Index
Theorizing Criminality and Policing in the Digital Media Age
ISBN: 978-1-83909-112-4, eISBN: 978-1-83909-111-7
ISSN: 2050-2060
Publication date: 25 March 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Wiest, J.B. (Ed.) Theorizing Criminality and Policing in the Digital Media Age (Studies in Media and Communications, Vol. 20), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020210000020006
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.
Active shooter drills
, 140
“Aesthetics of objectivity”
, 123
Affiliate intrusion
, 10
Affiliate victimization
, 9, 20
Affordances
, 95–98
Aggressive behaviors
, 171–173
Algorithms (see also Predictive policing)
, 48–49
bolder borders with security algorithms
, 59–61
context of host countries
, 53–54
critical perspectives on security algorithms
, 50–52
data and methods
, 53
data collection and analysis
, 55–56
development of
, 147
double security conflict of
, 52–53
police risk scoring algorithms
, 49
in predictive policing
, 48
questioning security algorithms
, 57–58
results
, 56–57
sampling strategy for refugees and DXs
, 54–55
security algorithms
, 49–54
understandings on security
, 58–59
uses of
, 49
Altheide, David
, 112–113, 116, 119, 122, 158–160
Amateurism
, 77
América Noticias (AN)
, 114
American home
, 173
Americans
, 173
Amplified source
, 121
Anonymity
, 35
Argentina
audio-visual crime news in
, 112
crime in
, 110
crime news production in
, 125n3
news-making procedures in
, 118
security forces in
, 125
social sectors in
, 116–117
Arm Educators
, 141–142
Artificial intelligence technologies
, 35
Audio-visual
crime news
, 112
journalism
, 123
news
, 123
Audiovisual Communication Services Law (LSCA)
, 125n1
Authentic learning models
, 178
Authority
, 102–103
Barthes’ classic framework
, 92
Bauman, Zygmunt
, 152, 155
Behavioral aggression
, 176, 180
Bergen Social Media Addiction scale
, 175
Big data
, 48
Big World, Small Screen
, 173
Bivariate correlation tests
, 15
Block news
, 119
Bloods
, 72
Bolder borders with security algorithms
, 59–61
Boyz N Tha Hood (movies)
, 71
Branding
, 79
Buenos Aires City (Argentina)
, 111
C5N
, 114, 123
Capitalism and Christianity: American Style
, 161
Chain news
, 119
Classical convergence theory
, 180
Coercion
, 5
Coercive control
, 10
Cognitive theory
, 93
Collaboration
, 181
Colors (movies)
, 71
Columbine (high school) (see also Sandy Hook (elementary school); School shooting)
, 132–133
Communicative process
, 112
Community educators
, 7
Competitive ethos
, 118
Conduct Disorder
, 177
Connolly, William
, 153, 158, 161–162
Conspiracy theories
, 163
Contend security algorithms
, 50
Content analysis (method)
, 136
ethnographic content analysis
, 153, 158–160
Content moderation
, 27
Controlled responses
, 176
Convenience sampling
, 175–177
Conventional criminological knowledge
, 34
Convergence
, 179–181
Cosby, William “Bill”
, 94–96, 99
Cost-effective approach
, 28
Crime media
, 152
cultural criminology, criminology’s crises, and liquidity
, 153–156
mediascape
, 158–163
uncertainties, complexities, and contradictions
, 156–158
Crime news
, 111, 120
heterogeneous data on
, 114
in Latin America
, 113
production and presentation of
, 121
production in Argentina
, 125n3
Crime news in the context of audiovisual transformation in Argentina (CONICET)
, 125n2
