
Economic inequalities
, 41, 78–80, 98, 212, 324, 334–336
evolution of inequality and poverty
, 25–32
standard measurement of poverty and inequality
, 20–25
in United Kingdom
, 19–32
Education
, 328
Educational inequalities
, 206, 315–318
Education policy
, 245
Education Action Zones (EAZs)
, 207
Education Opportunities of Catholics/Protestants in Northern Ireland
, 347–348
Egalitarian project, Labour Party and
equality under Miliband
, 155–158
Labour under Corbyn
, 158–162
New Labour and equality
, 150–152
New Labour record
, 152–155
shrinking constituency for equality
, 158–162
Electoral spatial divide
, 61
Emergency Budget (2010)
, 194
Employment
of Catholics/Protestants in Northern Ireland
, 348
inequality in Wales
, 331–334
See also Unemployment
Employment Protection Act (1982)
, 235
England, inequalities in
Cameron and May governments’ strategies for the North
, 71–72
economic policy
, 60–61
North/South divide geopolitical issue
, 67–71
reality and relevance of North/South divide image
, 62–66
Entitlement, classifications of
, 253–256
Equal Pay Act (1970)
, 169, 235, 240–241, 242
Equality Act (2010)
, 170, 177, 240–241, 242, 298, 331
Equality
New Labour and
, 150–152
shrinking constituency for
, 158–162
under Corbyn
, 158–162
under Miliband
, 155–158
in Wales
, 328–331
See also Inequalities
Equality and Efficiency
, 42
Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)
, 173, 256
Equality and nondiscrimination legislation
, 169
capping household benefit payments from 2013
, 171–172
Equality Act (2010)
, 170
Housing Benefit
, 174–175
LHA reforms
, 174–175
localisation and reducing spending on Council Tax benefit
, 172–173
Public Sector Equality Duty
, 170–171
Substantive equality
, 171
Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance
, 173–174
Universal Credit implementation
, 175–176
welfare measures
, 171
working-age benefits
, 175
See also Inequalities
Equality Duty
, 168, 171, 176
Equality Impact Assessments (EIA)
, 169, 171–172, 174–176
comparators use in
, 179–180
Established cultural capital
, 81
Ethical decision-making framework
, 273
EU legal and regulatory frameworks
, 141
EUROMOD model
, 121
European Commission (2014)
, 241–242
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
, 142
European Social Fund (ESF)
, 142
European Socio-Economics Classification (ESEC)
, 79
European Union (EU)
, 21, 120, 198–199, 234, 287, 311
contribution to reducing inequality
, 139–142
inequality vs. socioeconomic indicators in EU Countries
, 137–138
inequality within
, 139
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
, 120, 121, 124
Eurostat approach
, 124
Excellence in Cities (EiC)
, 207
Exceptionalism
, 264–265
Fair Employment Legislation
, 352
Family Resources Survey (FRS)
, 174, 178–179, 344
Female representation on boards
, 245–246
Financial crisis
, 25–32, 42, 45, 47, 51
2008 Crash
, 41, 44, 50
post-2008 crisis
, 43
Financial Times
, 51, 209
France
, 291–292
Free school meals (FSM)
, 207
Freedom of Information requests
, 255
Fresh Start’ Stormont Agreement and Implementation Plan
, 354
Full employment
, 330, 331, 336
Funding for Lending Scheme (FLS)
, 189
Future Generations Wales Act (FGW Act)
, 330
GCSEs
, 207–208, 275, 347
Gender Equality Duty (2006)
, 241
Gender inequalities in Britain
, 243
austerity reinforced gender divide
, 239–240
education policy
, 245
increasing female representation on boards
, 245–246
mandatory gender pay reporting
, 241–243
See also Social inequalities
Gender pay and prospects gap in Britain, bridging
, 240
Gender pay gap (GPG)
, 234, 239, 240, 244, 230
Gender policy
, 241–242
‘Gig’ economy
, 327
Gini coefficients
, 22–23, 47, 121, 127, 154, 307, 309
changes in
, 125, 132
cross-country differences in levels of
, 131
Gini index
, 120
‘Glass ceiling’ effect
, 234
