Index

Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management

ISBN: 978-1-80117-431-2, eISBN: 978-1-80117-430-5

ISSN: 0742-7301

Publication date: 19 August 2021

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2021), "Index", Buckley, M.R., Wheeler, A.R., Baur, J.E. and Halbesleben, J.R.B. (Ed.) Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 39), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-730120210000039009

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2021 M. Ronald Buckley, Anthony R. Wheeler, John E. Baur and Jonathon R. B. Halbesleben


INDEX

Acceptance dynamics in workplace social environment
, 222–228

Acculturation strategies
, 217–222

Actor’s network positions
, 138–141

Affect-based trust
, 136

Age

age-graded influences
, 104

cohorts
, 101

Gen Z life-stage and age effects
, 114–115

related meta-stereotyping
, 107

Agency theory
, 15

Airbnb
, 2

Algorithmic management, 9 (see also Human resource management (HRM))

algorithmic HR management
, 3, 24

benefits of
, 10

use of
, 37

Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk)
, 116

Ambiguity
, 28, 73, 76, 78, 81, 224

American Psychological Association study
, 112

AMO model
, 195

App-workers
, 26, 28, 35

Apparent sincerity
, 83

Arise Virtual Solutions
, 15

Artificial intelligence
, 24, 37, 117

Assimilation

cues
, 225–226

strategy
, 219–221

Asylum seekers
, 215, 241

refugee and asylum seekers antecedents
, 246–251

situational and dispositional conditions of refugees and
, 251

Attentiveness
, 81

Automation
, 117

Autonomy
, 29, 78, 271–273

and control of freelancers
, 22

of gig work
, 5

Baby Boomers (BBs)
, 101, 102–103, 114

Bifurcation bias
, 184, 194, 197

Bonuses
, 48, 51

Boundaryless career orientation
, 122

Bridging social capital
, 149, 154, 161, 163

Broad reach, network positions of
, 143

Brokerage positions
, 143–144

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
, 114

Canvas ceiling
, 261

Capital-based platforms
, 2

Career Construction Theory (CCT)
, 252

Career(s)
, 101, 122

development
, 116, 122

entrants
, 101

entry
, 120

identity
, 121

Casual work arrangements
, 2

Center for Refugee and Immigrant Success (CRIS)
, 278

Center for Refugee Employment, Advocacy, Training and Education (CREATE)
, 278

Centralization
, 151

Chronological age
, 103

Citizen
, 210–212

Classic strategic human resource theory
, 13

Client businesses
, 20

Coefficient of variation
, 60

Coercive power
, 133

Cognition-based trust
, 136

Cognitive mapping
, 106

Collective leadership (see Shared leadership)

Commitment
, 132

Community level outcomes of refugee fit
, 274–275

Compartmentalization
, 243

Compensation
, 56–58, 65, 178–189

Competence indicators
, 58

Complexity of refugee experience
, 244

Compliance
, 132

Conceptualization
, 84

Contextual Differences in acculturation strategies
, 221–222

Contingent labor
, 13

Contingent work arrangements
, 2

Control

in digital labor platforms
, 32

positions
, 143, 146

Conventional employee assistance program
, 19

Cooperation measures
, 60

Coordination of task performance
, 155

Corporation logic
, 24

Country of origin
, 262

COVID-19 (see also Post-COVID)

defining impact of
, 114–115

outbreak
, 37

pandemic
, 100, 112

Crafting activity
, 81

Cultural gaps
, 270–271

Cultural similarity
, 250

Cultural tightness, intersection of
, 217–222

Cuspers
, 106

Dark personality traits
, 192

Deliveroo
, 7, 10, 23

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
, 247

Density
, 151

of social ties
, 151–152

Descriptive HRM algorithms
, 9

Development, training and
, 259

Deviant innovator
, 25–26

Digital labor platforms
, 4–7, 9–10

labor processes and HRM within
, 19–26

phenomenon
, 3

sourcing labor from external
, 12–19

work
, 35

Digital work
, 116

Digitation
, 117

Direct access positions
, 142, 147, 163

Discrimination
, 273

Disgust
, 225

Dispersed HRM functions
, 3, 10–12

Dispersed pay
, 50

Displaced resident
, 215–217

Distributed leadership (see Shared leadership)

Diversity driven organizations
, 256

Diversity Visa Program
, 212

Diversity-targeted processes
, 212

Dual job holding (see Multiple job holding (MJH))