Crime(s) (see also Perp walks; Predictive policing; Technology-mediated abuse (TMA))
, 51, 110–111
findings
, 115
how
, 118–121
images of
, 110
interpersonal
, 22
methods
, 114–115
news
, 111–112
predominance of crime
, 111
prevention of
, 31
study of see Criminology
theoretical framework
, 112–114
urban violence
, 110
what and who
, 115–118
when and where
, 121–124
Criminal intimate behavior
, 6
Criminal Justice Center (CJC)
, 98
Criminal justice system
, 90, 97
Criminological research
, 27
Criminologists
, 153
Criminology (see also Situational crime prevention (theory))
, 153–156
cultural criminology
, 153–156
liquid criminology
, 155
theories of
, 92
Crips
, 72
Crónica
, 114
Cultural/culture
, 113
of collaboration
, 181
criminology
, 153–156
of engagement
, 37
intermediaries
, 73
toolkit
, 161
values
, 70
Cyberstalking
, 5
Data
analysis methods
, 50
collection
, 157
Data experts (DXs)
, 49, 52, 56
sampling strategy for refugees and, 54–55
Datafication
, 83
Deepfakes
, 26
increasing effort
, 32–34
increasing risks
, 34–35
literature review and theoretical framework
, 28–29
methods and data
, 30–31
online platforms and situational crime prevention
, 29–30
pornography
, 27, 28, 38
reducing provocations
, 37–38
reducing rewards
, 35–37
removing excuses
, 38–39
results
, 31–32
Delinquency
, 111
Democratic operatives
, 163
Dependent variables
, 176–177
Depression
, 175
Digital (see also Internet/online; Technology(ies))
communication
, 181
criminology
, 154
digital media
, 156
technology
, 112, 121–122
Discourse analysis procedure
, 115
Disinhibition
, 27
Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD)
, 174–177
Diverse algorithmic systems
, 48
Documents
, 98–100
Domestic violence behaviours
, 4
Double security
conflict of algorithms
, 52–53
paradox
, 49, 52–53, 59
Dramatization of @Gangsta
, 75–81
Drill
, 70
Ecosystem
, 27
EDM
, 73
Education
, 4, 6, 19–20
entertainment as
, 72
Educational
community
, 138–140
exposure effects
, 15–16
solutions to improving safety of
, 140–142
system
, 134
Educators
, 134–135, 140
current and future
, 142–146
Embodied displays, perp walks as
, 101–102
Embodied gatekeeping
, 97, 102–103
Embodiment
, 90
Emotional
attack
, 10
impact
, 143
Empathetic newsworthiness
, 116
Entertainment education (EE)
, 8
Epidemiology of media violence
, 179
Estonia
, 54
Ethnographic content analysis (ECA)
, 153, 158–160
European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO)
, 52
Evangelical Christianity
, 162
Ex ante rules
, 34–35
Ex post standards
, 34
Experience
, 20
Experiential exposure effects
, 17–18
Experimenter
, 177
Face recognition systems
, 48–49
Face swapping
, 28
Facebook
, 113
FakeApp
, 26, 28
Familiarity
, 7
Family-wise error
, 172, 178–179
Fiction
, 8
“Fight the Power”
, 71
Fighting financial crime
, 49
Fixed effect studies
, 182
Follow-up spontaneous questions
, 55
Formal education
, 7
Formal education curricula
, 19–20
Foucault
, 91
“Free-speech-minded” users
, 33
Freedom-of-speech assessments
, 29
Frequency
, 10
“Fuck tha Police!” (song)
, 71
Gal Gadot
, 28
Gamergate rhetoric
, 162
“Gang glocalization”
, 72
Gangsta
, 70
in age of technological reproducibility
, 70–75
dramatization of @Gangsta
, 75–81
tagging and labelling
, 81–84
“Gangsta rap”
, 70
Gatekeeping
, 97
General population
, 173
Genres
, 8
Gerbner, George
, 132
Greek tragedies
, 181
Hacking
, 10
Hashtag
, 79
High-quality
