Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)

, 28

Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (AFPs)

, 161–162

Adult equivalent labor days (AELD)

, 71–73

Age discrimination

, 198–199

AGE LASSO

, 200

Age pay gap (APG)

, 195–196

data

, 203–206

decomposition approach

, 201–202

decomposition outcome

, 209–212

descriptive statistics

, 219–220

estimation approach

, 200–202

grounds of age

, 198

model selection

, 200–201, 207–208

results

, 207–212

robustness checks

, 212–214

selected controls

, 221

Ageism

, 198–199

Agricultural Growth Program (AGP)

, 69–70

Agricultural labor

in Ethiopia

, 62

studies

, 75

supply

, 75, 87

American Medical Association (AMA)

, 33

Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC)

, 34–35

Assortative mating

data

, 10–11

educational homogamy

, 11–17

equilibrium matching

, 4

homogamy and

, 5

over life cycle

, 17–19

measuring changes in

, 8–10

measuring changes in homogamy

, 6–8

positive

, 1–2

rank-order correlation coefficient

, 2

regression and reverse regression

, 19–21

theories of marriage

, 3

Asymmetric information

, 233–238

Bayesian Equilibrium

, 233

BSWS cross-sectional survey

, 114

Bureau of Labor Statistics administrative employment data

, 110

Business creation

, 254

business types associated with opportunity vs. necessity entrepreneurship

, 279–282

consistency with theoretical model

, 261–262

data

, 263

empirically defining necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship

, 256–260

entrepreneurship in CPS

, 263–264

entrepreneurship in German Micro Census and SOEP

, 264

exploring empirical validity of definitions

, 262–278

local economic conditions in United States

, 275–276

national trends in Germany

, 269

national trends in United States

, 264–268

new opportunity entrepreneurship rate and unemployment rates

, 288–289

quits

, 258

regression results using local unemployment rates in United States

, 277

regression results using national unemployment rates

, 273–274

results using local unemployment rates in Germany

, 278

West and East Germany

, 270–272

Card, Kruger, Giuliano wage gap (CKG wage gap)

, 117

Central Minimum Wage Council

, 113, 119

Changes-in-changes approach (CIC approach)

, 29

Cobb–Douglas production function (C-D production function)

, 75–76, 80–81, 164

Colombian Institute of Family Welfare. See Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF)

Colombian labor market regulations

, 158

Colombian tax reform (2012)

, 154

Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing techniques (CAPI techniques)

, 71–73

Concave utility function

, 164–165

Consumer demand

, 261–262

Contiguous county-pair data

, 110–111

Contract arrangement

, 224–225

Contributory social benefits (CSB)

, 163, 167

Control variables

, 196–197

Cross-sectional datasets

, 256–258

Cross-sectional individual micro-data

, 112

Cross-wage effect

, 86

Current Population Survey (CPS)

, 28, 34, 49–50, 258

entrepreneurship in

, 263–264

Current wage cost, offsetting increase in

, 133

Decomposition approach

, 201–202

Deferred compensation model

, 196–197, 203–205

Descriptive statistics

APG

, 219, 220

household characteristics

, 73

youth

, 73

youth labor time contribution

, 73–74

Difference-in-difference approach (DID)

, 39–42, 155

Double robust LASSO procedure

, 200

Double robust selection procedure

, 201

Dualistic models

, 156–157

East Germany, national trends in

, 270–272

Econometric analysis, empirical findings from

, 125–141

changes in employment flows

, 138–141

effects on total wages

, 128–133

minimum wage impacts on full-and part-time workers

, 133–138

offsetting increase in current wage cost

, 133

results

, 125–128

robustness checks for main results

, 128

Econometric estimates

, 169–182

informality before and after reform

, 171

regression models and estimates

, 173–180

results based on panel data

, 180–182

results based on repeated cross sections

, 171–180

Econometric-based simulations

, 155–156, 182–184

Economic Census

, 114

Economic incentives

, 64–65, 88–89, 92

Educational homogamy

, 11–17

Elasticity of employment

, 128

Employment. See also Unemployment

changes in employment flows

, 138–141

elasticity of

, 128

Employment Status Survey

, 111–112

Encuesta Longitudinal Colombiana (ELCA)

, 169–170

Enforcement

, 155

of MW

, 158

of payroll tax

, 164

Entrepreneurs

, 259

Entrepreneurship

, 254–256

in CPS

, 263–264

in German Micro Census and SOEP

, 264

Enumeration areas (EAs)

, 69–70

Equilibrium

, 166–167

wage

, 229–230

Establishment-based data

, 109–110

Establishment-based micro-data

, 112

Establishment-based panel dataset

, 108

Ethiopia

agricultural labor in

, 62

agricultural production

, 96

data collection

, 69–73

descriptive statistics

, 73–74

econometric results

, 79–90

effect of wage differentials

, 103–105

empirical analysis

, 75–79

estimation of labor supply

, 97–98

female youth labor supply

, 87–88

instruments and FE-IV estimates

, 88–90

male youth labor supply

, 83–87

migrants and nonmigrants

, 95

on-farm and off-farm youth labor supply

, 101–102

robustness

, 90

shadow wages approach

, 63

testing for separability

, 79–83

theoretical model

, 65–69

trends

, 88

youth labor supply

, 64

European Commission

, 198–199

European Union (EU)