Glassdoor Economic Research (2016)
, 235
‘Golden Triangle’
, 82
Good Friday Agreement (GFA)
, 342, 352
Government Equalities Office
, 242–243
Government priority
, 206–208
Great British Class Survey (GBCS)
, 78, 80–81
Great Crash (1929)
, 42
‘Great Moderation’ years (2008)
, 46
Great Recession 2008
UK labour market
, 325
in Wales
, 331–334
Greater London Authority (GLA)
, 82, 295
Gross Domestic Product
, 44, 45, 53, 137, 152, 247, 311, 336
Gross incomes
, 22, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131
Gross value added (GVA)
, 63, 325
Health and education inequalities
, 315–318
Health and Social Care Act (2012)
, 220
Health inequalities
, 218, 224–228, 311, 316
case-study methods
, 223–224
policy
, 219–221
proportionate universalism
, 221–222
in Scotland
, 218–219
Health policy
, 223
Healthy life expectancy (HLE)
, 219
Help-to-Buy
, 191, 200, 210
Home Office equality impact assessment
, 255
Home ownership
, 31, 186, 189–191, 198, 344–346, 350
Homelessness policy
, 186, 196–197, 199, 259, 280
Homeownership, decline of
, 31
Homes and Communities Agency (HCA)
, 187
Horizontal and vertical segregation
, 238–239
House of Commons Library report (2016)
, 239, 240
House of Commons’ Scottish Affairs committee
, 312
Household
income
, 82, 92
value of household savings
, 92
Households below average income (HBAI)
, 25, 26, 103, 177
Housing
, 31, 185–187, 259–260, 344–345, 351
associations
, 174, 187, 191, 193–195, 197–201, 350–351
Catholic/Protestant social inequalities in Northern Ireland
, 350–351
Housing and Communities Inequalities in Northern Ireland
, 345
Housing and Planning Act (2016)
, 198
Housing and Regeneration Act (2008)
, 187
Housing Benefit
, 174–175, 180, 193, 195
Housing policy and making of inequality
affordable housing
, 194–197
austerity
, 189–194, 197–200
credit crunch and economic crisis
, 186–188
impact of housing costs
, 31
Human capital theory
, 235–236
Human Rights in Northern Ireland
, 352–353
Immigrants
, 161, 253, 286, 287, 289
characteristics of studied cities
, 289
integration
, 286–288
local dimension into policy
, 290–292
methodology
, 288–289
spatial distribution of immigrants
, 290, 291
tools and measures by local integration policies
, 292–300
Immigration Agency
, 295
Immigration and Asylum Act (1999)
, 252, 254, 259, 262–263
Immigration and Asylum Appeals Act
, 253
Income
disparities
, 40, 307–309, 343
inequalities
, 20, 22–25, 31, 34, 112, 120, 121, 127, 154, 219, 308, 311–315, 342–344
Income-related Employment and Support Allowance
, 173
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
, 275, 309
Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
, 27
Integration of immigrants
, 286–289, 292–300
Inter-city patterns of inequality in United Kingdom
, 89–98
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
, 44, 45, 235
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 44
Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA)
, 272
Kingmill Report on Women’s Employment and Pay
, 238
Labour market
, 27, 28, 48, 153, 324, 325, 331
inequalities in Northern Ireland
, 345–346
Labour Party and egalitarian project
equality under Miliband
, 155–158
Labour under Corbyn
, 158–162
New Labour and equality
, 150–152
New Labour record
, 152–155
shrinking constituency for equality
, 158–162
Learning Support Units (LSUs)
, 207
Legal frameworks and social inequalities in Northern Ireland
, 351–355
Lewisham
, 288, 295
Lewisham Civic Leadership Programme
, 297–298
Lewisham Council
, 296, 297
Lewisham Young Mayor Scheme
, 298
Living standards
, 24, 27, 41, 42, 45, 48, 102–104, 110–114, 159
MIS as rich description of
, 104–109
Local dimension into policy
, 290
British case
, 290–291
French case
, 291–292
Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
, 71
Local Government Association
, 209