images
, 28
videos
, 29
“Himpathy”
, 90
Hip-hop
, 71–72
“Hivemind”
, 33
Homicide rate
, 110
Host countries
security algorithms and context of
, 53–54
Huesmann, L. Rowell
, 171–172, 175, 178–179, 181–182
Human actions
, 92
“Hyper-ritualization”
, 78
“Hyper-ritualizing”
, 81
Identity
, 75
fraud
, 10
Ideological assemblage
, 162
Image-based sexual abuse
, 28
Independent samples t-tests
, 13
Information
communication technology
, 29
stalking
, 10
Instagram
, 70, 113
stories
, 77, 79
Institutional Review Board protocol
, 94
Institutional sources
, 121–122
Intermediatization
, 160
“Internet banging”
, 74
Internet/online (see also Digital; Social media; Technology(ies))
, 27, 29–30, 39, 71
governance of
, 27
platforms
, 27, 29–30
Interpersonal crime
, 8
Intimate partner violence
, 5
Intoxication
, 175
Intrusion by third parties
, 11
Intuition
, 116
Involuntary pornography
, 27
Jimmy Savile scandal
, 165n1
Journalism
, 92
ethics of
, 104
photojournalism
, 98–99
practice of
, 103
sources/sourcing of
, 101
video journalism
, 102
visual journalism
, 100
Knowledge
, 6, 8–10, 18
Labeling theory
, 76
Labelling
, 81–84
Laissez faire approach
, 39
Latin Kings
, 72
Law enforcement service, perp walks in
, 95–98
Law enforcers
, 7
Learning environment
, 143–144
Learning theory
, 175
LexisNexis
, 160
Liminality
, 92
Liquid criminology
, 155
Liquid modernity
, 152, 155
Liquidity
, 153–156
Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)
, 71
Madeline McCann case
, 165n1
Mara Salvatrucha
, 72
Martin, Trayvon
, 100
Mass media
, 137, 182
content moderation of
, 27
influence of
, 134
representations in
, 93
Mass school shooting
, 132
Mass shootings, media coverage of (see also School shooting)
, 132–135
Maxqda software
, 56
MDD
, 175
Media
, 4, 6, 20
consumption of school shootings
, 143
coverage of mass shootings
, 132–135
exposure
, 8, 17
falsification
, 28
outlets
, 162
representations of perp walks
, 93
selection
, 136
Media logic (see also Social media—logic)
, 112–113
Media violence
, 170, 178, 180
convergence
, 179–181
improper sampling procedures
, 175–178
media violence-aggressive behavior equation
, 170–171
pro-social activity
, 181–184
psychologically well and unwell participants
, 173–175
researchers
, 170–172
vulnerable to family-wise errors
, 178–179
Mediascape
, 158–163
Mediatization/mediatización
, 112
Mental health professionals
, 7
Meta-analysis
, 180
More-or-less-direct acquaintances
, 80
MTV Yo! Raps (TV programs)
, 71
Music-streaming platforms
, 70
Musical genres
, 73
National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES)
, 133
National Television Violence Study (1996–1998)
, 178
Near-repeat theory
, 50
Network sampling method
, 21
New York Times
, 91
News media
, 156
News residue
, 160
News sources
, 115
News-entertainment
, 120
Non-consensual pornography
, 26
Non-diagnosable
, 184n1
Nonfiction
, 8
#OccupyWallStreet
, 75
Ombudsman for Communications
, 122
Online deepfake videos
, 37
Online platforms
policies
, 27
and situational crime prevention
, 29–30
Ontological anxieties
, 152
Open interviews
, 115
Open-door policy (Turkish stance on Syrian refugees)
, 49, 53
Open-ended questions
, 55
Partner violence
, 6
Pennsylvania News Media Association (PNMA)
, 95–96
Pepe the Frog
, 165n2
Perceptions
, 11
Performance
, 101–102
Performances of Gangsta
, 70
Perp walks
, 90, 93
