Prelims

Jiří Šubrt (Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic)

The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann: Expectations, Discussions, Doubts

ISBN: 978-1-83909-032-5, eISBN: 978-1-83909-029-5

Publication date: 29 April 2020

Citation

Šubrt, J. (2020), "Prelims", The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann: Expectations, Discussions, Doubts, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-ix. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-029-520201009

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:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Jiří Šubrt


Half Title

The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann

Title Page

The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann: Expectations, Discussions, Doubts

By

Jiří Šubrt

Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2020

Copyright © Jiří Šubrt 2020.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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ISBN: 978-1-83909-032-5 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83909-029-5 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83909-031-8 (Epub)

Contents

List of Reviewers vii
Acknowledgements ix
Chapter 1 Introduction: Dream or Myth? 1
Chapter 2 The Dream of a United Conception of Science 5
 2.1. The Rise of Systems Theory 5
 2.2. A General Theory of Systems and Related Disciplines 7
Chapter 3 What Is the Right Starting Point for Sociological Thought? 15
 3.1. Individualism Versus Holism 15
 3.2. Holism and Everyday Social Experience 19
Chapter 4 A Dream of Integration of Theory and Society (Parsons) 25
 4.1. Talcott Parsons – His Life and Work 25
 4.2. A General Theory of Action 29
 4.3. System, Structure, and Function 32
 4.4. The Four-function Paradigm 36
 4.5. The Dispute Over Parsons’ Theoretical Legacy 41
Chapter 5 The Dream of the Sociological Super–theory (Luhmann) 43
 5.1. Niklas Luhmann – Heretic and Innovator 43
 5.2. Basic Concepts of Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems 47
  5.2.1. System and Environment 47
  5.2.2. Complexity 50
  5.2.3. Autopoiesis 51
  5.2.4. Action and Communication 54
  5.2.5. Meaning 56
  5.2.6. Contingency 58
  5.2.7. Structures of Expectations 61
  5.2.8. Time and Memory 62
 5.3. Psychic and Social Systems 63
  5.3.1. Psychic Systems 63
  5.3.2. Interaction Systems 65
  5.3.3. Organisational Systems 66
  5.3.4. Societal System 68
 5.4. History with an Open Future 69
  5.4.1. Evolution 69
  5.4.2. Variation, Selection, and Stabilisation 71
  5.4.3. Evolutionary Types of Societies 72
  5.4.4. Trust and Risk 73
 5.5. The Problem of Understanding in Contemporary Functionally Differentiated Society 74
  5.5.1. Habermas’ Alternative 75
  5.5.2. Communication Media 77
  5.5.3. Multi-centric World 79
  5.5.4. Structural Couplings 81
  5.5.5. Resonance 83
  5.5.6. Unity and Multiplicity 84
  5.5.7. Supervision (Willke) 87
  5.5.8. Organised Irresponsibility (Beck) 88
  5.5.9. Is Evolution Enough? 89
  5.5.10. Doubts 91
 5.6. An Attempt at Complex Reflection on Luhmann’s Theoretical Contribution 92
  5.6.1. Reception 93
  5.6.2. Contexts, Inspiration, and Criticism 94
Chapter 6 Reflections on Possibilities of Application of System Approach at Macrosocial Level 103
 6.1. The Manifest and Latent Effects of Human Action 105
 6.2. System Processes on the Macrosocial Level 107
 6.3. Mechanisms of Systems Processes 112
 6.4. Epilogue 117
Bibliography 119
Index 129

List of Reviewers

Prof. Dr. Hildegard Weiss, University of Vienna, Austria

Dr. Massimiliano Ruzzeddu, Niccolò Cusano University, Italy

Acknowledgements

I first began to learn about the systemic approach as a student of sociology at the Charles University in Prague in the early 1980s, thanks to my unforgettable teacher, Associate Prof. Eduard Urbánek, who, despite the adversity associated in then-socialist Czechoslovakia with the expression “normalization”, managed to maintain a high level of knowledge of Western sociology and pass it on to his students. Years later, professional internships abroad, especially in Germany, afforded me a deeper insight. Particularly valuable to me in this respect were study visits to the John-F.-Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien at the Freien Universität Berlin, where I had the opportunity of repeated consultation with Prof. Harald Wenzel, a prominent expert in American sociology.

A stand-out role in my professional formation was played by Prof. Richard Jung, who worked for a period as assistant to Talcott Parsons at Harvard University in the 1950s, and later, as Professor of Sociology and Theoretical Psychology, spent two decades at University of Alberta in Edmonton, where he became Director of the System Research Center. At the end of his life, Jung returned to the Czech Republic to live in his hometown, Kutná Hora. There I had opportunities to visit him and discuss systems theory, which was foundational for me. Another notable figure was Prof. Helmut Staubmann, an expert on systems sociology from the University of Innsbruck, whom I met at the XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology in Yokohama.

Significant inspiration has also come through meetings with Prof. Andrea Pitasi and Dr Massimiliano Ruzzeddu, two leading representatives of the World Complexity Science Academy, with whom I have had regular discussions at a number of professional conferences over the past decade. Regarding the preparation of the text in English, which is not my mother tongue, my long-time language advisor, Edward Everett, again helped me greatly. Finally, its development was substantially assisted by a seven-month internship at the Institute of Sociology of Vienna University under Prof. Christoph Reinprecht. This internship was supported by Operation Program Research, Development and Education, project “International Mobility of Charles University Research Workers” (registration number CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_027/0008495).