East Slavic languages
, 250

Economic downturn
, 74–75

effects on organizational politics
, 73–74

Economic environment perspective
, 72

Economically challenged environments, politics in
, 85

eLancing
, 116

Electronically mediated gig work
, 2

Emotional strain
, 77

Employee resource groups (ERG s)
, 258

Employee(s)
, 30

performance
, 192

workplace response effects on
, 76–77

Employers
, 17–18, 118, 254

local and regional
, 254

organizational
, 275

preferences
, 252

Employment

employment-based LPRs
, 213

employment-based residency
, 212

HRM without
, 3, 7–8

insecurity
, 77

English as Second Language (ESL)
, 243

Entrepreneur
, 261

career pluralist or hybrid
, 116

institutional
, 20

refugee
, 262, 264, 274

Entrepreneurial paths
, 260

entrepreneurship
, 260–261

interventions to enable successful refugee entrepreneurship
, 266–267

push factors and necessity entrepreneurship
, 262–266

Entrepreneurial support
, 279–280

Entrepreneurship
, 260–261

Environmental mastery
, 271–273

Environmental uncertainty
, 79

Equity theory
, 57–58

equity theory-based notion
, 51–52

Essential workers
, 100

Ethical leadership
, 123, 275

Etsy
, 2

Eudemonic conceptualization
, 269

Evaluative approaches
, 268–269

Existing community of support
, 262

Expectancy
, 49

theory
, 58

Expert power
, 134, 136, 145

Explained dispersion theory
, 48–49, 52, 57, 62

key elements
, 57

use elements
, 53

Explained pay dispersion
, 48

credit-card payment processing
, 47–48

explained dispersion theory
, 48–49

other pay dispersion research trends
, 60–63

research
, 53–60

theory of
, 49–53

Expressive ties
, 135–136, 144–145

External environment
, 271

effects of
, 65

perspective
, 72

External support service interventions
, 257–260

F-1 visa holders
, 214

Family allowance
, 50

Family driven approach
, 256–257

Family firms

articles reviewed
, 179–186

bifurcation bias
, 194

compensation
, 178–189

directions for future research
, 187–188

employee performance
, 192

HPWS
, 195–196

HR management in
, 176–177

individual differences
, 194–195

organizational image
, 196

recruitment and selection
, 189–190

SEW
, 196–197

social networks
, 196

theoretical guidance
, 194

topical themes in literature
, 177

training
, 190–192

turnover
, 193–194

Family ownership and management
, 188

Family sponsorship
, 212

Family-work conflict
, 106

Financially driven organizations
, 255

Firm-level acculturation strategies
, 221–222

Fiverr
, 4, 7

Fortune 500
, 12, 204

corporations
, 12

management trainee programs
, 115

Foundational change model
, 100

Foundational management
, 115

Freelancer. com
, 5

Freelancers
, 26–27

autonomy and control of
, 22

onboard
, 14

professional
, 5

Friendship ties
, 136

Future of work
, 32

Gen Y (see Millennials)

