Aarhus

, 229, 231–232

Absorption capacity

, 198–199

Acemoglu, Daron

, 31, 75

Ad hoc committee systems

, 114

Africa

, 11, 236

African National Congress (ANC)

, 25

Age of Social Democracy, The

, 196

Agenda 2030

, 34

AkademikernesCentralorganization (AC)

, 78

Akbayan (Citizen Action Party) (Philippines)

, 28

Alleanza Nazionale (AN)

, 181–182

Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz)

, 52–53

Artificial intelligence

, 75

Asia

, 11

Assimilation

, 202–203

Association of Workers of Slovakia (ZRS)

, 53–54

Attlee, Clement

, 254–255

Auken, Svend

, 230–231

Autonomous Communities (AC)

, 174

Basic income

, 92–93, 99–101

attitudes towards

, 102–104

in early twentieth century

, 95–96

economic sustainability of

, 104–105

sustainability of welfare state

, 105–106

Belgian identity

, 183–184

Belgium

, 163

Benn, Tony

, 254

Bennite Socialist

, 246

Berlin

, 22

‘Bicycle-resentment’ syndrome

, 239

Big data

, 75

Bild, Carl

, 206

Blair, Tony

, 2–3, 246

Bloc politics

, 237–238

Blue-collar-cum-white-collar alliance

, 80

Border control

, 208

Brandt, Willy

, 16–17

Brazil

, 17

Bretton Woods agreement

, 22

Brexit

, 17–18, 265

Britain See United Kingdom

British Labour Party (LAB)

, 4, 174

Broad alliances

, 32

Brown; Gordon

, 249

Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (BHV)

, 182

Bundestag Official Printed Papers (BOPP)

, 119

Bureaucratic capitalists

, 21

Buscayno, ‘Dante’

, 23

Business unionism

, 70

Capitalism

, 21

Casa della Liberta government

, 184

Cause-oriented groups

, 24

Central Europe

, 58

Centre-left, the

, 5

Centre-right governments

, 72–73

Chile

, 17

China

, 19

Christelijke Democratisch en Vlaams (CD&V)

, 182

Christlich Demokratische Union (CDU)

, 134–135

Christlich-soziale Union (CSU)

, 134–135

Citizen

income

, 96

worker

, 198

Citizenship

, 20

Civic Democratic Party (ODS)

, 53

Civil society organization (CSO)

, 24

Class-based industrial unionism

, 79–80

Climate change

, 10, 16

Co-operation

, 203

Coalition government

, 33–34

Cole, G. D. H.

, 95–96

Collective bargaining

, 73, 80

Colonialism

, 19

Communism

, 6

Communist Party of India (CPI)

, 21

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)

, 21

Communists

, 6

Communitarianism

, 198–199

Community

, 7

Comparative case analysis

, 174–184

Comparative puzzle

, 199–201

Competence development funds

, 83

Condorcet, Marquis de

, 94

Congress Party (India)

, 185–186

Consensus democracy

, 115

Consensus-oriented political and epistemological systems

, CH006#p0030, 122–126

Conservatism (conservatives, conservative)

, 58

Conservative party

, 182–183

Constitutional Patriotism

, 177–178

Convergencia i Unió (CiU)

, 176

Copenhagen

, 228

Corbyn, Jeremy

, 246–247

labour

, 254–258

Corbynism

, 13, 246–247, 254–264

Corporatism

, 71–72

COVID-19

, 11

Crisis management

, 138

Cross-national analysis

, 171–173

Cultural

absorption capacity

, 198–199

pluralism

, 202–204

Czech Republic

, 38

Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD)

, 38, 43, 47

Czechoslav’ Social Democratic Party

, 41

Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO)

, 238–239

Danish People's Party

, 199–200

Danish Progress Party

, 214–215

Danish Social Democrats

, 224, 225–228

Danish Trade Union Confederation

, 77, 79

Dansk Folkeparti (DF)

, 226–227

Decentralisation

, 13, 25–26, 163–165

framework for analysing social democratic attitudes towards

, 165–171

ideology

, 165–168

internal constraints

, 170–171

strategic incentives

, 168–170

Decentralist reforms

, 175–176

decentralised organisation

, 177–179

policy credibility

, 177–179

regionalist parties setting agenda

, 175–176

Deindustrialisation

, 252

Democracy

, 7

Democratic Coalition (DK)

