Appendix
Mohamed Ismail Sabry
(Bremen University of Applied Sciences, Germany)
The Development of Socialism, Social Democracy and Communism
ISBN: 978-1-78743-374-8, eISBN: 978-1-78743-373-1
Publication date: 18 August 2017
Citation
Sabry, M.I. (2017), "Appendix", The Development of Socialism, Social Democracy and Communism, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-373-120171001
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited
Table A1.
The Names of the Parties Used in the Dataset.
| Socialists | Other Socialists | Communists | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | Socialists, independent Socialists (1928–1936), Socialista Argentino (1918) | Radical Civic Union (UCR) a | – | Nohlen (2005b) |
| Australia | Australian Labor Party (ALP) | New South Wales Labor Party (1931–1934) and state labor party (1940–1943), non-Communist labor (1940) | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Austria | Social Democrats | – | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Belgium | Belgian Workers’ Party, Belgian Socialist Party (renamed) | Liberal-Workers/Socialist Party Cartels (not entirely Socialists) | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Bolivia | Before 1927: Socialist Party.From 1927: Socialist Party (1927–1928), Labor Party (1927), United Socialist Front b (1938); a group of socialist parties (1940); United Socialist Party, and Workers Party of Tarija (1942); United Socialist Party, and Independent Socialist Party (1944) | Socialist Republic Party (1927–1933) then (1940) (It was however a part of a Rightist alliance “Concordancia”), then (1942–1944) | Revolutionary Left Party (1942); Socialist Workers Party of Bolivia (Trotskyists) (1940–1942) | Bilbao (2000), Vera Bustillos and Barrios (1996), and Banks (1927–1944) |
| Brazil | Brazilian Labor Party (1945) | – | Brazilian Communist Party (1945) | Nohlen (2005b) |
| Bulgaria | Bulgarian Social Democratic labor party (BRSDP), BRSDP-right, United Labor Socialist Democratic Party | BRSDP-left, Socialist Federation | Communist Party | Nohlen and Stoever (2010) |
| Canada | Labor Party | – | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Chile | Socialists (until 1925); New Public Action, and Chilean Socialists (1933); Socialist Party (1937–1945); Authentic Socialist Party (1945) | Democratic Party (1937–1941) | Democrat Party–Asalariado-Communist Group (1925); Communist Party (1932–) | Nohlen (2005b) |
| Colombia | – | – | The Communist Party (1943–) | Nohlen (2005b) |
| Cuba | Social Democratic Party | Partido Autentico (nationalist and social democratic) | Communist Revolutionary Union; and the popular Socialist Party (1944) | Nohlen (2005a) |
| Czechoslovakia | Social Democrats, German Social Democrats, Hungarian Social Democrats (1920) | Socialist Centralists (1920) | Communist Party | Nohlen (1969) |
| Denmark | Social Democrats | – | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Estonia | Estonian Social Democratic Laborers Party (ESDTP), Socialists Workers Party (1926–1938) | Independent Socialists (1920–1923); labor party(1920–1929); Socialist Workers and Peasants and Russian Party (1932) | Communist Party | Nohlen and Stoever (2010) |
| Finland | Social Democrats | Swedish Left Wing | Socialist Workers Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| France | Democrats Socialists (1849); Socialists (1893–1902); Socialist Party (SFIO) (1906–) | Radical socialist Party (1902–), Independent Socialists (1906–1910; 1919), Socialist Republicans (1914–1936) | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Germany | Social Democrats | Independent Social Democrats | Communist Party (KPD) | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Hungary | Social Democrats | – | – | Nohlen (1969) |
| Iceland | Social Democrats | – | Communist Party, the United Socialist Party (1938) | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Ireland | Irish Labor Party | National Labor (1944–1950) c | – | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Italy | Socialist Party | Independent Socialists (1913–1921); Reformist Socialist Party (1913–1919) | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Latvia | LSDSP | Bunds, KSZ, Independent Socialists (1928) | – | Nohlen and Stoever (2010) |
| Lithuania | LSDP | LSLDP | – | Nohlen and Stoever (2010) |
| Luxemburg | Socialist Party (the Socialist Workers Party since 1924) | Radical Socialist Party (1925–1931) | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Malta | Labour Party | – | – | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Mexico | – | The Party of the Mexican Revolution d | Nohlen (2005a) | |