, 195–196

Fertility

, 29, 49–50, 52

Firms

, 153–154, 157, 229

demand

, 261–262

firm-specific human capital

, 232

strategy set

, 229–230

First Job Act

, 162

Fixed effects model (FEs model)

, 79, 196, 201

Formal firms

, 157

Formal-informal size dualism

, 156

Fraction of Minimum Wage Workers (FMW)

, 111

Full-Time Equivalent Employment (FTE)

, 108–109

Full-time workers, MW impacts on

, 133–138

on outcomes of full-time workers

, 136–138

on outcomes of part-time workers

, 138

relative impact of minimum wage increase

, 133–136

Gelbach decomposition

, 196–197, 200, 206, 209–210, 213

Gender

differences

, 27–30, 50–53

discrimination

, 196

German Micro Census

, 263

entrepreneurship in

, 264

Germany

national trends in

, 269

results using local unemployment rates in

, 278

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)

, 254–255, 259

Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH)

, 169, 182

Great Depression

, 254

Great Recession

, 254, 268

Healthcare syatem

, 160

Hirsch, Kaufman, Zelenska wage gap (HKZ wage gap)

, 117

Homogamy

and assortative mating

, 5

measuring changes in

, 6–8

regressions of

, 16

Household

characteristics

, 73–74

income

, 164–166

survey panel dataset

, 155–156

Human capital

accumulation

, 223–224, 227

model

, 196–197

theory

, 224–225

Identification strategy

, 117–119

Incumbent firm

, 230–231, 233

Individual time-constant heterogeneity

, 212–213

Individual-level heterogeneity

, 206

Industrial minimum wages

, 113

Informal employment

, 153–154

Informal firms

, 157

Informal labor markets

, 156

Informal workers

, 153–154

Informality

, 153–155, 157, 167–169

before and after reform

, 171, 180–182

INKAR database

, 263–264

Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF)

, 161–162

Intercept-shift approach

, 213

Inverse Mills ratio

, 202

Japanese minimum wage system

, 113–120

analysis methods

, 119–120

data source

, 114–117

identification strategy

, 117–119

minimum wage system in Japan

, 113

Job assignment

, 229–230, 235

Job tenure

, 248

job tenure-nonpromotion-wage relation

, 241–244

job tenure-wage profile

, 240

Job-level tenure

, 224

Kaitz indices

, 112

Keio household panel survey

, 112

Labor market

equilibrium

, 166–167

heterogeneities

, 196–197

households

, 164–166

minimum wage

, 158–159

model

, 154–156, 163–169

profits

, 164

reform, informality, and simulations

, 167–169

regulations

, 158–160

social security

, 159–160

Labor supply

estimation

, 97–98

female youth

, 87–88

male youth

, 83–87

youth

, 64

Lazear’s model

, 203–205

Least Absolute Shrinkage Operator (LASSO)

, 207–209

Lehman shock

, 123

Life-cycle human capital model

, 203–205

Lifetime job security

, 115–116

Linear Probability Model (LPM)

, 174

Linear probability regressions

, 273

Local economic conditions in United States

, 275–276

regression results using

, 277

Local Minimum Wage Councils

, 113

Local unemployment rates in Germany

, 278

Long-term labor supply

difference-in-differences approach

, 39–42

distributional effects

, 46–47

estimated mean effects

, 42–45

threats to identification

, 45–46

Longitudinal Colombian Survey. See Encuesta Longitudinal Colombiana (ELCA)

Machine-learning approach

, 196, 200

Major Integrated Household Survey. See Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH)

Market heterogeneity

, 126

Mills ratio

, 209

Minimum wage (MW)

, 108, 155, 158–159

change in log average employment and treatment intensity

, 148–149

change in log hourly wage

, 146

confirmation of regional and yearly variation of minimum wage

, 124–125

effect on employment

, 108

empirical findings from econometric analysis

, 125–141

empirical findings from simple graphical analysis

, 120–125

gap index

, 118

inspecting time-oriented and regional heterogeneity of data

, 120–123

Japanese minimum wage system

, 113–120

prefectural minimum wages

, 150–151

probability density of change in log average employment

, 147

related literature

, 110–112

Minimum Wage Act

, 109, 113

Modeling informality

, 156–157

National Action Plan for Employability of young people

, 203

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

, 265

National Service of Learning. See Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA)

National unemployment rates, regression results using

, 273–274

Necessity entrepreneurship

, 254–260

business types associated with

, 279–282

Noncompensating wage differentials

, 196, 207–208

Noncontributory social benefits (NCSB)