, 55–56

Democratic developmental states

, 17

Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) (Poland)

, 38

Democratic Left Party (SDĽ) (Slovakia)

, 38

Democratic partnership governance

, 33

Democratic socialism

, 5, 31

Democratisation

, 17, 19, 39

Denmark

, 3, 71–72

Development

, 3

Die Linke (Germany)

, 133–134

Direct democracy

, 25

Direction–Social Democracy (Smer-SD) (Slovakia)

, 38

Dual strategy

, 198, 201

Dutch Labour Party

, 96

Duties for rights

, 230–231

Eastern bloc modernisation theorists

, 21

Eastern Europe

, 12–13

Economic crisis

, 38

Economic sustainability of basic income

, 104–105

Economic system

, 7

Education

, 8

Egalitarianism, egalitarian

, 260

Elections

, 3–4

Employers

, 2

Employment policies

, 71–72

Èpinay cycle

, 250–251

Epistemology

, 124

Equal opportunity

, 99–100

Equal treatment

, 198

Equality

, 92–93, 197–198, 203

Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC)

, 176

EU commission’s expert groups

, 120–122

Euro Plus Pact

, 138

Europe

, 2

Europe 2020

, 138

European Central Bank (ECB)

, 137

European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

, 132

European Economic Area (EEA)

, 201

European integration

, 132–133, 137

European Parliament

, 133–134

European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR)

, 138

European Semester

, 138

European social democracy, reasons for decline of

, 136–138

European social model

, 13, 136, 138, 146–151

comparative reflexion

, 151–155

cornerstones

, 142–143

in eyes of social democratic parties

, 143–151

integration mode

, 139–140

negative integration

, 139–140

optimum EMU

, 140–142

positive integration

, 139

European stability mechanism (ESM)

, 140–141

European Union (EU)

, 201

Eurozone crisis

, 138, 140–141, 143

Expert commissions

, 119

Expert groups

, 121–122

Experts/expertise

, 114

Extreme poverty

, 10

Fair and Realistic: An Immigration Politics that Unites Denmark

, 236–237

Family immigration

, 202

Fico, Robert

, 43

Fiscal Compact

, 138

Fiscal union

, 132, 141–142

Flexicurity

, 107

Fogh Rasmussen, Anders

, 207

Forza Italia (FI)

, 181–182

Fossil energy

, 16

France

, 3

Frederiksen, Mette

, 211–212

Free society

, 8

Freedom

, 8

Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP)

, 134–135

Fukuyama, Francis

, 17

Funktionærernesog TjenestemændenesFællesråd (FTF)

, 78

Gender Equality Act (Norway)

, 117–118

German system of ad hoc advisory committees

, 119–120

Germany

, 2–3

Ghent-system (unemployment insurance)

, 72–73

Ghetto-plan

, 234

Giddens, Anthony

, 11–12, 139–140

Glistrup, Mogens

, 239

Global Deal

, 17–18

Global South

, 11, 17–18

Global warming

, 10–11

Globalisation

, 16–17, 247–248

Golden age of social democracy

, 136–137

Goulash communism

, 42

Governance

, 115–116

approach

, 116–117

consensus-oriented political and epistemological systems

, 122–126

EU commission’s expert groups

, 120–122

German system of ad hoc advisory committees

, 119–120

NOU system

, 117–119

Greece

, 3

Guaranteed income schemes

, 93–94

Guaranteed jobs

, 101

Guided democracy

, 20

Gyurcsány, Ferenc

, 55–56

Hollande, François

, 250

Human rights

, 8, 24

Human rights dilemmas

, 199

Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF)

, 52–53

Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP)

, 57

Hungarian MSzP

, 55–56

Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP)

, 38

Hungary

, 38, 41

Huntington, Samuel

, 17

Hybrid advisory committees

, 12–13

Ideology

, 249–250

Immigration

, 196–197, 201

debates

, 231–232

mayors’ dispute on

, 228–229

policy

, 206–208

Income protection

, 93

Incumbency, limited effect of

, 179–180

India

, 17

Indira Gandhi

, 21

Indonesia

, 17

Indonesian dynamics

, 30

Industrialisation

, 18

Industry 4. 0 for manufacturing

, 75

Inequality

, 8

Institutional

powers

, 74

theory

, 196–197

Institutions

, 27

Integration

, 196–197

capacity

, 203

policy

, 198, 209–212

politics

, 199

Iran (Iranians)

