Accessibility

, 93

Administrative capacity

, 12

Affordable Care Act

, 26–27, 29, 34

American federalism

, 23–24

formal aspects

, 25

pandemic

, 28, 33, 37

after pandemic

, 37–38

American federations

, 129

Analytical model

, 7

Argentina

, 44

Argentine federalism

, 44

coordination mechanisms

, 52–57

policy portfolio

, 47–52

political agency

, 57–60

subnational autonomy

, 44–47

AstraZeneca

, 81

Atlantic Bubble

, 95–96

Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

, 45, 58–59

Autonomy of subnational governments

, 68–70

“Beggar thy neighbor” approaches

, 36

Bicameralism

, 67

Biden, Joe

, 24–25, 29, 37

Blame game

, 32–33

Blind spots

, 90, 100–101

Bolsa Família

, 73

Bolsonaro’s federalism

, 76–77

Bolsonaro’s model

, 76–78

Brazil

, 64

Brazilian democratization

, 67

Brazilian federalism

, 65

COVID-19 pandemic under Bolsonaro

, 78–82

decentralization with federative coordinative

, 66–75

dynamic

, 66

functioning and performance

, 65

turnaround in

, 76–78

Brazilian Federation

, 67

Brazilian federative model

, 69

Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area

, 44

Canada

, 89–90

health-care system

, 90, 93

Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB)

, 96

Canada Health Act

, 93

Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST)

, 93–94

Canada Health Transfers (CHTs)

, 93–94

Canada Social Transfers (CST)

, 93–94

Canadian federalism

, 90

intergovernmental coordination

, 93–99

political agency

, 99–100

subnational autonomy and policy portfolio

, 90–93

CanSino

, 118

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

, 26

Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

, 26–27

Chinese virus

, 81–82

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

, 91

Coercive federalism

, 17

Collaborative federalism

, 134

Comissões Bipartites (CIBs)

, 73–74

Comissões Tripartites (CITs)

, 73–74

Committee of Experts

, 48–49

Competitive framework

, 94

Complex intergovernmental problem (CIP)

, 1, 7, 65, 130

Complexity of issues

, 2

Comprehensiveness

, 93

Conflict federalism

, 130–131, 138–139

Constitutional autonomy

, 9, 131

Constitutional landmarks

, 1

Constitutional Reform (1994)

, 45

Constitutionally Autonomous Organizations (OCA)

, 109

Contribution Fund for Health Services (FASSA)

, 113

Cooperative federalism

, 65, 70

Cooperative model

, 129–130

Coordination. See also Intergovernmental coordination

, 109–110

mechanisms

, 13, 16, 52, 57, 73, 75

CoronaVac

, 81

Council of Municipal Health Secretaries (Conasems)

, 73–74

Council of State Health Secretaries (Conass)

, 73–74

Countryside Crisis

, 57

COVAX mechanism

, 118

Covid Vaccination Technical Advisory Group

, 119–120

COVID-19 pandemic

, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 28, 33, 52–53, 90

under Bolsonaro

, 78–82

COVID-19

, 14–15

cases

, 48–49

crisis

, 137

death rate from

, 24–25

effects

, 44

struggle against

, 25

vaccines

, 98

Crack

, 57

Crises

, 33

“CUIDAR Verano” app

, 57

Decentralization with federative coordinative

, 66–75

Defense Production Act

, 31

Delegations of Development Programs

, 113

Democratic federal political systems

, 1

Dual federalism

, 129

Dual sharing model

, 94

Dualist federalism

, 65–66

Emergency Aid

, 80

Emergency Assistance to Work and Production Program (ATP)

, 50

Emergency coordination

, 99

Emergency Family Income (IFE)

, 51

Emergency Keynesianism

, 96

“Epidemiological Traffic Light” programs

, 114, 117

Executive federalism

, 130–132

Federal arrangements

, 2

Federal Constitution

, 44–45, 68

Federal coordination

, 8

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

, 26

Federal government

, 10, 25–26, 32, 38, 45, 48–50, 52–53, 64, 71, 93–94, 96, 136, 138

Federal health authorities

, 114–115

Federal Health Council (COFESAL)

, 53

Federal institutions

, 1

Federal politics

, 2

Federal shared-cost programs

, 93–94

Federal Supreme Court

, 77

Federal systems

, 1, 6, 16, 18

coordination mechanisms

, 13–16

policy portfolios

, 10–12

subnational autonomy

, 8–10

Federalism. See also Opportunistic federalism

, 6, 15, 64, 90, 134–135

in action

, 28–33

in Mexico

, 116

in pandemic

, 36–37

structure

, 25–28

styles

, 24

Federations

, 129–131

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

, 26, 72

Food Card

, 51

Funder

, 25–26

General Health Council (GHC)

, 111

Governors

, 29

Governors’ Forum

, 75

Great Depression

, 90–91

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 44, 122

H1N1 pandemic

, 100

Harper governments

, 94

Health care

, 25, 48, 90

Health Federal Council

, 134–135

Health Pact

, 71

Health policy

, 10, 111, 136–137

Health Security National Committee (HSNC)

, 111–112

Health System

, 72

Health Unified and Decentralized System (SUDS)

, 70

Healthy Distance National Program (HDNP)

, 117

Hoarding

, 31

Horizontal cooperation

, 134

Hospital conversion

, 117–118

Hurricane Katrina

, 28–29

Immunization National Program

, 71

Impact of COVID-19 on Education

, 121

Incoordination

, 64, 76

Institute of Health for Wellbeing (INSABI)

