Prelims
The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann: Expectations, Discussions, Doubts
ISBN: 978-1-83909-032-5, eISBN: 978-1-83909-029-5
Publication date: 29 April 2020
Citation
Šubrt, J. (2020), "Prelims", The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann: Expectations, Discussions, Doubts, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-ix. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-029-520201009
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Jiří Šubrt
Half Title
The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann
Title Page
The Systemic Approach in Sociology and Niklas Luhmann: Expectations, Discussions, Doubts
By
Jiří Šubrt
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China
Copyright Page
Emerald Publishing Limited
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First edition 2020
Copyright © Jiří Šubrt 2020.
Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.
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ISBN: 978-1-83909-032-5 (Print)
ISBN: 978-1-83909-029-5 (Online)
ISBN: 978-1-83909-031-8 (Epub)
Contents
List of Reviewers | vii |
Acknowledgements | ix |
Chapter 1 Introduction: Dream or Myth? | 1 |
Chapter 2 The Dream of a United Conception of Science | 5 |
2.1. The Rise of Systems Theory | 5 |
2.2. A General Theory of Systems and Related Disciplines | 7 |
Chapter 3 What Is the Right Starting Point for Sociological Thought? | 15 |
3.1. Individualism Versus Holism | 15 |
3.2. Holism and Everyday Social Experience | 19 |
Chapter 4 A Dream of Integration of Theory and Society (Parsons) | 25 |
4.1. Talcott Parsons – His Life and Work | 25 |
4.2. A General Theory of Action | 29 |
4.3. System, Structure, and Function | 32 |
4.4. The Four-function Paradigm | 36 |
4.5. The Dispute Over Parsons’ Theoretical Legacy | 41 |
Chapter 5 The Dream of the Sociological Super–theory (Luhmann) | 43 |
5.1. Niklas Luhmann – Heretic and Innovator | 43 |
5.2. Basic Concepts of Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems | 47 |
5.2.1. System and Environment | 47 |
5.2.2. Complexity | 50 |
5.2.3. Autopoiesis | 51 |
5.2.4. Action and Communication | 54 |
5.2.5. Meaning | 56 |
5.2.6. Contingency | 58 |
5.2.7. Structures of Expectations | 61 |
5.2.8. Time and Memory | 62 |
5.3. Psychic and Social Systems | 63 |
5.3.1. Psychic Systems | 63 |
5.3.2. Interaction Systems | 65 |
5.3.3. Organisational Systems | 66 |
5.3.4. Societal System | 68 |
5.4. History with an Open Future | 69 |
5.4.1. Evolution | 69 |
5.4.2. Variation, Selection, and Stabilisation | 71 |
5.4.3. Evolutionary Types of Societies | 72 |
5.4.4. Trust and Risk | 73 |
5.5. The Problem of Understanding in Contemporary Functionally Differentiated Society | 74 |
5.5.1. Habermas’ Alternative | 75 |
5.5.2. Communication Media | 77 |
5.5.3. Multi-centric World | 79 |
5.5.4. Structural Couplings | 81 |
5.5.5. Resonance | 83 |
5.5.6. Unity and Multiplicity | 84 |
5.5.7. Supervision (Willke) | 87 |
5.5.8. Organised Irresponsibility (Beck) | 88 |
5.5.9. Is Evolution Enough? | 89 |
5.5.10. Doubts | 91 |
5.6. An Attempt at Complex Reflection on Luhmann’s Theoretical Contribution | 92 |
5.6.1. Reception | 93 |
5.6.2. Contexts, Inspiration, and Criticism | 94 |
Chapter 6 Reflections on Possibilities of Application of System Approach at Macrosocial Level | 103 |
6.1. The Manifest and Latent Effects of Human Action | 105 |
6.2. System Processes on the Macrosocial Level | 107 |
6.3. Mechanisms of Systems Processes | 112 |
6.4. Epilogue | 117 |
Bibliography | 119 |
Index | 129 |
List of Reviewers
Prof. Dr. Hildegard Weiss, University of Vienna, Austria
Dr. Massimiliano Ruzzeddu, Niccolò Cusano University, Italy
Acknowledgements
I first began to learn about the systemic approach as a student of sociology at the Charles University in Prague in the early 1980s, thanks to my unforgettable teacher, Associate Prof. Eduard Urbánek, who, despite the adversity associated in then-socialist Czechoslovakia with the expression “normalization”, managed to maintain a high level of knowledge of Western sociology and pass it on to his students. Years later, professional internships abroad, especially in Germany, afforded me a deeper insight. Particularly valuable to me in this respect were study visits to the John-F.-Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien at the Freien Universität Berlin, where I had the opportunity of repeated consultation with Prof. Harald Wenzel, a prominent expert in American sociology.
A stand-out role in my professional formation was played by Prof. Richard Jung, who worked for a period as assistant to Talcott Parsons at Harvard University in the 1950s, and later, as Professor of Sociology and Theoretical Psychology, spent two decades at University of Alberta in Edmonton, where he became Director of the System Research Center. At the end of his life, Jung returned to the Czech Republic to live in his hometown, Kutná Hora. There I had opportunities to visit him and discuss systems theory, which was foundational for me. Another notable figure was Prof. Helmut Staubmann, an expert on systems sociology from the University of Innsbruck, whom I met at the XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology in Yokohama.
Significant inspiration has also come through meetings with Prof. Andrea Pitasi and Dr Massimiliano Ruzzeddu, two leading representatives of the World Complexity Science Academy, with whom I have had regular discussions at a number of professional conferences over the past decade. Regarding the preparation of the text in English, which is not my mother tongue, my long-time language advisor, Edward Everett, again helped me greatly. Finally, its development was substantially assisted by a seven-month internship at the Institute of Sociology of Vienna University under Prof. Christoph Reinprecht. This internship was supported by Operation Program Research, Development and Education, project “International Mobility of Charles University Research Workers” (registration number CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_027/0008495).
- Prelims
- Chapter 1: Introduction: Dream or Myth?
- Chapter 2: The Dream of a United Conception of Science
- Chapter 3: What Is the Right Starting Point for Sociological Thought?
- Chapter 4: A Dream of Integration of Theory and Society (Parsons)
- Chapter 5: The Dream of the Sociological Super-theory (Luhmann)
- Chapter 6: Reflections on Possibilities of Application of System Approach at Macrosocial Level
- Bibliography
- Index