Academic/higher educational institutions

, 123

Accommodation

, 34

impact of COVID-19 on accommodation industry

, 210–211

Accor Hotels

, 301

98 Acres Resort and Spa

, 302–303

Actionable approach

, 80

Active wellness

, 289

Activities

, 34

Actual travel

, 219

Adaptation

, 24

frameworks for governance and policies for

, 24–25

opportunities for adaptation and sustainable practices

, 38–40

After pandemic

, 291–294

Afyonkarahisar province

, 11

Alternative tourism

, 63, 174–175

Altruistic knowledge sharers

, 8–9

American Civil War

, 261, 263

Augmented reality (AR)

, 212–213

Aviation, impact of COVID-19 on

, 210–211

Awamaki organisation

, 52–53

Ayazini village, case study on

, 68–69

Ayurveda

, 134–135

Barbie Doll representation of American Culture and Indian Dilemma

, 279–280

Battle of Sarikamish

, 261–262

Battlefields

, 258

tourism

, 259, 261, 264

Beaches

, 21

Best Tourism Villages

, 57–58

Bio-bubble model

, 216

Bio-Circular-Green (BCG)

, 58–59

Bleisure tourism

, 4, 7–8

business tourism

, 4–5

case study

, 9–11

leisure tourism

, 5–6

Bleisure tourist

, 8–9

Bleisure travel

, 9

Bollywood film

, 188, 190, 192

benefits of film advertising

, 191

case study

, 198–200

context of film and tourism

, 186–187, 190–191

distinctive features

, 197–198

film advertising

, 191

film advertising disadvantages

, 192

important to India

, 192–197

in Israel

, 200

promotional tools

, 198

in Spain

, 200

in Switzerland

, 199–200

in United Kingdom

, 198–199

Bosnian War

, 262

Brundtland report

, 78–79

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi

, 124

Business tourism

, 4–5

Business travellers

, 4–5, 7–8

Camping tourism

, 230–231

Carbon footprint

, 38

Carbon offsetting and compensation

, 40

Cave dwellers

, 102

Channapatna Toys

, 279

Chief Minister’s Tourism Loan Assistance Scheme (CMTLAS)

, 216

Cholanaickan tribe

, 102

Cinema

, 187

Cinematic nostalgia

, 177

City parks

, 230–231

Civic engagements

, 138–139

Classical Age

, 227

Climate

, 37

Climate change

, 20, 34

adaptation and mitigation in tourism

, 24

case studies

, 23–24

challenges and future directions

, 25

climate-resilient tourism and Global South

, 26–27

frameworks for governance and policies for adaptation

, 24–25

in Global South

, 23

impacts on tourism industry

, 21

mitigation policies and governance frameworks

, 25

opportunities for adaptation and sustainable practices

, 38–40

sustainable tourism development in climate change

, 25–26

tourism and climate justice for Global South

, 27

tourism industry in Global South

, 21–23

wine tourism in South Africa

, 24

Climate justice for Global South

, 27

Climate-resilient tourism

, 26–27

Co-creation

, 118–120

and destination marketing

, 121–124

of event experiences

, 119

through online platforms

, 125–126

in tourism, hospitality and events

, 120–121

virtual approach

, 126

Co-creation

, 277

Cold War

, 262

Collaboration

, 121

with local communities

, 39

Commercial viability

, 67

Community engagement and resilience

, 38

Community Homestay Network

, 52–53

Community-Based Tourism (CBT)

, 50–51, 63, 65–66

to address changing economy

, 53–54

benefits

, 52–53

case study analysis

, 55

case study on Ayazini village

, 68–69

challenges

, 53

characteristics and benefits

, 66–67

demand and trends of CBT in changing economy

, 57–58

discussions

, 67–68

economic impact of CBT in Sri Lanka

, 56–57

in Ella Sri Lanka

, 54

in global

, 52

global best practices and policies

, 58–59

potential of CBT in Sri Lanka

, 54

promoting

, 51

purpose of study

, 51–52

suitability of CBT in Sri Lanka

, 55–56

Community-based tourism

, 21–22, 80–81

Community-Based Tourism Network in the Mekong Region (CBT-MR)

, 27

Competitors

, 123

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)

