Bibliography
Digitisation, AI and Algorithms in African Journalism and Media Contexts
ISBN: 978-1-80455-136-3, eISBN: 978-1-80455-135-6
Publication date: 14 December 2023
Citation
(2023), "Bibliography", Dralega, C.A. (Ed.) Digitisation, AI and Algorithms in African Journalism and Media Contexts, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 161-195. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80455-135-620231012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2024 Carol Azungi Dralega. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
Abdel-Latif, 2021 Abdel-Latif, M. (2021). Adoption of Egyptian press institutions to artificial intelligence technology in producing and editing news and journalistic topics: Experiences of some foreign newspapers. Egypt Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(3), 1–68.
Abdullah, 2021 Abdullah, A. (2021, March 29). Driving state development with open government data in Nigeria. Dataphyte. Retrieved from https://www.dataphyte.com/latest-reports/governance/driving-development-with-open-government-data-at-the-state-levels-in-nigeria/
ACME, 2021a ACME . (2021a). Ugandan media coverage of the 2021 elections. ACME: Kampala. Retrieved from https://acme-ug.org/2021/04/14/new-ugandan-media-coverage-of-the-2021-elections-january-2021-report/
ACME, 2021b ACME . (2021b). A portrait of Ugandan journalists in Turbulent Times. ACME: Kampala. Retrieved from https://acme-ug.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Journalists-Survey-Report-for-Web-upload.pdf
Adebajo, 2020 Adebajo, K. (2020). Nigerian startup Dataphyte focuses on data-driven storytelling in Data Journalism. Retrieved from https://ijnet.org/en/story/nigerian-startup-dataphyte-focuses-data-driven-storytelling. Accessed on August 8, 2022.
Adeniran, 2018 Adeniran, R. A. (2018). Patterns of newspaper coverage of maternal and child healthcare issues in Nigeria 2015–2016. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Lagos Nigeria: School of Communication, Lagos State University.
Adjei, 2020 Adjei, E. (2020). The media, artificial intelligence, Nation States and the future. In A paper presented at the 1st virtual 7th Annual Conference of the Association of Communication Scholars & Professionals of Nigeria.
Africa Check et al., 2020 Africa Check, Chequeado and Fact Full . (2020). What is the impact of fact checkers' work on public figures, institutions and the media? Full Fact . Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/media/uploads/impact-fact-checkers-public-figures-media.pdf
Agyepong and Mahami, 2022 Agyepong, L. , & Mahami, L. (2022). Fact-checking political information: A comparative analysis of political fact-checking by Dubawa Ghana and Ghana fact during Ghana's 2020 general election. International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 3(3) May–June 2022. ISSN 2583-0333. Retrieved from https://ijrehc.com/doc/ijrehc03_37.pdf
Aitamurto et al., 2011 Aitamurto, T. , Sirkkunen, E. , & Lehtonen, P. (2011). Trends in data journalism. Retrieved from https://research.tuni.fi/uploads/2020/02/6bc2c8cd-d3.2.1.2.b_hyperlocal_trends_in-data_journalism.pdf
Ajuna, 2021 Ajuna, V. D. (2021, August 10). Uganda's Covid-19 battle hit by ‘misinformation pandemic’. Daily Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-s-covid-19-battle-hit-by-misinformation-pandemic--3505816
Akinfeleye, 2011 Akinfeleye, R. A. (2011). Essentials of journalism and introductory text. Surulere, Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited.
Akinfemisoye-Adejare, 2019 Akinfemisoye-Adejare, M. (2019). Data journalism in Nigeria: Interrogating the Nigerian mainstream media's data-driven reporting of the elections of 2019. In B. Mutsvairo , S. Bebawi , & E. Borges-Rey (Eds.), Data journalism in the Global South (pp. 73–84). Basel: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Al-Attar, 2022 Al-Attar, S. (2022). Automated journalism. Campaign 50.
Alharahsheh and Pius, 2020 Alharahsheh, H. , & Pius, A. (2020). A review of key paradigms: Positivism VS interpretivism. Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(3), 39–43.
Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017 Allcott, H. , & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236.
Allen, 2017 Allen, R. C. (2017). Lessons from history for the future of work. Nature, 550(7676), 321–324.