Local Government Districts (LGDs)
, 344, 348
Local Housing Allowance (LHA)
, 174, 195, 196
reforms
, 174–175
Local integration policies
London
, 295–300
Paris
, 292–294
tools and measures used by
, 292–300
Localism
, 72, 272, 282
Localism Act (2011)
, 189, 196
London
combating inequalities
, 288
local integration policies
, 295–300
spatial distribution of immigrants in
, 290
London, East and South East (LESE)
, 325
Long-term unemployment in Northern Ireland
, 345
Lowestoft
, 272, 274–275
churn between insecure jobs
, 276–277
consequences of unemployment
, 278–281
methodological approach
, 273–274
young people’s perspectives
, 275–276
Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)
, 120
Mandatory gender pay reporting
, 241–243
Market
, 52
adjustments
, 200
capitalism
, 44
income
, 124
inequalities on labour market
, 345
labour
, 27, 28, 48, 153, 324, 325, 331
market-based approach
, 52
Mediterranean capitalism
, 29
Meritocracy
, 155, 162, 211
Meritocratic vision
, 153
social mobility and
, 154–155
Milburn Commission
, 306–307
Minimum Income Guarantee
, 153
Minimum Income Standard (MIS)
, 102, 104
charting income adequacy and living standards
, 110–114
Median Equivalised Income
, 103
as rich description of living standards
, 106–109
thematic analysis of group discussions
, 105
in two key methodological aspects
, 104–105
Minimum living standard
, 52, 102, 104, 109, 110, 114–115
Ministerial Task Force on Health Inequalities (2007)
, 219
Modern Conservatism
, 21
Money
dead
, 46
policies
, 49
role in inequality
, 257–258, 271–281
Multicultural approach
, 289
National Assembly of Wales
, 324, 330
National Audit Office report (NAO report)
, 212
National Citizen Service
, 211
National Housing Federation
, 197–198
National minimum wage
, 43, 153
National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC)
, 79, 80, 86, 89
National-level inequalities in United Kingdom
, 82–89
Neo-liberal reforms
, 52
Neoliberalism
, 218, 237
Net disposable income
, 31, 126
See also Disposable incomes
‘New Deal’ welfare-to-work programmes
, 153
New Labour
, 150
and equality
, 150–152
initiatives
, 207
meritocratic project
, 152
National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies
, 210
performance in terms of tackling inequalities
, 207
poverty of expectation
, 213
New Labour record
poverty alleviation
, 152–154
social mobility and meritocratic vision
, 154–155
New Policy Institute (NPI)
, 173
NHS Health Scotland
, 223
Nondiscrimination legislation, development of equality and
, 169
Equality Act (2010)
, 170
LHA reforms
, 174–175
localisation and reducing spending on Council Tax benefit
, 172–173
Public Sector Equality Duty
, 170–171
substantive equality
, 171
Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance
, 173–174
Universal Credit implementation
, 175–176
welfare measures
, 171
working-age benefits
, 175
Non-profit organisations (NGOs)
, 293
‘Non-standard’ forms of employment
, 326
Normalization of everyday hardship
, 279
North/South divide
, 60, 61
geopolitical issue
, 67–71
reality and relevance of
, 62–66
Northern England
, 62, 73
Northern Ireland
Catholic/Protestant social inequalities
, 347–351
homosexual acts
, 169
income inequalities
, 342–344
legal frameworks
, 351–355
savings capacity vs. home ownership as indicator
, 344–346
social inequalities in
, 342, 351–355
unemployment rate in
, 346
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA)
, 347
Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action report (NICVA report)
, 342–345
Northern Ireland Housing Executive
, 350, 352
Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure (NIMDM)
, 343–344
Northern Powerhouse
, 63, 72, 73
Not in education, employment or training (NEET)
, 272
Office for National Statistics (ONS)
, 20, 27, 86, 198, 239