, 228–229

Job polarisation

, 76–77

Johnson, Boris

, 4

‘Jokowi’

, 28

Jørgensen, Anker

, 230–231

Jospin, Lionel

, 249

Kaczyński, Jarosław

, 57

Kerala

, 20

civil society activists

, 25, 27

Keynesianism, Keynesian

, 2–3, 154–155

Knowledge economy

, 74–77

La R´epublique En Marche (LaREM)

, 246, 261

Labour immigration

, 207

Labour market

, 196–197

Labour movement

, 12

Labour party

, 179, 182–183, 249

Labour Party, the (UK)

, 4

Labour’s policy

, 263

LandsorganisationeniDanmark/Sverige (LO)

, 78–80

LaRem (La Répucliqueen Marche, France)

, 246, 261

Latin America

, 10, 19

Le Pen, Marine

, 258

Left, the

, 17

Lega Nord (LN)

, 176

Les Jeunes avec Macron (JAM)

, 261

Liberal Democrats (UK)

, 251

Liberal-Christian Democratic incumbent

, 178

Liberalism (liberals, liberal)

, 250

Liberty

, 9

Lijphart, Arend

, 39, 115

Lisbon Strategy

, 137, 139

Löfven, Stefan

, 208

Logic of appropriateness

, 197

Løkke Rasmussen, Lars

, 211–212

Low-paid jobs

, 76–77

Lykketoft, Mogens

, 233

Maastricht Treaty

, 139, 141–142

Macron, Emmanuel

, 246–247

Macronism

, 13, 246, 254–264

Madsen, Per

, 73–74

Mainstream parties

, 169–170

Majoritarian democracy

, 115

Manufacturing

, 73–74

Maoism, maoist

, 21

Marginalisation

, 98

Marshall Plan

, 236

Marx, Karl

, 21

Marxists

, 7

McDonnell, John

, 96

Meade, James

, 95–96

Mélenchon, Jean-Luc

, 247

Merkel, Angela

, 145–146

Middle class coups

, 19

Middle East, immigration from the

, 235

Migration

, 199

Miliband, Ed

, 251–252

Minimum Income

, 95

Minimum Standard European Social Model

, 145–148

Mitterrand, François

, 258

Mixed economy

, 7

Modi, Narendra

, 30

More, Thomas

, 94

Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes (MSJ)

, 261

Movement for a democratic Slovakia (HZDS)

, 53

Movement politics

, 260–262

Multicultural approach

, 203–204

Multicultural politics

, 199

Multiculturalism

, 204

National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC)

, 24

National co-operation and welfare

, 16

National internationalism

, 34

National Labour Party Executive Committee

, 95

National values

, 217

Negotiated expertise

, 115, 123–124

Negotiations

, 23

Nehru, Jawaharlal

, 19

Neo-classical approaches

, 164

Neo-liberalism/neoliberal

, 16, 70, 137

Neoliberal European Social Model

, 144, 147–148

Netherlands, the

, 3

Neutral voice of science

, 119–120

New Democracy

, 199–200

New International Economic Order (NIEO)

, 16–17

New Labour (UK)

, 39–40

New Left, the

, 40

New Left parties

, 3

Nieuw Vlaamse Allantie (NVA)

, 181

Non-capitalism

, 19

Non-capitalist development

, 21

Nordic countries

, 98

Nordic model

, 114–116, 125, 225

Nordic Model of Social Democracy, The

, 7–8

Nordic social democratic welfare states

, 103–104

Nordic version of neoliberalism

, 71–72

Nordic welfare model

, 197–198

Norgesoffentligeutredninger system (NOU system)

, 117–119

Norway

, 28

Norwegian Constitution

, 98

Norwegian Labour Party

, 210

Norwegian Progress Party

, 199–200

Norwegian Social Democrats

, 199–200

Nyrup Rasmussen, Poul

, 231

Occupational upgrading

, 76–77

OECD

, 72–73, 196

Olin-Wright, Erik

, 31–32

Orbán, Viktor

, 52–53

Ordinary People and Independents (OLaNO)

, 45

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 72–73, 196

Organisational reform

, 256–258

Palikot movement

, 58

Palme, Olof

, 16–17

PanellinioSosialistikoKinima (PASOK) (Greece)