General information search
, 155–156

Generation X (Gen X)
, 101, 103, 114

Generation Z (Gen Z)
, 100–101, 111

changing nature of jobs
, 115–117

characteristics research commissioned or completed by companies
, 109–111

criticisms of generations research
, 105–109

diverse, with global perspective
, 112

enters workforce
, 119–123

generations and
, 101–103

as learners
, 113–114

life-stage and age effects
, 114–115

mental health in
, 112

post-COVID employment shifts
, 117–119

research
, 103–104

and technology
, 111–112

Generational cohort theory
, 100–101

Generational differences
, 103

Generations

criticisms of
, 105

and Gen Z
, 101–103

research
, 103–104

Gig economy
, 2–3, 116

barriers
, 33–35

knowledge gaps and future research needs
, 31–33

labor processes and HRM within digital labor platform firms
, 19–26

nature of gig work
, 3–7

organizations sourcing labor by establishing own spin-off platforms
, 26–31

pathways
, 35–37

sourcing labor from external digital labor platforms
, 12–19

unique features of HRM in
, 7–11

Gig literacies
, 5

Gig work, nature of
, 3–7

Gig workers
, 3, 7–8, 116

ethical treatment
, 17

freelance
, 116

labor of
, 22

location-based gig workers
, 2

non-employee
, 3

Gini coefficient
, 60, 63

Great Recession
, 77, 101–104, 111

Greenfield platform
, 27

Grit
, 82–84

Group bonding social capital
, 149, 151, 154

Group effectiveness
, 151–152

Group-level network structures
, 131

H-1B visa holders
, 214

Hardship
, 247–248

Healthy Minds Study (HMS)
, 112

Hedonic approaches
, 269

Hierarchy
, 151

High in-degree centrality
, 144

High-performance work systems (HPWS)
, 62, 195–196

Horizontal pay dispersion
, 57, 60–61

Horizontal performance-based dispersion
, 57

Human capital
, 265

Human resource (HR)
, 176

managers
, 100

practices
, 162

professionals
, 3

Human resource management (HRM)
, 2–3, 130, 176, 240

algorithmic HR management
, 8–10

dispersed HRM functions
, 10–12

without employment
, 3, 7–8, 32

functions
, 212

HRM without employment
, 7–8

inadequate human resource management practices
, 273

interventions
, 277–278

kaleidoscope of HRM in gig economy
, 4

models
, 115

practices shape network structures of influence in organizations
, 161–164

professionals
, 268

research to improve immigrant employee experiences
, 228–231

unique features of HRM in gig economy
, 7

Identifiability
, 51–52

Illegitimacy
, 225, 227–228

Immigrant employees
, 204–205

citizen
, 210–212

destination countries for immigrants
, 206

displaced resident
, 215–217

intersection of cultural tightness
, 217–222

legal permanent resident
, 212–213

legitimacy
, 226

organizational practices and HRM research to improve immigrant employee experiences
, 228–231

pathways and associated status of international immigration
, 208–209

pathways of immigration
, 207

resistance and acceptance dynamics in workplace social environment
, 222–228

transitional resident
, 213–215

Immigrants
, 204–206

Impression management
, 79

In-degree centrality
, 142, 144

Increased workload
, 76, 85

Independent professional
, 27

Individual acculturation strategies
, 219–221

Individual contributions
, 52

Individual differences
, 263

Individual incentives
, 50

Individual phenomenon
, 242

Individually directed organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBI)
, 226

Influence
, 82, 130–131

Influencing others
, 137

Influential individuals

defining power, status, and influence
, 132–133

implications for network structures of influence
, 135–149

influential network positions
, 131–132

network positions to identify
, 131

power and status intertwined
, 134–135

power and status yield influence through distinct mechanisms
, 133–134

Influential others
, 147

Influential people
, 130–131

Informal social networks
, 158

Initial public offering (IPO)
, 21, 58–59

Innovation anemia
, 74

Institutional complexity
, 24

Instrumental ties
, 135

Inter-group network structures
, 150, 154–157

Interdisciplinary Center for Healthy Workplaces (IDCHW)
, 119

Intermediation-based business model
, 23

Internal environment perspective
, 72

Internal political environment
, 73

International Catholic Migration Commission in Europe (ICMC)
, 248

Interpersonal influence
, 83, 130

Intersection of cultural tightness
, 217–222

Intra-group network structures
, 150, 151–154

Intra-team wage dispersion
, 60

Inverted U-shaped form
, 88

iPros
, 26–27, 29

Iterative process of model
, 84

Job crafting
, 80–81, 89–90

research in economic downturns
, 86

Job search

behaviors
, 118

process
, 253–254

self-efficacy
, 252

Job(s)

changing nature of
, 115–117

consolidation
, 85

design
, 222

developer
, 246

embeddedness
, 193

insecurity
, 85

job-focused tactics
, 80

life and job satisfaction
, 268–269

reassignment
, 85

Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
, 243

Labor platforms
, 5

Labor processes

and HRM within digital labor platform firms
, 19

HRM-related challenges for (HR) managers of digital labor platforms
, 23–25

HRM-related opportunities for (HR) managers of digital labor platforms
, 25–26

service employees
, 19–20

service employees role in multifaceted platform firms
, 20–23

Leader(ship)
, 137

development programs
, 163

emergence
, 152

networks
, 135

ties
, 137

Learners, Gen Z as
, 113–114

Legal permanent resident (LPR)
, 210, 212–213

Legitimacy
, 225–226

Legitimate power
, 134

Lesser-credentialed immigrants
, 204

Life

and job satisfaction
, 268–269

purpose in
, 273

Lifespan developmental psychology
, 103–104

Location-based gig workers
, 2

Long-term dispersion
, 54

Looseness
, 217–222

Lower-skilled immigrants
, 204

Machiavellianism
, 192

Market logic
, 24

Marketing, sales and
, 22

Meaningful work
, 121

Mechanical Turk
, 17

Mental health in Gen Z
, 112

Meta-stereotypes
, 107

Meta-stereotyping
, 106–107

Micro-taskers
, 28

Migrant
, 205–206

Millennials
, 103, 114

generation
, 104

on steroids
, 100

MJHers (see Multiple job holding (MJH))