Amakoh, 2020 Amakoh, K. O. (2020). Maintaining journalistic authority the role of Nigerian newsrooms in “post-truth era”. In Multidisciplinary international symposium on disinformation in open online media MISDOOM 2019: Disinformation in open online media. Part of the lecture notes in computer science book series (Vol. 12021, pp. 168–181). LNISA.
Ameer-Mia and Shacksnovis, 2019 Ameer-Mia, F. , & Shacksnovis, L. (2019, July 1). AI regulation in South Africa and the global regulatory trends. Retrieved from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c57dce01-b97c-473b-bfb9-500f41a9368f. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Amoo, 2019 Amoo, A. (2019, September 3). Three open reliable data sources for news reports in Nigeria. Media Career Services (Blog) . Retrieved from https://mediacareerng.org/2019/09/03/three-open-reliable-data-sources-for-news-reports-in-nigeria/. Accessed on August 12, 2022.
Anaeto and Onabaajo&Osifeso, 2008 Anaeto, S. , Onabaajo, O. , & Osifeso, J. (2008). Models and theories of communication. Arica Renaissance Inc.
Anderson, 2017 Anderson, C. W. (2017). Social survey reportage: Context, narrative, and information visualization in early 20th century American journalism. Journalism, 18(1), 81–100. doi:10.1177/1464884916657527
Andrew, 2016 Andrew, N. (2016). What artificial intelligence can and can't do right from now. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/11/what-artifical-intelligence-can-and-cant-do-right-now
Appelgren and Lindé n, 2020 Appelgren, E. , & Lindén, C. G. (2020). Data journalism as a service: Digital native data journalism expertise and product development. Media and Communication, 8(2), 62–72. doi:10.17645/mac.v8i2.2757
Appelgren and Nygren, 2014 Appelgren, E. , & Nygren, G. (2014). Data journalism in Sweden. Digital Journalism, 2, 394–405.
Araya and Gómez, 2019 Araya, R. , & Gómez, C. E. (2019). Data journalism in Chile: Towards a critical appropriation. In B. Mutsvairo , S. Bebawi , & E. Borges-Rey (Eds.), Data journalism in the Global South (pp. 301–315). Basel: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ARED, 2019 ARED . (2019). About ARED. Africa renewable energy distributor. Retrieved from https://www.a-r-e-d.com/about-ared/. Accessed on April 17, 2019.
Arnold, 2020 Arnold, P. (2020). The challenges of online fact checking. Technical report, Full Fact . Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/media/uploads/coof-2020.pdf
Arora, 2010 Arora, P. (2010). Digital gods: The making of a medical fact for rural diagnostic software. The Information Society, 26(1), 70–79.
Artificial Intelligence Act, 2021 Artificial Intelligence Act . (2021, April 21). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and the Council laying down harmonised rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts). EUR-Lex – 52021PC0206. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELLAR:e0649735-a372-11eb-9585-01aa75ed71a1
Association for Progressive Communication, 2022 Association for Progressive Communication (APC) . (2022). Biography. Retrieved from https://www.apc.org/en/users/bosco-uganda
Atenas et al., 2020 Atenas, J. , Havemann, L. , & Timmermann, C. (2020). Critical literacies for a datafied society: Academic development and curriculum design in higher education. Research in Learning Technology, 28. doi:10.25304/rlt.v28.2468
Babakar and Moy, 2016 Babakar, M. , & Moy, W. (2016, August). The state of automated factchecking how to make factchecking dramatically more effective with technology we have now. Full Fact. Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/media/uploads/full_fact-the_state_of_automated_factchecking_aug_2016.pdf
Baillette and Kimble, 2008 Baillette, P. , & Kimble, C. (2008). The concept of appropriation as a heuristic for approaches. London: Sage.
Bakibinga-Gaswaga et al., 2020 Bakibinga-Gaswaga, E. , Bakibinga, S. , Bakibinga, D. B. M. , & Bakibinga, P. (2020). Digital technologies in the COVID-19 responses in sub-Saharan Africa: Policies, problems and promises. The Pan African Medical Journal, 35(Suppl 2), 38.
Bala et al., 2020 Bala, P. , Ramaiyer, N. K. , & Harris, R. W. (2020). From the margins to the mainstream: Indigenised development in Borneo with information and communication technologies and its contribution to global sustainable development. Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan, 6(2), 19–35.