, 136–137

Paradox of freedom

, 9

Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS)

, 133–134

Parti de Gauche

, 250

Parti Socialiste (PS)

, 174, 246

Parti Socialiste Belge (PSB)

, 174

Partido Popular (PP)

, 135, 177–178

Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) (Spain)

, 132–133, 135, 162, 174

European Social Model

, 147–151

between government and opposition

, 133–135

similarities and differences between

, 133–136

Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) (Netherlands)

, 136–137

Partisan interests as barriers to decentralisation

, 183–184

PartiSocialiste (PE) (France)

, 2

Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC)

, 176

Partito Democraticodella Sinistra (PDS)

, 174

Partnership governance

, 27

Party of European Socialists (PES)

, 133–134

Party organisation

, 182–183

and elites

, 45–47

structures

, 170–171

Party politics

, 214–215

Party rights-first principle

, 230–231

Party strategy and opportunity structure

, 51–55

Party system change

, 39

Philippines, the

, 17, 20

Podemos (Spain)

, 133–134

Poland

, 38

Polanyian counter movement

, 31–32

Polarisation

, 76–77

Policy advisory committees

, 114, 124

Policy credibility

, 170, 177–179, 182–183

Policy shift

, 170

determinants of

, 174–184

mechanism

, 170–171

Policy-making

, 114

Polish Peasants’ Party (PSL)

, 44, 52

Polish SLD

, 44, 55

Polish Socialist Party (PPS)

, 41

Political economy

, 164

Political parties

, 12, 39, 163–165

‘Politics of order’ approach

, 20

Polo coalition

, 180

Populism

, 30

Populist

, 28

Portugal

, 17–18

Positioning, determinants of

, 171–173

Post industrial societies

, 25–26

Poverty

, 3

‘Productivistic’ strategy

, 92

Productivity

, 92

Progress Party (Denmark)

, 215–216

Progress Party (Norway)

, 135

Radicalisation

, 247

Rassemblement Wallon (RW)

, 176

Reciprocal justice

, 99

Reciprocity

, 92, 93

policies

, 99–101

Red and Green Unity List (Enhedslisten) (Denmark)

, 224

Redistribution

, 34

Refugee crisis

, 234

Refugee quota

, 234

Refugees

, 17

Regional autonomy

, 170

Regional nationalist parties

, 168–169

setting agenda

, 180–182

Reinfeldt, Fredrik

, 208

Reinfeldt government

, 208

Resistance to change

, 180

Rhetoric

, 17–18

Right-wing populism

, 16

Rights with duties

, 230–231

Rocamora, Joel

, 24

Royal, Ségolène

, 249–250

Russell, Bertrand

, 95

Russian Revolution (1917)

, 6

Sarkozy, Nicolas

, 249–250

Sass Larsen, Henrik

, 232

Scandinavia

, 3, 7–8

Scandinavian labour movements

, 33

Scandinavian welfare model

, 213

Schengen Agreement

, 208

Schröder, Gerhard

, 2–3

Science, technology, engineering and math (STEM)

, 76

Scotland

, 162

Scottish National Convention (SNC)

, 177

Scottish National Party (SNP)

, 168–169

Service sector

, 77

Simonsen, Thorkild

, 231

Skills

, 76

Slovak SDL

, 55

Slovakia

, 38

Smer

, 58

Social cohesion

, 217

Social democracy

, 2, 5–9, 114–116, 125, 196, 246

challenges in South

, 18–19

in early twentieth century

, 95–96

feasible

, 20–21

founding, rise and fall of

, 42–55

global crisis

, 16

history of

, 92

mixed fortunes

, 2–5

new cleavages and challenges for

, 232–234

prime importance of politics

, 21

problems

, 9–12

short of alternative

, 17–18

social democratic responses and debates

, 12–13

weak, neglected partners

, 16–17

Social democratic development co-operation

, 34

Social democratic ideas

, 92–93

Social democratic integration ideology in making

, 204–205

Social democratic internationalisation

, 22

Social democratic order

, 196–197

Social democratic parties

, 38, 134–135, 162, 163

Social Democratic Party of Finland

, 102

Social democratic unionism

, 70, 71

academic approach

, 83–84

challenges

, 74–81

from comparative perspective

, 71–74

keeping employers

, 80–81

new socio-political coalitions

, 78–80

old-school

, 84–85

pathways and dilemmas

, 81–85

radical approach

, 82–83

technological change and knowledge economy

, 74–77

Social democratic unions

, 70–71

Social democrats (Denmark)