| Netherlands | Social Democratic League (1888–1891); Social Democratic Workers Party (1894-1937) | Socialist Party (1918–1925); Revolutionary Socialist Party (1929–1933) | Social Democratic Party (latter Communist Party) | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| New Zealand | Labour Party | – | – | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Norway | Labour Party (1894–1919), (1924–); Social Democratic Workers’ Party (1921) | Social Democratic Workers’ Party (1924) | Labour Party (1919–1924); Communist Party (1924–) | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Peru | American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | – | – | Nohlen (2005b) |
| Poland | Polish Social Party, Polish social left party (1930); Ukrainian Socialist labor, and peasants union left (1928); Ukrainian Socialist labor block (1928) | – | Communist Party | Nohlen (1969) |
| Romania | Socialist Party, Social Democratic Party | Federation of the Socialist Parties from Romania (FPSR), FDUS, FUS | Communist Party (PCR) | Nohlen and Stoever (2010) |
| Russia | In 1906: included Marxists and anarchists;Afterward: Social Democrats, and Mensheviks e | In 1906: Trudowiki (Socialist Revolutionary, People Socialists and radicals from Peasant Association)After 1906: Socialist Revolutionary, People Socialists and Trudowiki respectively | Bolsheviks | Nohlen (1969) |
| South Africa | Labour Party | – | – | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Spain | Socialists (1907–1923); Socialist Labor Party (PSOE) (1931–1936) | Katalanian Left, Republican left (1936); Republican action (Azana) (1931–1933); independent radical Socialists (1933); radical Socialists (1931–1933) | Communist Party (1936); United Marxist block (1936) | Nohlen (1969) |
| Sweden | Social Democrats | Left Socialists (1917–1921); Socialists (1936–1944) | Communist Party (1921–), Hoglund Communists (1924), Kilbom Communists (1932) | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Switzerland | Social Democrats | – | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| UK | Labour Party | Independent Labour Party | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Uruguay | Socialist Party | Civic Union | – | Nohlen (2005b) |
| USA | Socialist Labour Party | Socialist Party (1900–1920), (1928–1956) | Communist Party | Mackie and Rose (1974) |
| Yugoslavia | Socialist Democrats | – | Communist Party (1920); Independent Labor Party (1923–1927) | Nohlen (1969) |
a
It combined Social Democracy with liberalism, and was member of the Socialist International. Since 1924 it had many offshots winning many votes; but I did not account for them.
b
The United Socialist Front was an alliance of many Socialist parties including the Republican Socialist Party (1938). With regard to the group of leftist parties entering the elections of 1940, I excluded the Worker’s Socialist Party. This party was a Trotskyite party; and that is why I preferred to classify it as a Communist party, despite of being nonconventional one though. At any case, the party won only one vote.
c
The differentiation to Socialist and other Socialists is not significant here, since the combined results of the two Irish parties is given for 1944.
d
It combined nationalism with Socialism. Note that the presented data for 1940 is the composition of the parliament in that year.
e
From 1908 to 1912: I used the averages of the Duma membership between 1.11.1907 and 8.07.1912. For 1913–1917: I used average Duma membership between 2.11.1912 and 02.1917. Note that the old Russian calendar is used.
Table A2.
The Used Variables and the Sources from Which They Are Obtained.
| Variables | Sources |
|---|---|
| Share of top 1% and 0.1% in national income and Gini coefficient | Atkinson and Morelli (2014) |
| Average years of schooling; human capital; output per worker | Baier, Dwyer, and Tamura (2006) |
| Religious adherence a | Barro (2003) |
| Railway lines, number of Radios, primary school enrollment; Literacy rate | Comin and Hohijn (2004) |
| Urbanization; Defense expenditure; labor disputes; Religious adherence; language adherence; agricultural, industrial, and service labor share; agriculture, industry, and services as part of GDP | Flora et al. (1987); Berend (2013) (Only for Hungary) |
| Latin American Data on labor share in agriculture and industry; agriculture and industry as part of GDP; literacy; railway in kms; and urbanization b | Montevideo-Oxford Latin American Economic History Data Base (2015) |
| Per capita GDP; Population | The Maddison-Project |
| Size of the country; year of independence or creation; and whether country is at war | CIA-The World Factbook |
| Polity Demo-autocracy indicator | Polity IV Project (2015) |
a
With regard to religious adherence for Czechoslovakia, the average was taken of both the Czech and Slovak regions. It is to be noted that no big differences existed between the two regions. For Russia, only the statistics for Russian Federation lands were considered; and for Yugoslavia, the data was only for Serbia and Montenegro. Note also that the year of the census is 1900. The statistics of that year are used for the studied countries even those that gained their independence later in the century.
b
Places having10,000 inhabitants or more are assumed to be urban.
Table A3.