Banas et al., 2022 Banas, J. A. , Palomares, N. A. , Richards, A. S. , Keating, D. M. , Joyce, N. , & Rains, S. A. (2022, July). When machine and Bandwagon Heuristics Compete: Understanding users' response to conflicting AI and crowdsourced fact-checking. Human Communication Research, 48(3), 430–461. doi:10.1093/hcr/hqac010
Bankole, 2021 Bankole, S. A. (2021). Challenges and prospects of investigative journalism practice in Nigeria . (Unpublished BSc. research project). Department of Broadcasting, School of Communication, Lagos State University, Lagos Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361103233_CHALLENGES_AND_PROSPECTS_OF_INVESTIGATIVE_JOURNALISM_PRACTICE_IN_NIGERIA. Accessed on July 12, 2022.
Baptista and Gradim, 2022 Baptista, J. P. , & Gradim, A. (2022). A working definition of fake news. Encyclopedia 2, 1, 632-645. doi:10.3390/encyclopedia2010043
Baran and Davis, 2010 Baran, S. , & Davis, D. (2010). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Barlett et al., 2013 Barlett, J. , Bennet, S. R. B. , & Wibberley, S. (2013). Virtually members: The Facebook and Twitter followers of UK political parties – A CASM briefing paper. New York, NY: DEMOS. Retrieved from http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Virtually_Members.pdf?0=
Barron-Cedeno et al., 2020 Barron-Cedeno, A. , Elsayed, T. , Nakov, P. , Martino, G. , Hasanain, M. , Suwaileh, R. , … Sheikh Ali, Z. (2020). Overview of CheckThat! 2020: Automatic identification and verification of claims in social media. CLEF 2020 working Notes. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58219-7_17
Bayer et al., 2020 Bayer, J. , Trieu, P. , & Ellison, N. (2020). Social media elements, ecologies and effects. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 471–497.
BBC, 2015 BBC . (2015, October). How worried is Silicon Valley about safe harbour? BBC News.
Bebawi, 2019 Bebawi, S. (2019). Data journalism and investigative reporting in the Arab world: From emotive to evidence-based journalism. In B. Mutsvairo , S. Bebawi , & E. Borges-Rey (Eds.), Data journalism in the Global South (pp. 193–204). Basel: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Bebawi and Bossio, 2014 Bebawi, S. , & Bossio, D. (2014). Social media and the politics of reportage: The 'Arab spring. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Beckett, 2019a Beckett, C. (2019a). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. London. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1utmAMCmd4rfJHrUfLLfSJ-clpFTjyef1/view. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Beckett, 2019b Beckett, C. (2019b). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. LSE . Retrieved from https://www.ansa.it/documents/1583854311829_Ricerca_Journalism_AI.pdf. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Beiser, 2018 Beiser, E. (2018). Hundreds of journalists jailed globally becomes the new normal. New York, NY. Retrieved from https://cpj.org/reports/2018/12/journalists-jailed-imprisoned-turkey-china-egypt-saudi-arabia/
Belley, 2020 Belley, H. K. (2020). Advances in social media and political campaigns in elections: An assessment of the 2016 general elections in Ghana. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 12(1), 20–28.
Berghs et al., 2019 Berghs, M. , Atkin, K. , Hatton, C. , & Thomas, C. (2019). Rights to social determinants of flourishing? A paradigm for disability and public health research and policy. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 997.
Berghs et al., 2016 Berghs, M. J. , Atkin, K. , Graham, H. M. , Hatton, C. , & Thomas, C. (2016). Implications for public health research of models and theories of disability: A scoping study and evidence synthesis. National Institute of Health Research Journals Library, 4(8). doi:10.3310/phr04080
Bhargava et al., 2015, Bhargava, R. , Deahl, E. , Letouzé, E. , Noonan, A. , Sangokoya, D. , & Shoup, N. (2015, October). Beyond data literacy: Reinventing community engagement and empowerment in the age of data [White Paper]. Cambridge, MA: Data-Pop Alliance. Retrieved from https://datapopalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Beyond-Data-Literacy2015.pdf
Bhargava and D’ Ignazio, 2021 Bhargava, R. , & D'Ignazio, C. (2021). Teaching data journalism in a world of tool and tech overload. In 13th ACMWeb science Conference 2021 (WebSci ’21 Companion), June 21–25, 2021, Virtual event, United Kingdom, ACM, New York, NY (p. 6). doi:10.1145/3462741.3466660. Accessed on October 10, 2023.