as embodied displays
, 101–102
embodied gatekeeping and authority
, 102–103
findings
, 94
in law enforcement service
, 95–98
literature review
, 91–93
methodology
, 93–94
pretrial hearing
, 94–95
as products of news practices
, 98–100
Personal experiences
, 4
Personal victimization
, 9
Photojournalism
, 98–99
Physical attack
, 10–11
Physical isolation
Place
, 121
Police actions
, 51
Police risk-scoring algorithms (PRSA)
, 49, 55–56, 59
Policing
, 48, 80
predictive policing
, 51
Policy enforcement
, 32
Pop
, 73
Popularity
, 83
Pornhub
, 26
Pornography (see also Deepfakes)
, 27
consent and
, 37
involuntary
, 26–27, 37
Predictive analysis
, 50
tools
, 50
Predictive policing
, 51
Pretrial hearing
, 94–95
Primary prevention education
, 7
Privacy (see also Deepfakes)
, 48
intrusion of
, 5, 8, 10–11, 20
Production routines
, 114
Programmability
, 83
Projective technique
, 55
Pseudonyms
, 94
Psychological aggression
, 4
Psychologically well
, 184n1
Psychopathic attributes
, 183
Psychopathology
, 171, 176, 182
Psychopathy
, 174
Public awareness
, 6, 21
Public cognitions on complex topics
, 6
Public perceptions (see also Social construction of reality)
, 4
Public rituals
, 91
Public shaming
, 91
Pushshift Reddit
, 30
QAnon
, 163
Qualitative analysis
, 137
Qualitative approach
, 112
Qualitative methodology
, 54
qualitative thematic press analysis
, 153, 160–161
Qualitative research tools
, 114
Qualitative text analysis
, 30
Qualitative thematic press analysis (QTPA)
, 153, 160–161
Quantitative analysis
, 164
statistical convergence
, 172, 180
statistical error
, 172
Quota scheme (EU refugee allocation system)
, 53
Random effects studies
, 182
“Reality television”
, 123
Reddit
, 26–29, 34–35, 38
moderators
, 38
Refugee(s) (see also Open-door policy, Quota scheme)
, 49
sampling strategy for
, 54–55
Relocation procedure
, 54
Resonance
, 153, 161–163
“Rhetorics of surveillance”
, 123
Risk terrain modeling
, 50
Ritual(s)
, 91–92, 103
conception
, 91
Sampling
convenience samples
, 172
distributions
, 176
strategy for refugees and DXs
, 54–55
Sandusky, Jerry
, 94, 96, 98–99, 104
Sandy Hook (elementary school) (see also Columbine (high school); School shooting)
, 132–133
“Sandy Hook Tragedy”
, 133
School gun violence
, 148
School shooting (see also Mass shooting)
, 132–133
Schools to withstand shootings
, 140–141
SCID-5 analyses
, 175
SCID-IV standards
, 179
Security algorithms
, 49–50
bolder borders with
, 59–61
and context of host countries
, 53–54
critical perspectives on
, 50–52
questioning
, 57–58
Selectivity principle
, 54
24/7 sensationalized news cycle
, 133
Sensemakers
, 135
Sensemaking
, 132
current issue
, 135
limitations and future research
, 147–148
media coverage of mass shootings
, 132–135
methods
, 136–137
process
, 134–135
results
, 137–142
on social media
, 132
Weick’s sensemaking model
, 134
Sensitivity
, 116
Severity perceptions
, 8–9, 19–21
Sexualization
, 27
of minors
, 26–27, 34
Shaming
, 10
“Sharing imperative”
, 122
Signal crimes
, 160
Simulated child pornography
, 37
Situational crime prevention (theory)
, 27, 29–31
for online content moderation and platform policy enforcement
, 32
online platforms and
, 29–30
perspective
, 35
techniques
, 27
Slander
, 10
Social change
, 7
Social construction of reality (see also Public perceptions)
Social learning theory
, 7
Social media
, 51, 76, 80, 113