The Exclusion of Variables from the Conducted Regressions According to the General to Specific Method and Due to Data Limitations.
| Excluded in General to Specific Method | Excluded Because of Data Restrictions | |
|---|---|---|
| Reg. 1 Dep. Variable: Socialist vote | – At war (in the last 5 yrs.); Urbanization; 2nd Religion Test statistic: F(3, 27) = 0.057 – Industry Labor; GDP growth (t − 1) Test statistic: F(2, 30) = 0.632 |
– |
| Reg. 2 Dep. Variable: Total Socialist votes |
– Log yrs. since indep.; At war (in the last 5 yrs.); Major Language; Larger religion; Avg. yrs. of schooling Test statistic: F(5, 27) = 0.915 – Democracy (polity 2); GDP growth (t − 1) Test statistic: F(2, 32) = 0.298 |
– |
| Reg. 3 Dep. Variable: Communist votes |
– Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.50 log yrs. since indep.Test statistic: F(1, 20) = 0.255 – GDP growth (t − 1) Test statistic: F(1, 21) = 1.556 – At war (in the last 5 years); Major Language; 2nd major Language Test statistic: F(3, 22) = 0.733 – Avg. yrs. of schooling Test statistic: F(1, 25) = 0.969 |
Literacy rate |
| Reg. 4 Dep. Variable: Comm./Total Soc. |
– Democracy (polity 2) Test statistic: F(1, 20) = 0.158 – log yrs. since indep.; At war (in the last 5 years) Test statistic: F(2, 21) = 1.041 – Avg. yrs. of schooling Test statistic: F(1, 23) = 0.28 – GDP growth (t − 1) Test statistic: F(1, 24) = 1.02 |
Literacy rate |
| Reg. 5 Dep. Variable: Labor disputes per Pop |
– Literacy rate; GDP growth (t − 1) Test statistic: F(2, 69) = 0.02 – At war (in the last 5 yrs.); Industry Labor; Currently at war Test statistic: F(3, 71) = 0.06 – log yrs since indep.; 2nd major Language Test statistic: F(2, 74) = 1.405 – Pop. growth Test statistic: F(1, 76) = 1.452 |
-- |
| Reg. 6 Dep. Variable: Socialist votes |
– Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.25 Inequ. × GDP growth; Inequ. × Literacy; Inequ. × At war (last 5 yrs); GDP growth (t − 1); At war (in the last 5 yrs); Industry Labor; Inequ. × Democ.; Democ. (polity 2)Test statistic: F(8, 27)=0.373 |
Major Lang., 2nd major Lang.; Larger Relig.; 2nd Relig. |
| Reg. 7 Dep. Variable: Total Socialist votes |
– Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.10 Avg. yrs. of schooling; GDP growth (t − 1); Inequ. × Indust.; Inequ. × Urban; Inequ. × Democ.; Inequ. × GDP growth; At war (in the last 5 yrs; Inequ. × At war (in last 5 yrs); Inequ. × Pop. growthTest statistic: F(9, 27)=0.467 |
Major Lang., 2nd major Lang.; Larger Relig.; 2nd Relig. |
| Reg. 8 Dep. Variable: Communist votes |
– Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.20 Industry Labor; Urbanization; Democ. (polity 2); Inequ. × Indust.; Inequ. × Democ.Test statistic: F(5, 20)=0.132 |
Major Lang., 2nd major Lang.; Larger Relig.; 2nd Relig.; Literacy rate |
| Reg. 9 Dep. Variable: Comm./Total Soc. |
– Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.60 GDP growth (t − 1); Inequ. × avg. yrs schooling; Inequ. × GDP growthTest statistic: F(3, 20)=0.105 – Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.50 Inequ. × Indust.Test statistic: F(1, 23)=0.393 – Dropping Avg. yrs of schooling Test statistic: F(1, 24)=0.693 |
Major Lang., 2nd major Lang.; Larger Relig.; 2nd Relig.; Literacy rate |
| Reg. 10 Dep. Variable: Labor disputes per Pop. |
– Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.60 Literacy rate; GDP growth (t − 1); Inequ. × log yrs. since Indep.Test statistic: F(3, 106)=0.109 – Sequential elimination using two-sided alpha = 0.25 Inequality (Share of top 1%, t − 1); Inequ. × avg. yrs. schooling; Inequ. × Democ.Test statistic: F(3, 109)=0.744 |
Major Lang., 2nd major Lang.; Larger Relig.; 2nd Relig. |
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 Socialism and The World (1848–1945)
- Chapter 2 Institutions, Socioeconomic Factors and Ideological Choices: Toward a Theoretical Perspective
- Chapter 3 The Bastion of Communism: The Case of Russia
- Chapter 4 Germany
- Chapter 5 Other World Cases
- Chapter 6 Conclusion
- References
- Appendix
- About the Author
- Index