Office of Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister (OPMDPM)
, 342, 347
Operation Black Vote
, 297–298
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 23, 29, 41, 44–45, 50, 236–237
Palma ratio
, 307, 311
Paradox of redistribution
, 222
Paris
combating inequalities
, 288
local integration policies
, 292–294
spatial distribution of immigrants
, 291
Part-time penalty
, 236–238
Participatory social minimum
, 104, 106
Patrimonial capitalism
, 78
Pay and prospects gap
, 234
horizontal and vertical segregation
, 238–239
human capital theory
, 235–236
part-time penalty
, 236–238
Pension Credit
, 153
Pensioners
, 34, 105, 107, 108, 112, 153, 172
Persistent poverty
, 32, 34
Personal wealth accumulation
, 46
Policy
to address health inequalities
, 219–221
asylum
, 253
contemporary government
, 49
economic
, 60
education
, 245
gender
, 241–242
homelessness
, 196–197
local dimension into
, 290–292
macroeconomic
, 49
makers
, 168
and planning
, 225–226
Political/politics
, 224–225
consequences
, 310–311
political cleavage
, 21
Post-1979 counterrevolution
, 43
Post-war social democracy
, 43
Poverty
, 21–22, 278
alleviation
, 152–154
drugs
, 272
evolution in United Kingdom
, 25–32
line
, 21
rate
, 31–33
standard measurement of
, 20–25
Predistribution
, 157
Private housing promotion
, 189–194
Pro-equality strategy
, 52–53
Pro-independence parties
, 310
Property value
, 80, 92, 94
Property-owning democracy
, 197
Proportionate universalism
, 218
case-study methods
, 223–224
within context of contemporary welfare debates
, 221–223
findings and discussion
, 224
health inequalities in Scotland
, 218–219
policy and planning
, 225–226
policy to address health inequalities
, 219–221
politics
, 224–225
practicing
, 226–228
Protected characteristics
, 176–178, 298, 329
Equality Duty and
, 171
equality legislation
, 170
impact of measure
, 169
Protestant community in Northern Ireland
, 342
Public Health England documentation (2014)
, 225–226
Public Sector Equality Duties in Equality Act (2010)
, 241
Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED)
, 168, 170–171, 329
Public sector housing investment
, 191
Pupil Premium effect
, 208–211
Quantitative easing (QE)
, 31, 49
Race relations
, 290
Race Relations Act (1965)
, 169
Redistribution
, 44, 157
changes to
, 131
paradox of
, 222
reverse
, 49
service
, 224
within-country
, 141
Refused asylum seeker
, 253, 257, 263
Regional Development Authorities (RDAs)
, 63
Regional Development Strategy
, 353
Regional disparities
, 61, 63, 66, 71
Regionalism
, 73
of discontent
, 69
political
, 72–73
Relative poverty
, 21, 22, 32, 112, 308
‘Rent-seeking’ process
, 46
Responsible capitalism
, 156–158, 162
Road to Wigan Pier, The
, 20
Safe spaces
, 260
Safer Stronger Communities Select Committee
, 296
Savings capacity
, 344–346
Schools
, 206
expanding opportunities at school level (1980–2010)
, 206–208
expanding opportunities at school level (1997)
, 212–213
expanding opportunities at school level (2010–2017)
, 208–212
primary
, 207
secondary
, 207
Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM)
, 234, 245
Scotland
health and education inequalities
, 315–318
health inequalities in
, 218–219
reducing inequalities in
, 305
tackling income inequalities, objective constrained by devolved powers
, 311–315
unequal society
, 306–311
Scotland Act (1998)
, 314
Scottish government
, 219, 223, 312–318
Scottish index of multiple deprivation
, 309
Scottish social security system
, 313
Scottish Socialist Party (SSP)
, 310
Scottish Survey of Numeracy (2015)
, 309
‘Scroungers’
, 258
Second World War
, 40, 42, 52
Segregation
, 187, 198
horizontal and vertical
, 238–239
Sense of safety
, 260–262
Severe deprivation
, 73, 141, 143
Sex Discrimination Act (1975)
, 169, 235
‘Shirkers’
, 258
Shrinking
constituency for equality