, 305

Compromise approach

, 80

Conceptual evaluation

, 176–178

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

, 152

of MTE

, 156

of RVI

, 156–159

of tourist guide performance

, 152, 154–155

Conservation and restoration

, 39

Conservation/environment

, 67

Consumer profile in ecotourism

, 83–84

Consumption of religion

, 141–142

Coral bleaching

, 21

Coral reefs

, 21

impacts of climate change on

, 23

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 58–59

COVID-19 pandemic

, 226, 286, 300–301

leisure time and

, 229–231

new forms of leisure during

, 231–233

Cronbach’s alpha coefficients

, 152, 154

Cultural resources

, 175

Cultural tourism

, 63, 175

Customer engagement behaviour

, 120

CyArk

, 212–213

Dark tourism

, 258

Data collection

, 151–152

Deforestation

, 100

Demand and trends of CBT in changing economy

, 57–58

Demographic profiles of respondents

, 152

Descriptive statistics

, 152

Destination marketing

, 121–124

Destination preference

, 174

Destination promotion

, 119

co-creation

, 119–121

future directions

, 125–126

Jal Mahotsav in Madhya Pradesh

, 124–125

multi-stakeholders’ perspective

, 121–124

Destination resilience planning

, 39–40

Determinants of toy tourism

, 276

Development of toyrism through government policies

, 277–279

Dhyana

, 134–135

Diaspora

, 243–244

Diaspora tourism

, 243

case study

, 250

definition and characteristics

, 243–245

new wave in Post-War Ukraine

, 249–250

Russia–Ukraine War on tourism in Ukraine

, 245–249

Disability tourists

, 287

Diversification

of tourism activities

, 22

of tourism offerings

, 38

Diving

, 34

Document review

, 176

Documentaries

, 177

Domestic tourism

, 248

e-Tourist Visas

, 211–212

Early warning systems

, 22

Ebola outbreak in West Africa

, 22–23

Ecosystem partners

, 123–124

Ecotourism

, 63, 78, 81–82

case study

, 78–79

consumer profile in

, 83–84

and environmental interaction

, 82

natural, social and economic impacts

, 83

Education and awareness

, 39

Effects of films on destination preference

, 176–178

Effects of war

, 260

battlefield tourism

, 259–261

battlefield tourism

, 264

case study

, 261–264

wars and types

, 258–259

Electronic leisure

, 232

Ella Yoga Hub

, 303

En Ooru, Wayanad, Kerala, India

, 106–108

inclusive mechanism

, 107

methodology

, 108–110

Environmental interaction

, 82

Environmental management

, 82–83

Environmental Management Minimum Requirements and Operational Standards Policy (EMMREOP)

, 96

Environmental tourism

, 294

Environmentalism

, 62

Epidemic

, 290

Escapers

, 8

Ethical tourism

, 80–81

Ethnic tourism

, 244–245

Events

, 118, 258

Experiential learners

, 8

Extreme weather event effects on tourism industry in Caribbean

, 23–24

Film advertising

, 191

benefits of

, 191

disadvantages

, 192

Film tourism

, 174–176, 190

case study

, 176–178

effects of films on destination preference

, 176–178

Floods

, 21

Foreign exchange earnings (FEE)

, 211–212

Foreign tourist arrival (FTA)

, 211–212

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

, 104

Free time

, 227

Frig Valley

, 81

Future

, 35–36

Gallipoli Campaign

, 261

Gamcheon Culture Village Regeneration Project

, 123

Geriatric tourists

, 287

Global best practices and policies for CBT development

, 58–59

Global positioning system (GPS)

, 217–218

Global South

climate change in

, 23

climate-resilient tourism and

, 26–27

tourism and climate justice for

, 27

Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC)

, 27

Global Wellness Institute (GWI)

, 291, 300

Global Wellness Summit (GWS)

, 304

Golfing

, 34

Google Arts & Culture

, 212–213

Government

, 122–123

schemes for development of toy tourism in India

, 277–279

Green building designs

, 92–93

Green hotels

, 92–93

need for and benefits of implementing green practices in

, 93–95

Protea Hotel South Africa

, 95–96

Green practices

, 92

need for and benefits of implementing

, 93–95

Green tourism

, 80–81

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)

, 20–21, 34

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

, 34, 50, 208

Group trips

, 5

Gurus

, 134–135

Health tourism

, 286–287, 306

Indonesian people

, 294

Hedonism

, 149

Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs)

, 123

Hill Pulayans

, 103

Historical resources

, 175

Hospitality industry

, 92

Hotels (see also Green hotels)