Bhaskaran et al., 2022 Bhaskaran, H. , Kashyap, G. , & Mishra, H. (2022). Teaching data journalism: A systematic review. Journalism Practice, 1–22. doi:10.1080/17512786.2022.2044888
Bichachi, 2020a Bichachi, C. O. (2020a, November 6). Long days, nights ahead but what are the issues? Daily Monitor . Retrieved from https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/long-days-nights-ahead-but-the-issues--2732876
Bichachi, 2020b Bichachi, C. O. (2020b, November 27). Fact check helps media flag recycled falsehoods. Daily Monitor . Retrieved from https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/fact-check-helps-media-flag-recycled-falsehoods-3211894
Bimber, 1994 Bimber, B. (1994). Three faces of technological determinism. In M. R. Smith & L. Marx (Eds.), Does technology drive history? The dilemma of technological determinism (pp. 79–100). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Biswal and Gouda, 2020 Biswal, S. K. , & Gouda, N. K. (2020). Artificial intelligence in journalism: A boon or bane? In A. Kulkarni & S. Satapathy (Eds.), Optimization in machine learning and applications. Algorithms for intelligent systems. Singapore: Springer. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Bitman, 2023 Bitman, N. (2023). ‘Which part of my group do I represent?’: Disability activism and social media users with concealable communicative disabilities. Information, Communication & Society, 26(3), 619–636. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2021.1963463
Blejman, 2018 Blejman, M. (2018). Lessons learned from building data journalism teams in Latin America. Retrieved from https://ijnet.org/en/story/lessons-learned-building-data-journalism-teams-latin-america. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Blumenfeld et al., 1991 Blumenfeld, P. C. , Soloway, E. , Marx, R. W. , Krajcik, J. S. , Guzdial, M. , & Palincsar, A. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26(3–4), 369–398.
Boateng et al., 2020 Boateng, A. , McCracken, D. , & Lumbombo, M. (2020). Intra-party election campaigns in Ghana: An analysis of Facebook use. In M. Ndela & W. Mano (Eds.), Social media and Elections in Africa: Theoretical perspectives and election campaigns (Vol. 1, pp. 215–235). Palgrave Macmillan.
Borges-Rey, 2016 Borges-Rey, E. (2016). Unravelling data journalism: A study of data journalism practice in British newsrooms. Journalism Practice, 10, 833–843.
Bosch, 2014 Bosch, T. (2014). Social media and community radio journalism in South Africa. Digital Journalism, 2(1), 29–43.
BOSCO-Uganda, 2018 BOSCO-Uganda . (2018). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOSCO-Uganda
BOSCO-Uganda, 2019 BOSCO-Uganda . (2019). Community networks learning grant recipient. Areas of expertise. Biography. Retrieved from https://www.apc.org/en/users/bosco-uganda. Accessed on August 5, 2020.
Bouchard, 2016 Bouchard, M. (2016). Data journalism without borders. Retrieved from https://medium.com/data-journalism-awards/data-journalism-without-borders-d6fc0ee75a39. Accessed on July 23, 2022.
Bowen, 2009 Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. doi:10.3316/QRJ0902027
Bradley et al., 2021 Bradley, C. , Wingfield, R. , Metzger, M. , Libbey, M. , & MacKinnon, A. (2021). National artificial intelligence strategies and human rights: A review. Global partners digital . Retrieved from https://www.gp-digital.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/NAS-and-human-rights_2nd_ed.pdf. Accessed on May 6, 2022.
Braimah, 2019 Braimah, S. (2019, December 19). The NPP, NDC social media battalions and elections 2020. Graphic Online . Retrieved from https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/the-npp-ndc-social-media-battalions-and-election-2020.html. Accessed on July 20, 2020.
Brandtzaeg et al., 2016 Brandtzaeg, P. B. , Lüders, M. , Spangenberg, J. , Rath-Wiggins, L. , & Følstad, A. (2016). Emerging journalistic verification practices concerning social media. Journalism Practice, 10(3), 323–342. doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1020331
Braun et al., 2015 Braun, V. , Clarke, V. , & Rance, N. (2015). How to use thematic analysis with interview data. In A. Vossler & N. Moller (Eds.), The counselling and psychotherapy research handbook. London: Sage.