, 158–162
disability category
, 263
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
, 142
Social capital
, 78, 80, 81, 94
Social conditions, inequality to
, 136–139
Social contact
, 81, 86, 94, 257, 260
Social Exclusion Unit
, 153, 154
Social housing
, 194–197
Social Housing Sales England (1980–2016)
, 192
Social inclusion
, 105, 139, 306, 353
Social inequalities
, 206
Catholic/Protestant social inequalities in Northern Ireland
, 347–351
income inequalities
, 342–344
legal frameworks and
, 351–355
savings capacity vs. home ownership as indicator
, 344–346
See also Substantive equality; Tackling inequality
Social integration process
, 286–287
Social issues in Northern Ireland
, 353
Social mobility
, 152, 154–155
Social model of disability
, 256
Social-Class Inequalities in Education in England and Scotland (2006)
, 212
Socio-economic
duty
, 330
indicators
, 66
inequality
, 334–336
status
, 218–219
Socio-economically shaped services
, 224
Spatial distribution of immigrants
, 290, 291
St Andrew’s Agreement
, 353
Stormont House Agreement (SHA)
, 354–355
Strategy for Integration (2009)
, 291
Structural and institutional weaknesses at play
, 234–239
Structural integration
, 286–287
Substantive equality
comparators use in equality impact assessments
, 179–180
data issues
, 176–179
development of equality and nondiscrimination legislation
, 169–176
diluting
, 168
impacts of reforms
, 169
See also Social inequalities
Syrian migrants
, 264, 265
Tackling inequality
distribution question
, 43–47
economic impact of inequality
, 41–43
OECD
, 41
secular stagnation
, 50–53
in United Kingdom
, 47–49
See also Social inequalities
Tax
, 49
credits
, 108, 153–154, 175
cuts
, 49
Tax-benefit system
, 121
Thatcherism
, 67, 237
The Executive Office (TEO)
, 354–355
Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance
, 173–174
Top quintile share
, 121
Trade-off theory
, 44
Treasury-commissioned reviews
, 186–187
Treasury-driven approach
, 187
Trilemma
, 222–223
UN Convention on Rights of Disabled People
, 262
UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
, 354
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 241
Unemployment
, 272, 274, 281
in Britain
, 64
of Catholics/Protestants in Northern Ireland
, 349
consequences of
, 278
normalization of everyday hardship
, 279
poverty
, 278
rate in Northern Ireland
, 346
See also Employment
Unequal capabilities
, 309–310
Unequal societies
, 40, 306
income disparities
, 307–309
political consequences
, 310–311
proportion of individuals living in relative poverty
, 308
unequal capabilities
, 309–310
UNISON-Equality Coalition Conference
, 354
United Kingdom (UK)
, 104, 106, 110–111, 120
annual spend on cash benefits
, 142
Conservative and Labour manifestos (2010)
, 102–104
Davies report (2010)
, 245–246
Department for Education
, 237
inter-city patterns of inequality in
, 89–98
labour market
, 48
macroeconomic policy
, 49
National Border Agency
, 295
NEP report
, 328
United Kingdom, inequality in
, 47–49, 50, 82–89, 121–123
changes in inequality (2008–2015)
, 124
changes to redistribution (2008–2014)
, 131
comparing impact of cash benefits and direct taxes
, 124–131
compositional changes
, 131–136
contribution of EU to reducing inequality
, 139–142
country composition by income deciles
, 140
evolution of inequality and poverty in
, 25–32
inequality within EU
, 139
S80/S20 Income Quintile Share Ratio
, 123
social conditions
, 136–139
standard measurement of poverty and inequality
, 20–25
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
, 330
Universal credit
, 175–176, 313
Universal Infant Free School Meals (UIFSM)
, 209, 210
Universalism
, 222, 317–318
See also Proportionate universalism
Voluntary Action Lewisham funding priorities
, 296–297
Vulnerable groups
, 168
