Dual Use in Neuroscientific and Neurotechnological Research: A Need for Ethical Address and Guidance

Abstract

Extant and newly developing techniques and technologies generated by research in brain sciences are characteristically employed in clinical medicine. However, the increasing capabilities conferred by these approaches to access, assess and affect cognition, emotion and behavior render them viable and attractive for engagement beyond the clinical realm, in what are referred to as “dual-use” applications. Definitions of what constitutes dual-use research and applications can vary so as to include utilization in the public sector for lifestyle or wellness purposes – with growing participation of a do-it-yourself (i.e., biohacking) community, and an iterative interest and use in military and warfare operations. Such uses can pose risks to public safety, and challenge research ethics’ principled imperative for non-harm (although while complete avoidance of any harm may be in reality impossible, certainly any/all harms incurred should be minimized). Thus, it is important to both clarify the construct of dual-use brain research and address the ethical issues that such research fosters. This chapter provides a review and clarification of the concept of dual-use brain science, and describes how current and emerging tools and techniques of brain research are actually or potentially employed in settings that threaten public health and incur ethical concerns. Key ethical issues are addressed, and recommendations for ethical guidance of potentially dual-use research are proposed.

Citation

Giordano, J. and Evers, K. (2018), "Dual Use in Neuroscientific and Neurotechnological Research: A Need for Ethical Address and Guidance", Ethics and Integrity in Health and Life Sciences Research (Advances in Research Ethics and Integrity, Vol. 4), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2398-601820180000004009