Mobility preference
, 122

Moderated mediation model
, 85

Moral emotions
, 225–226

Multi-culturalism
, 217

Multi-level view of how networks impact influence
, 149–157

Multidimensional (mis)fit
, 242

and entrepreneurial paths
, 260–267

entrepreneurship
, 260–261

intersection of refugees and service workers
, 245–254

interventions to enable successful refugee entrepreneurship
, 266–267

multilevel outcomes of refugee fit
, 267–275

of refugees
, 244

process and outcomes of
, 242

push factors and necessity entrepreneurship
, 262–266

refugee crisis
, 240, 275–276

refugee resettlement agency service workers
, 243

traditional employment and person-organization and person-job mis(fit)
, 254–260

Multidimensional fit (MDF)
, 242, 275

practical implications and interventions
, 277

sub-dimensions of MDF
, 245

theoretical implications and future research
, 276–277

Multiple job holding (MJH)
, 116

Multiplex ties
, 135–137

Multiteam systems
, 156

Narcissism
, 192

National College Health Assessment (NCHA)
, 112

National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY)
, 108

Naturalized citizens
, 211

Necessity entrepreneurship

country of origin
, 262

existing community of support
, 262

human capital
, 265

individual differences
, 263

opportunity recognition
, 265

perseverance
, 264–265

pull factors and opportunity entrepreneurship
, 263–264

push factors and
, 262

self-efficacy
, 264

social capital
, 266

Negative meta-stereotypical characteristics of older workers
, 107

Negative outcome interdependence
, 227

Negative young meta-stereotypes
, 107

Network effects
, 21, 24

Network positions

to identify influential individuals
, 131–149

imbue actors
, 130

implications for
, 137

Network structures of influence

advancing research on network structures of influence within organizations
, 164

embracing multi-level view of how networks impact influence
, 149–157

HRM practices shape network structures of influence in organizations
, 161–164

implications for HRM research and practice
, 158

using network positions to identify influential individuals
, 131–149

social network research within HRM
, 130–131

utility of identifying individuals and groups
, 158–161

Networking ability
, 83

NGOs
, 243, 246, 260

NO MObile PHone PhoBIA
, 111

Nomophobia
, 111

Non-CEO TMTs
, 61

Non-employee gig workers
, 3

Non-family

employees in family firms
, 191

firms
, 54

managers
, 188

Non-normative life events
, 104

Nonlinear research
, 88

Normative age-graded influences
, 104

Normative history-graded influences
, 104

Normatively acceptable dispersion-creating practices
, 50

Offshoots and extensions
, 57–60

On-site gig workers (see Location-based gig workers)

Onboarding
, 257–258

Online/virtual gig work (see Remote gig work)

Ontogenesis
, 103

Open marketplace platforms
, 5

Opportunity entrepreneurship, 243, 263 (see also Necessity entrepreneurship)

pull factors and
, 263–264

Opportunity recognition
, 265

Organization HRM practices

and external support service interventions
, 257

external support services
, 260

onboarding and socialization
, 257–258

training and development
, 259

Organizational acculturation strategies
, 219–221

Organizational behavior (OB)
, 5, 115

Organizational change
, 73

Organizational decision-makers
, 2

Organizational image
, 196

Organizational level outcomes of refugee fit
, 273–274

Organizational politics
, 72–73

contributions to theory and research
, 85

directions for future research
, 85–89

impact of economic downturns
, 85

economy and effects on objective and subjective reality and well-being
, 74–76

iterative process of model
, 84

POPs
, 77–78

practical implications
, 89–90

psychological and employee behavioral reactions to POPs
, 78–84

theoretical foundations and proposition development
, 73–74

workplace response effects on employees and work environment
, 76–77

Organizational practices to improve immigrant employee experiences
, 228–231

Organizational restructuring/redesign
, 75

Organizational sciences field
, 72

Organizational socialization
, 257–258

Organizational support
, 278

Organizations sourcing labor

by establishing own spin-off platforms
, 26

HRM-related challenges for (HR) managers of businesses with spin-off platform
, 28–30