, 113

Institutional capacity

, 12

Insurer

, 25–26

Integrated Health Actions (AIS)

, 70

Integrated Health-Care Networks

, 71

Intensive care units (ICUs)

, 27, 48, 108

Intergovernmental capacities

, 99–100

Intergovernmental committees

, 10–11

Intergovernmental coordination

, 93–99

mechanisms

, 133–136

Intergovernmental relations (IGR)

, 10, 13, 15, 90, 130

forums

, 15–16

systems

, 1

Kirchnerismo/anti-Kirchnerismo cleavage

, 57

Laboratories of democracy

, 6

“Learn at home” program

, 121

Load-shedding

, 31

Local governments

, 27, 92

Logistics Advisory Committee

, 95

Mayors

, 55–56

Medicaid

, 26–27, 29, 34

Medicare

, 26–27

Mexican federalism

, 109–110

lessons

, 123–125

limited use of instruments to stop economic decline

, 121–122

policy portfolios and limits of policy instruments

, 116–122

political agency of actions and communications

, 114–116

states’ autonomy and limited coordination

, 111–113

structure

, 110–111

Mexican Petroleum (PEMEX)

, 112–113, 118

Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS)

, 112–113, 118

Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP)

, 113

Ministry of Health

, 79

Ministry of Public Education (SEP)

, 121

“More Brazil, Less Brasília” slogan

, 76

Municipalities

, 68

of hope

, 117

of Moreno

, 52

“Municipalization” process of policies

, 68–69

National Complementary Health Agency

, 72

National Congress

, 77

National Council of State Health Secretaries

, 75, 79

National Guard

, 110

National health strategy

, 48–49

National Health Surveillance Agency

, 72

National Health System (NHS)

, 111

“National Healthy Distance” programs

, 114

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

, 26

National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI)

, 122

National Institutes of Health

, 26

National Institutes of Health and High Specialty Hospitals (CCINSHAE)

, 118

National leadership

, 77–78

National Ministry of Health

, 48–50

National Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation

, 51

National public policy systems

, 67

National Vaccination Policy

, 118–120

New Democratic Party (NDP)

, 91

Northeast Consortium

, 75

“Open federalism” approach

, 94

Opportunism

, 17

Opportunistic federalism

, 17, 28–29

strategies in

, 30–32

Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

, 81

Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines

, 118

Pan-Canadian Public Health Network (PHN)

, 95, 134

Pandemic denial

, 24

Pfizer and Janssen vaccines

, 81

Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines

, 118

Police powers

, 27

Policy portfolios

, 10, 12, 47, 52, 70, 73, 90, 93, 136, 139

Policy preemptions

, 16–17

Political agency

, 16, 18, 57, 60, 99–100, 139, 142

Political capacity

, 12

Political complexity

, 2

Political confrontations

, 16–17

Political leadership

, 99

Popular Insurance Federal Program (PIFP)

, 112–113

“Popular insurance” program

, 110–111, 114

Portability

, 93

Power Grabs

, 30

Presidential leadership

, 60, 79

Previaje Program

, 50–51

Private health service

, 48

Productive Recovery Program II (REPRO II)

, 50–51

Project Warp Speed

, 24–25, 32–33

Provinces

, 93

Provincial Financial Emergency Program

, 54

Public administration

, 93

Public circulation

, 48–49

Public health

, 23–25, 67

Public Health Act

, 25–26

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

, 98–100

Public Health Governance

, 65

Public Health Network Communications Group

, 95

Public Health Working Group on Remote and Isolated Communities

, 95

Public policies

, 2

Public policy environments

, 11

Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC)

, 98

Public Vaccination Monitor

, 49–50

Quebec nationalism

, 91–92

“Rally around the flag” effect

, 36

Regional Management Boards

, 71

Regulator

, 25–26

“Rivademar against the Municipality of Rosario”

, 46

“Roadrunners” cells

, 120

SARS-CoV-2

detection kits

, 51

virus

, 119

Self-coordination process

, 15

Senate

, 45–46

Shared management

, 74–75

Sharing expenditures

, 10–11

Sinovac

, 118

Small Business Administration

, 26

Social Assistance and Water Resources

, 70

Social distancing

, 114–115

“Soft law” approach

, 31–32

Spanish flu

, 25

Sputnik V

, 118

State Workers Social Security Institute (ISSSTE)

, 112–113, 118

Subnational autonomy

, 8, 10, 44, 47, 90, 93, 131, 133

Subnational governments

, 6

Substantial evidence

, 3

Substantive complexity

, 2–3

Super delegates

, 110

Supreme Court

, 46, 60, 72

Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)

, 65

Technical Advisory Committee

, 95

Technical Advisory Group

, 119

Technical capacity

, 12

Territorial approach

, 49

Territorial dynamics

, 3

Theoretical model

, 7

Trump, Donald

, 29, 31

administration

, 24, 29–30

Uncooperative federalism

, 34, 134

Undersecretary of Prevention and Health Promotion (SPSS)

, 111–112

Unified Health System (SUS)

, 65, 69–70, 72, 137–139

Unilateralism

, 10

Unitary regimes

, 36–37

United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)

, 110–111

Universality

, 93

Vaccine war

, 71, 81

VIP Vaccination

, 59

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 32, 114