Vulnerable Person’s Relocation Scheme for Syrian nationals
, 256, 264
Wage share
, 45, 46
Wales
, 323
equalities and anti-poverty strategies in
, 328–331
great recession and employment inequality in
, 331–334
hourly pay gap by gender and disability
, 334
non-employment, precarious employment and under-employment by gender and disability
, 332
potential of well-being of future generations
, 334–336
Welsh economic context
, 324–328
Wealth
, 52, 79, 342
creation
, 46
diversion
, 46
inequality
, 20, 22–25, 30–31, 78
Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS)
, 30
Welfare
measures
, 171
reforms
, 168, 171, 176, 177, 182
state
, 221, 229
Welfare Act (2012)
, 195
Welfare Reform Act (2012)
, 252, 263
Well-being of Future Generations Act (2015)
, 334–335
Welsh economic context
, 324
atypical employment
, 326
de-industrialisation
, 324
education
, 328
‘gig’ economy
, 327
GVA
, 325
responding to great recession
, 327
Welsh Labour Market and Great Recession
, 325
White Paper ‘Partnership for Equality’
, 353
Within-country redistribution
, 141
Women’s Budget Group (2016)
, 239
Work
, 28, 44, 49, 51, 199, 221, 258–259, 272, 275–276, 282, 324, 327, 328, 336, 337
childcare and domestic
, 236
family-friendly
, 236
part-time
, 236–237
repeated seasonal
, 277
total reorganisation
, 247
women
, 235
Work Capability Assessment
, 173
Work-Related Activity Group
, 173
Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance in
, 173–174
Working Tax Credit
, 153
See also Child Tax Credits; Tax credits
Working-age benefits
, 35, 175, 181
Workless households
, 141
World Economic Forum (2014)
, 40, 239
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 220, 255
Young people’s perspectives
, 275–276
Youth Investment Fund (YIF)
, 211
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Part I Mapping Inequalities in the United Kingdom Today: The Changing Face of Inequalities?
- Chapter 1 Economic Inequalities in the United Kingdom Since 2008
- Chapter 2 Tackling Inequality is an Economic Imperative
- Chapter 3 Inequalities in England: Regional Differences and New Perspectives on a Geopolitical Issue
- Chapter 4 ‘A Classless Society?’ Making Sense of Inequalities in the Contemporary United Kingdom with the Great British Class Survey
- Chapter 5 What the Minimum Income Standard Tells us About Living Standards in the United Kingdom
- Chapter 6 Inequality in the United Kingdom in a Comparative Perspective
- Part II The Equality Agenda then and Now: Political Debates, Public Policies and Outcomes
- Chapter 7 The Labour Party and the Egalitarian Project
- Chapter 8 Diluting Substantive Equality: Why the UK Government doesn’t Know if its Welfare Reforms Promote Equality
- Chapter 9 Housing Policy and the Making of Inequality
- Chapter 10 Expanding Opportunities at School Level in England in the Early 21st Century: A Government Priority?
- Chapter 11 Proportionate Universalism as a Route to Mitigating Health Inequalities? Exploring Political, Policy and Practice Uncertainties in Times of Austerity
- Chapter 12 Gender Inequalities in Britain: Bridging the Gap in Pay and Prospects
- Chapter 13 Disabled Asylum Seekers as Experimental Subjects in a Broader Systemic Agenda of Inequality
- Part III The Governance of Inequality: Local Initiatives and Responses in a Multi-Level Polity
- Chapter 14 It’s Terrible Having No Job, People Look Down on You and You’ve Never Enough Money: Lowestoft Case Study
- Chapter 15 Combating Unequal Inclusion of Immigrants into the Host Society: Comparing Policy Responses in London and Paris
- Chapter 16 Reducing Inequalities in Scotland: Firm Commitments, Mixed Results After 10 Years of SNP Governments
- Chapter 17 Devolution, Recession and the Alleviation of Inequality in Wales
- Chapter 18 Social Inequalities in Northern Ireland
- Index