analysis
, 48
communication
, 74
logic
, 77, 113
platforms
, 29
posts from educators/about educators
, 138
research on
, 175
as sensemaking tool
, 135
sites
, 133
Social network
analysis
, 49–50
function
, 122
Social order
, 112
Social persuasion
, 175
Social sorting through algorithms
, 51
Social stigma to recursive branding
, 81–84
Specificity
, 10
Spotify
, 70
Stalking
, 5
Statistical convergence
, 172
Statistical errors
, 172
Statistical theory
, 180
Stigma
, 5
Straight Outta Compton
, 71
Street credibility
, 74
Street crimes
, 110
Strengths-based approaches
, 7
“Subversive frivolity”
, 77
Symbolic-dramatic matrix
, 111
Syrian refugees
, 49
in Estonia
, 55
Syrian refugees
, 52–53
Tactics
, 37
Tagging
, 76
Tagging
, 80–84
Technological evaluation
, 183
Technology-mediated abuse (TMA)
, 4–5
complexity
, 5–6
educational exposure effects
, 15–16
experiential exposure effects
, 17–18
explanations of
, 18
exposure effects
, 13
exposure variety
, 7–9
extent and nature of overall exposure
, 11–13
knowledge
, 18
knowledge, understanding, and perceptions
, 10–11
media exposure effects
, 17
overall exposure effects
, 13–15
procedures
, 10
public cognitions on complex topics
, 6
sample and methods
, 9–10
study limitations
, 21
understanding and severity perceptions
, 19–21
Technology(ies)
, 5–6, 39
Telefé
, 123
Television
crime news
, 112
news
, 111
producers
, 118
TensorFlow
, 26
Thematic analysis
, 56
Time
, 121
Todo Noticias (TN)
, 114
“Toxic technocultures”
, 33
Traffic violations
, 179
Tragedy of culture
, 152
Trap
, 70
Tweets
, 137
Twitter
, 26, 113, 136
Understanding
, 6, 8–10, 19–21
United States (US)
, 4
Universal crime
, 153
drop
, 154–155
Urban violence
, 110
User-chosen media
, 8
User–moderator–administrator
, 38
Vandalism
, 36
Vice
, 26
Victim intrusion
, 10
Victimization
, 103
Violence
, 7
violence-prevention educators
, 8
Visual artifacts
, 92
Visual journalism
, 99, 103
Visual magnitude
, 116–117
VOAT
, 38
“Web of facticity”
, 92
Weinstein, Harvey
, 90–91, 93
WeTransfer
, 122
WhatsApp
, 122
World Wide Web
, 33
Young, Jock
, 76, 154–156
YouTube
, 70
Zimmerman, George
, 94, 99–100
- Prelims
- Section I: New Opportunities for Criminals and Police
- Chapter 1: Does Exposure Matter? Media, Education, and Experience Affecting Technology-Mediated Abuse Knowledge, Understanding, and Severity-Perceptions
- Chapter 2: Dealing with Deepfakes: Reddit, Online Content Moderation, and Situational Crime Prevention
- Chapter 3: Attaining Security Through Algorithms: Perspectives of Refugees and Data Experts
- Section II: Digital Media Representations of Criminality and Policing
- Chapter 4: Dramatization of the @GANGSTA: Instagram Cred in the Age of Glocalized Gang Culture
- Chapter 5: Perp Walks as Contested Rituals: Documents, Affordances, and Performances
- Chapter 6: Images of Crime: Empathetic Newsworthiness and Digital Technologies in the Production of Police News on Television in Argentina
- Section III: Studying Criminality and Policing in the Digital Media Age
- Chapter 7: “Every Day When I Go to Work, I Wonder If it Will Be the Day I Die”: Sensemaking Mass Media and School Shootings
- Chapter 8: Lost in the Mediascape: Embracing Uncertainties and Contradictions at the Cultural Nexus of Crime and Media
- Chapter 9: Five Things that Went Wrong with Media Violence Research
- Index