, 3, 4

Social Democrats

, 2–4, 6, 9, 92

second-generation

, 19–21

Social engineering

, 203

Social justice

, 96, 167

Social Liberal Party of Denmark (RadikaleVenstre)

, 224

Social liberalism

, 5

Social movements

, 32, 257

Social protection model

, 94

Social security

, 137

model

, 94

Social skills

, 76

Social Stability Pact

, 146–147

Social studies of knowledge

, 115

Social version of corporatism

, 71–72

Social-democratic welfare state model

, 96–98

Socialdemokraterne (S)

, 224–225, 228–229, 235

Socialism, socialists

, 5, 6–7

Socialist International

, 34

Socialist Party (MSzP) (Hungary)

, 38

Socialist People's Party (Denmark)

, 224

Socialistische Partij (SP)

, 178–179

Socialists & Democrats (S&D)

, 133–134

Socialists

, 6

Sociological theories

, 197

Solidarity (Poland)

, 12

South Africa

, 17

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD)

, 132–133, 247

European Social Model

, 144–147

between government and opposition

, 133–135

similarities and differences between

, 133–136

Spain

, 3

Spence, Thomas

, 94

Stability and Growth Pact, the

, 138

Stability union

, 132, 140–141

Stakeholder

, 116–117

Stateness

, 197–198

Stiglitz, Joseph

, 31

Stoltenberg, Thorvald

, 207

Strategic incentives

, 168–170

Structural approaches

, 164

Suharto

, 27

Sukarno

, 19, 20

Sustainability of welfare state

, 105–106

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 8

Svenska Arbetsgivareföreningen (SAF)

, 81

Sverigedemokraterna

, 199–200

Sverigesakademikerscentralorganisation (SACO)

, 78

Sweden

, 16

Sweden Democrats

, 199–200

Syriza (Greece)

, 247

Technological change

, 74–77

Technology

, 29

Tesfaye, Mattias

, 231–232

Thatcherism

, 16–17

Third wave of democracy

, 17, 22–32

bottom-up insufficient

, 24–25

dearth of working class

, 23

decentralisation

, 25–26

neglected representation

, 26–28

transformative politics

, 31–32

welfare and growth bifurcated

, 28–31

Third way

, 247–254

diagnosis

, 246

downfall and austerity

, 249–252

Thorning-Schmidt, Helle

, 211–212

Thulesen Dahl, Kristian

, 227–228

Tjänstemännenscentralorganisation (TCO)

, 78

Trade unions

in Denmark and Sweden

, 72

movement

, 70

Transformative politics

, 31–32

Transversal alliances

, 237–238

Tripartite committee

, 122

Trust

, 16

Trust, generalised

, 199

Turkey (Turks)

, 201

Ulivo coalition government

, 180, 184

Uni´on del Centro Democratico (UCD)

, 177

Unidas Podemos

, 135

Unión Econ´omica y Monetaria (UEM)

, 149–150

Union pour un Mouvement Populaire

, 249–250

Unionism

, 70

United Federation of Danish Workers (3F)

, 238–239

United Kingdom

, 2–3, 73–74

United Nations (UN)

, 206, 234

United States

, 70

Universal basic income (UBI)

, 91–92

programmes

, 92

Universal Basic Share (UBS)

, 104–105

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

, 8

Universal guaranteed income

, 94

Universal social rights

, 97

Universal solutions

, 97

Universalism (welfare)

, 97, 197–198

Veering right on immigration

, 234–236

Visegrád countries

, 38

historical background

, 41–42

theoretical framework

, 39–41

Warsaw Pact invasion

, 42

Welfare

, 98

capitalism

, 197–198

contract

, 98

state

, 9

West Bengal

, 21

Western Europe

, 3–4

Westminster (democracy)

, 123–124

Work

, 98

orientation

, 98

Work-first paradigm

, 71–72

Workers Party (Brazil)

, 24

Working Class

, 23

World War II (WWII)

, 196

Yugoslavia (former)

, 201

Zapatero, José Luis

, 135

Zeman, Miloš

, 53