, 163

Nonpromotion signals and job tenure

analysis

, 230–238

data and tests

, 238–248

full information model with T-periods

, 230–233

model

, 227–230

model with asymmetric information

, 233–238

Nonpromotion wage

, 238

Not engaged in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET)

, 197

Oaxaca and Blinder method

, 196

Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition

, 201

Omitted variable bias (OVB)

, 202

Opportunity entrepreneurship

, 254–260

business types associated with

, 279–282

Ordinary least squares model (OLS model)

, 119–120, 174, 200–201, 241

‘Outside firms’ wage

, 234

Part-time workers, MW impacts on

, 133–138

on outcomes of full-time workers

, 136–138

on outcomes of part-time workers

, 138

relative impact of minimum wage increase

, 133–136

Payroll taxes

, 156–157, 161–163

Pearson correlation coefficient (r)

, 8–10

Pension and Parafiscals Management Unit (UGPP)

, 161–162

Pension system

, 159–160

Perceived discrimination

, 197–198

Persistence hypothesis

, 32–33

Physician labor supply

, 27–28

CIC approach

, 29

conceptual framework

, 32–34

CPS

, 28

data construction and summary statistics

, 34–37

effectiveness of reform

, 37–39

long-term labor supply

, 39–47

mechanisms

, 49–53

physician work-hour regulations

, 30–32

Physician work-hour regulations

, 30–32

Plan de Impulso a la Productividad y el Empleo (PIPE)

, 162

Plan to Boost Productivity and Employment. See Plan de Impulso a la Productividad y el Empleo (PIPE)

Positive assortative mating

, 1–2

Prefectural minimum wages

, 113, 119

Productivity

, 156

Profits

, 164

Promotion dynamics

, 226

Promotion-as-signal framework

, 223–224, 226

Public pay-as-you-go scheme

, 160

Random-effects (RE)

, 79

Reform

, 167–169

Regional economic shocks

, 119

Regional heterogeneity of data

, 120–123

Regression analysis

, 108

Regression coefficients

, 127

Regression model

, 19–21, 109

and estimates

, 173–180

Relative impact of minimum wage increase

, 133–136

Relative wage gap indices

, 118

Repeated cross sections (RCS)

, 155

Reverse regression

, 19–21

Revised Minimum Wage Act (2007)

, 119

“Roaring 90s”

, 254

Robustness checks

, 212–214

Self-employed workers

, 159, 164

Self-employment

, 259

Self-fulfilling prophecy

, 199–200

Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA)

, 161–162

Shadow income

, 78

Shadow wages

, 63–69, 75, 77–78, 83, 86, 88–90

Signaling of promotion

, 238

Simulations

, 167–169

Sistema de Identificación de Potenciales Beneficiarios de Programas Sociales (SISBEN)

, 160

Social protection

, 156

Social security

, 159–160

healthcare

, 160

pension system

, 159–160

reform

, 158

Socio-economic Panel (SOEP)

, 260, 263, 282

entrepreneurship in

, 264

South Nations and Nationality People (SNNP)

, 69–70

Spatial Planning Regions (SPRs)

, 263

Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient

, 8

Specification

, 109

Standard two-way fixed model

, 112

Stereotype correction process

, 200

Stereotype threat

, 199–200

T-periods, full information model with

, 230–233

Tax reform in Colombia

, 161–163

econometric estimates

, 169–182

econometric-based simulations

, 182–184

empirical background

, 157–158

histograms of hourly wages

, 187

labor market model

, 163–169

labor market regulations

, 158–160

labor statistics

, 191

literature review

, 156–158

modeling informality

, 156–157

payroll taxes and 2012 tax reform

, 161–163

replication exercise

, 192–193

Taxes

effects on labor markets

, 157

on firms’ profits

, 161

payroll

, 156–157

Tenure-wage equation

, 238

Time-oriented data

, 120–123

Traditional two-way fixed effect

, 110–111

Treatment Intensity

, 117

Triple differences-type estimator (DDD-type estimator)

, 119

Underdeveloped economy

, 154

Unemployment. See also Employment

rates in Germany

, 278, 289

rates in United States

, 277

status

, 260

Unidad de Gestión Pensional y Parafiscales (UGPP)

, 155–156

United States

local economic conditions in

, 275–276

national trends in

, 264–268

regression results using local unemployment rates in

, 277

US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

, 264–265

US Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

, 263

Value-added tax (VAT)

, 163

Wage. See also Minimum wage (MW)

gap

, 117

nonpromotion

, 238

wage-job-tenure profile

, 226, 238

WAGE LASSO

, 200

West Germany, national trends in

, 270–272

Work ethic

, 199

Workers

, 229

informal

, 153–154

productivity

, 224–225

self-employed

, 159, 164

young

, 199–200

Youth

, 73

labor supply

, 83–88

labor time contribution

, 73–74