, 92

Huge debts

, 100

Hurricanes

, 21

Hyatt Hotels

, 301

Impacts of climate change

on tourism

, 37

on tourism destinations

, 35–36

Inclusive engagement

, 100

in preserving ethnicity and cultural erosion to development

, 103–104

Inclusivity

, 104

Independent researchers

, 123

Indian Ministry of Tourism

, 208–209

Indian tourism

impact of COVID-19 on

, 211–212

initiatives

, 214

Indian toys

, 272

Indigenous communities

, 100

and ethnicity

, 101–102

Indigenous tribal life through tourism

, 105–106

Indigenous tribes

, 104

Individual trips

, 5

Indochina War. See Vietnam War

Industry 4.0

, 121

Integrative approach

, 80

Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC)

, 94

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

, 213–214

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

, 26–27

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

, 208–209

International Labour Organization (ILO)

, 51

International officials

, 67–68

International tourism

, 242

International Tourism Partnership (ITP)

, 27

Involvement

, 150

Jal Mahotsav in Madhya Pradesh

, 119, 124–125

co-creating experience at event through activities

, 125

common online platform for suggestions

, 124–125

Kattunayakan tribes

, 103

Kenya Sustainable Tourism Alliance (KSTA)

, 25

Kerala State Government

, 208–209

Kerala Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC)

, 216

Kerala tourism initiatives

, 216

Keravan Kerala, Kerala Tourism

, 216

Khajuraho Group of Monuments

, 124

Kichwa community of Sani Isla

, 53

Knowledge

, 150

Koraga Tribe

, 101–102

Korean War

, 261

Kurumba Basha

, 103

Kurumba Pulayans

, 103

Kurumbar

, 102–103

Kurumbar Girijan Service Cooperative Society

, 103

Land alienation

, 100

Leisure

, 226

activities

, 6

historical development

, 227–228

tourism

, 5–6

Leisure time

, 226

in Ancient Rome

, 227

and COVID-19 pandemic

, 229–231

Livelihoods

, 67

Loan Guarantee Scheme for COVID Affected Tourism Sector (LGSCATSS)

, 214

Local communities

, 53, 63–64, 123

Local culture

, 149

Local economic development

, 67

Local tourism bodies

, 123

Madhya Pradesh Tourism Board (MPTB)

, 124

Mala Pulayans

, 103

Marbella Club Hotel

, 304

Marine habitats destruction

, 21

Marketing

, 120, 147

Mass tourism

, 80, 174, 187

Masungi Georeserve in the Philippines

, 25–26

McDonald

, 118

Meaningfulness

, 150

Meditation

, 134–135

Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE)

, 5

Mekong region of Southeast Asia

, 105–106

Mela toys

, 272

Memorable tourism experiences (MTE)

, 146, 148, 150

case study

, 151–152

confirmatory factor analysis of tourist guide performance

, 152–155

literature review

, 147–148

path diagram for research model

, 162–163

results

, 152

testing research model

, 160–162

tourist guide performance and

, 150

validity and reliability of instruments

, 152

Migration

, 100

Mitigation

, 24

Mountain Partnership

, 26

Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative

, 53

Music groups

, 177

Mysticism

, 139

National Development Plan (NDP)

, 95

Nepal tourism

, 217–218

impact of COVID and revival measures

, 217–218

New forms of leisure

, 231–233

New Travel Ticket and Destination Tracker Application

, 213–214

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

, 63, 67–68, 123

Novelty

, 149

Online-to-office services (O2O services)

, 294

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 245

Pamba Pulayans

, 103

Pandemic crises

, 208

Passive wellness

, 289

Path diagram for research model

, 162–163

Pearl Harbor

, 263

Perceived organisational support (POS)

, 294

Performance

, 147–148

Physical wellness

, 294

Polarised approach

, 80

Policy support and collaboration

, 39

Post-COVID travel intentions

, 214

Primary wellness traveller

, 300

Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)

, 100–101

Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME)

, 123

Private sector enterprises

, 67–68

Pro-poor tourism

, 63

Protea Hospitality Group (PHG)

, 95

Protea Hotel South Africa

, 95–96

Quantitative research method

, 151

Radisson Hospitality

, 301

Refreshment

, 149

Religion

, 134, 138

Religious congregations

, 134

Religious freedom

, 134

Research-active trailblazers

, 9

Resilience

, 22–23

Resort

, 300

Responsible tourism

, 63, 80–81

certifications and standards

, 40

Revisit intention (RVI)

, 150–151

confirmatory factor analysis

, 156–159

tourist guide performance and

, 150–151

variables and measures

, 152

Revolving Fund

, 216

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka

, 124

Roots tourism

, 244–245

Rosewood Hotels

, 301

Russia

, 242

Russia–Ukraine war

, 242

on tourism in Ukraine

, 245–249

Sadhus

, 134–135

Saints

, 134–135

Sampling techniques

, 151–152

Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs)