HRM-related opportunities for (HR) managers of businesses with spin-off platform
, 30–31

varieties of platform workers
, 26–28

Out-degree centrality
, 142

Outcome

of influence attempts
, 132

interdependence
, 227

Outsourcing
, 15

digital labor platforms as form of
, 12–14

Overqualification
, 76, 86

Overqualified employees
, 87

Ownership
, 53

Parenting skills
, 246

Part-time job
, 115

Pay compression
, 51

Pay dispersion
, 49, 58, 60

Pay-for-performance
, 50, 56

PeoplePerHour
, 12

Perceived status/need
, 81–82

Perceptions of organizational politics (POPs)
, 72, 77–78

Performance-based pay
, 51, 53

Period effect
, 115

Perseverance
, 264–265

of energy
, 83

Person-group fit (see Person-Team Fit (P-T Fit))

Person-job fit (P-J Fit)
, 87, 240, 242–243

Person-job mis (fit)
, 254–260

Person-Organization Fit (P-O Fit)
, 189, 242–243

Person-organization mis(fit)
, 254–260

Person-Preferences for Culture Fit (P-P Fit)
, 242–243

Person-Team Fit (P-T Fit)
, 242–243

Person-Vocation Fit (P-V Fit)
, 242–243

Personal Differences in acculturation strategies
, 221–222

Personal growth
, 273

Pew Research Center
, 101

Platform decision-makers
, 34

Platform economy
, 2

Points
, 207

Political activity
, 82

Political behavior
, 74, 78–79

and proactivity
, 79

Political environments
, 72

Political skill
, 83

Political Skill Inventory
, 83

Politically skilled employees
, 87

Politicking
, 80

Politics
, 84

Positive outcome

interdependence
, 227

of politics
, 79

Positive young age meta-stereotype characteristics
, 107

Post hoc
, 61

Post-COVID

employment shifts
, 117–119

workplace
, 101

Power
, 130–131, 132–133

positions
, 142

and status intertwined
, 134–135

yield influence through distinct mechanisms
, 133–134

Power-Dependence Theory
, 132

Pre-COVID
, 117

Pre-IPO
, 22–23

Predictive HRM algorithms
, 9

Predictors of POPs
, 72

Prescriptive HRM algorithms
, 9–10

Primacy of immigrant categorization
, 223–225

Proactive strategies
, 82

Proactive work behavior
, 80

Proactive/influence behaviors
, 79–80

Project-based work
, 120

Prominence
, 143

Prominence positions
, 145–146

Psychopathy
, 192

Pull factors and opportunity entrepreneurship
, 263–264

Purpose in life
, 265, 269, 273

Push factors and necessity entrepreneurship
, 262–266

PwC NextGen study
, 108

Qualitative research
, 89

Quantitative research
, 5

Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional theory (RIASEC theory)
, 252

Realized influence positions
, 132, 137, 147

Recession-driven politics
, 84

Recession-related stressors
, 75–76

Recruitment and selection
, 189–190

Referent power
, 133–134

Refugee Convention (1951)
, 240

Refugee fit

community level outcomes
, 274–275

multilevel outcomes of
, 267

organizational level outcomes
, 273–274

refugee wellbeing
, 268–273

Refugee service

groups
, 278–279

refugee service-worker interventions
, 251–254

workers
, 246

Refugee wellbeing
, 242, 268

autonomy, environmental mastery, and self-reliance
, 271–273

eudemonic approaches
, 269–270

evaluative approaches
, 268–269

hedonic approaches
, 269

positive relations, social networks, and cultural gaps
, 270–271

purpose in life and personal growth
, 273

self-acceptance, identity, and rejection
, 270

Refugee(s)

crisis
, 240, 275–276

employment
, 241–242

gap
, 261

intersection of refugees and service workers
, 245–254

interventions to enable refugee entrepreneurship
, 266–267

microenterprise programs
, 279

multidimensional (mis)fit of
, 244

population
, 240

resettlement agencies
, 243, 260

Reinforcement
, 49

Remote gig work
, 2

Representation
, 155

Research questions (RQ)
, 119

Resistance
, 132–133

dynamics in workplace social environment
, 222–228

Resource

management and work outcomes relationships
, 82–83

theory
, 77

Reward power
, 133

Ride-hailing platforms
, 5

Rumination
, 88

Sales and marketing
, 22

Scott Kirby (United Airlines CEO)
, 48

Scouting activities (see General information search)