, 214

Secondary wellness traveller

, 300

Skiing

, 34

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 23–24, 50

Social capital and empowerment

, 67

Social vulnerabilities

, 100

Socio-economic and environmental development

, 64

South Africa National Development Plan

, 94

Spa

, 300

SPA tourism

, 287–289

Spiritual gurus

, 135

case study

, 135

cloud chart

, 140

creating opportunities for tourism sector

, 138–139

spiritual, wellness and religious tourism trends

, 139

suggestions for future research

, 143

and teachings

, 135–138

Spiritual tourism

, 139

Spirituality

, 137, 139–142

St. Paddy’s Day. See St. Patrick’s Day

St. Patrick’s Day

, 250

Stakeholders

, 67–68

Staycation

, 233

Structural equation modelling (SEM)

, 153

Sustainability

, 62, 78–79, 93

of leisure

, 232–233

Sustainable development

, 62, 78–79

Sustainable infrastructure development

, 38

Sustainable livelihoods

, 104

cave dwellers

, 102

En Ooru, Wayanad, Kerala, India

, 106–108

inclusive engagement in preserving ethnicity and cultural erosion to development

, 103–104

indigenous communities and ethnicity

, 101–102

indigenous tribal life through tourism

, 105–106

integrated approach with future directions

, 111

Kattunayakan tribes

, 103

Kurumbar

, 102–103

strategies in tribal communities

, 110–111

Sustainable tourism

, 79–81

development in climate change

, 25–26

practices

, 21

Sustainable tourist practices

, 22

Sustainable transportation

, 39

Technological innovations

, 39

adoption of

, 214

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES)

, 51

Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

, 218–219

Tour guide

, 146

Tourism

, 4, 20, 34, 50, 94, 118, 208

adaptation and mitigation in

, 24

challenges

, 37–38

context of film and

, 186–187

impact of COVID-19 on

, 209–210

for Global South

, 27

impacts of climate change on

, 37

industry in Global South

, 21–23

mitigation

, 36

Tourism destinations

, 146

impacts of climate change on

, 35–36

Tourism Employment Support Scheme (TESS)

, 216

Tourism Guides Support Scheme (TGSS)

, 216

Tourism Houseboats Support Scheme (THSS)

, 216

Tourism Working Capital Support Scheme (TWCSS)

, 216

Tourist Guide Performance (TGP)

, 152–155

Tourist guides

, 146

performance

, 147–148, 150

Touristic activities

, 175

Tourists

changed travel intentions of

, 218–219

facilitation offices

, 123

guiding service

, 147–148

police

, 123

Toyrism

, 272–274

case study

, 279–280

cultural dimension and heritage experience

, 277

determinants

, 276

Toys

, 272

clusters and impact on development of tourism

, 274–275

experiences, arts and craft experiences

, 277–278

tourism in India

, 277–279

Transport

, 34

bubble

, 213

Travel

, 209–210

bubble

, 213

Travellers/visitors/tourists

, 121–122

Tribal communities

, 100

Tribal culture

, 106–108

Tribal tourism

, 105–106

Turkish War of Independence

, 261

fronts

, 263

TV series

, 177

Ukraine

, 242

Union Territories (UT)

, 214

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 51

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

, 26, 93–94

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

, 248

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 4, 50, 57, 79, 186, 208–209

United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 57, 94, 302

Uraali Kurumas

, 103

Vaccination Certificate

, 213–214

Value co-creation

, 277

Veludvara Authentic Wellness Stay

, 301–302

Vietnam War

, 262

Virtual reality (VR)

, 126, 212–213, 304

Virtual tourism

, 212–213

Virtual travel

, 219

Visitors

, 146

Volunteers

, 123

Walt Disney

, 277

War tourism

, 260

Warfare tourism

, 258

Wars

, 258–259

Waterloo

, 262

Wellness

, 134–135, 300

services affecting satisfaction of wellness tourists visiting India

, 294

Wellness tourism

, 286–287, 289, 300

case studies

, 294

after COVID-19 in global scenario

, 301

demand and trends for future wellness tourism

, 305

global best practices and policy development for

, 303–305

impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism

, 289–290

after pandemic

, 291–294

purpose of study

, 300–301

in Sri Lanka

, 301

Wildlife

, 21

watching

, 34

Wine tourism in South Africa

, 24

Work

, 227

Workation

, 233

Working vacationers

, 8

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 279

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 50, 92–93, 208–209, 287

World War I

, 261

World War II

, 261, 263–264

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

, 65–66

Yoga

, 134–135

Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara in 2011

, 200