Selection, recruitment and
, 189–190

Self-acceptance
, 269

identity, and rejection
, 270

Self-efficacy
, 264

Self-esteem
, 242

Self-expansion
, 242

Self-reliance
, 271–273

Seniority-based pay
, 53

Sensemaking approach
, 121

Servant leadership
, 275

Service employees
, 19–20, 24

role in multifaceted platform firms
, 20–23

Service workers
, 243, 245

intersection of refugees and
, 245

refugee and asylum seekers antecedents
, 246–251

refugee service-worker interventions
, 251–254

Shared leadership
, 151, 153

operationalization
, 153

structures
, 149

Sharing economy
, 2

Silent Generation
, 101–102

Social astuteness
, 83

Social capital
, 266

Social dominance orientation (SDO)
, 227–228

Social entrepreneurship
, 271

Social identity
, 242

Social integration
, 270–271

Social networks
, 196, 270–271

approaches
, 130

research
, 130, 137

Social process
, 132

Socialization
, 257–258

Socioemotional Wealth (SEW)
, 192, 196–197

Solo self-employed
, 26–27

Sourcing labor

digital labor platforms as form of outsourcing
, 12–14

from external digital labor platforms
, 12

HRM-related challenges for (HR) managers of client businesses
, 14–18

HRM-related opportunities for (HR) managers of client businesses
, 18–19

Spin-off platforms
, 26–31

HRM-related challenges for (HR) managers of businesses with
, 28–30

HRM-related opportunities for (HR) managers of businesses with
, 30–31

Staffing models
, 243, 255

Status
, 131, 132–133, 225–226

network positions
, 144

power and status intertwined
, 134–135

yield influence through distinct mechanisms
, 133–134

Stereotypes
, 106–107

Strategic ambiguity
, 81

Structural view of interpersonal influence
, 130

Subjective wellbeing model
, 268–269, 277

Supervisor-focused tactics
, 80

Surface-level dissimilarity
, 223

Sustainability of gig work
, 4

Talkspace
, 19

TaskRabbit
, 27, 31

Team virtuality
, 118

Technical workers
, 212

Technology

development
, 22–23

Gen Z and
, 111–112

technology-based mediations
, 24–25

Temper
, 7

Temporary job
, 115

Temporary work(ers)
, 120, 213

Theoretical model
, 85

Theory of explained pay dispersion
, 49–53

Tie types
, 135

Tiers
, 207

Tournament theory
, 49, 58

Traditional employment
, 254–260

Traditional staffing model
, 255

Traditionalists
, 102

Training
, 190–192

and development
, 259

Transcendence
, 81–82

Transformational leadership
, 275

Transit experience
, 248–250

Transitional resident
, 213–215

Trauma
, 269

Trust ties
, 136

Typology
, 58

U-shaped form
, 88

Uber
, 2, 7, 23

Uncertainty
, 78

Underemployment
, 76, 85

Unexplained pay dispersion, 48 (see also Explained pay dispersion)

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
, 240

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNHCR)
, 207

Unskilled workers
, 213

Upwork
, 2, 4–6, 12

US anti-discrimination laws
, 15

Vertical pay dispersion
, 62

Virtual leadership
, 117

Virtual reality applications
, 118–119

Virtual teamwork
, 117–118

Vocational fit (P-V fit)
, 262

Wage/benefit cuts
, 85

Well-being
, 268

economy and effects on objective and subjective reality and
, 74–76

Work

centrality
, 106

from homE
, 117

work–family conflict
, 106

workplace response effects on work environment
, 76–77

Worker Info Exchange
, 35

Workforce

Gen Z enters workforce
, 119–123

Workplace responses
, 85

effects on employees and work environment
, 76–77

Workplace social environment

cascade of co-worker
, 222–223

combinations with resource interdependence produce resistance or acceptance, 228–

primacy of immigrant categorization
, 223–225

resistance and acceptance dynamics in
, 222

status, moral emotions, assimilation cues, and legitimacy
, 225–226

Workplaces
, 204, 118

refugees in
, 240

Young workers
, 114

YoungOnes
, 7, 12