BRCK, 2019 BRCK . (2019). About. Retrieved from https://www.brck.com/about/. Accessed on April 15, 2019.
Breit, 2020 Breit, R. (2020). Case-based education: A strategy for contextualising journalism curriculum in east Africa. Journalism, 21(12), 1985–2005.
Britannica, 2022 Britannica Encyclopaedia . (2022). Journalism. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/journalism. Accessed on July 23, 2022.
Broussard et al., 2019 Broussard, M. , Diakopoulos, N. , Guzman, A. L. , Abebe, R. , Dupagne, M. , & Chuan, C. H. (2019). Artificial intelligence and journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 673–695.
Brown, 2021 Brown, S. (2021). Machine learning, explained. Retrieved from https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/machine-learning-explained. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Bryman, 2012 Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bucher and Helmond, 2018 Bucher, T. , & Helmond, A. (2018). The affordance of social media platforms. In J. Burgess , A. Marwick , & T. Poell (Eds.), The Sage Handbook on social media (pp. 233–253). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publication.
Butler, 2012 Butler, P. (2012). How the Spartacus welfare cuts campaign went viral. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jan/17/disability-spartacus-welfare-cuts-campaign-viral
Bwire, 2021 Bwire, D. (2021). No, Daily Monitor didn't report that Vatican challenged Ugandan archbishop's autopsy. Africa Check . Retrieved from https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/meta-programme-fact-checks/no-daily-monitor-didnt-report-vatican-challenged-ugandan
Calvo and Vila, 2021 Calvo, S. T. , & Vila, P. (2021). Exo journalism: A conceptual approach to a hybrid formula between journalism and artificial intelligence. Journal of Media, 2(4), 830–840.
Campbell et al., 2020 Campbell, S. , Greenwood, M. , Prior, S. , Shearer, T. , Walkem, K. , Young, S. , & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: Complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661.
Canavilhas and Jorge, 2022 Canavilhas, J. , & Jorge, T. D. M. (2022). Fake news explosion in Portugal and Brazil the pandemic and journalists' testimonies on disinformation. Journalism and Media, 3(1), 52–65. doi:10.3390/journalmedia3010005
Carlson, 2015 Carlson, M. (2015). The Robotic Reporter: Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416–431. doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
Carrim, 2022 Carrim, N. (2022). 4IR in South Africa and some of its educational implications. Journal of Education. doi:10.17159/2520-9868/i86a01
Carson, 2009 Carson, G. (2009). Sociology of disability. Norwich: Stationery Office Books.
Carson, 2019 Carson, A. (2019). Investigative journalism, democracy and the digital age. New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315514291. Accessed on August 12, 2022.
Casero-Ripollés, 2020 Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak. El Profesional de la Información, 29(2), 1–11. doi:10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
Casey, 2019 Casey, K. (2019). 5 AI fears and how to address them. Retrieved from https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2019/9/artificial-intelligence-ai-fears-how-address
Castro and Joshua New, 2016 Castro, D. , & Joshua New . (2016). The promise of artificial intelligence. Washington, DC and Brussels. Retrieved from https://www2.datainnovation.org/2016-promise-of-ai.pdf. Accessed on November 1, 2022.
Caswell, 2019 Caswell, D. (2019). Structured journalism and the semantic units of news. Digital Journalism, 1–23. doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1651665
Caswell and Dö rr, 2018 Caswell, D. , & Dörr, K. (2018). Automated Journalism 2.0: Event-driven narratives: From simple descriptions to real stories. Journalism Practice, 12(4), 477–496. doi:10.1080/17512786.2017.1320773
Cazalens et al., 2018 Cazalens, S. , Lamarre, P. , Leblay, J. , Manolescu, I. , & Tannier, X. (2018). A content management perspective on fact-checking. In Companion Proceedings of The Web Conference 2018 (WWW '18). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE, 565–574. doi:10.1145/3184558.3188727
Chakraborty et al., 2021, Chakraborty, J. , Majumder, S. , & Menzies, T. (2021, August). Bias in machine learning software: Why? how? What to do? In Proceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (pp. 429–440).
Charlton, 2000 Charlton, J. I. (2000). Nothing about us without us: Disability, oppression and empowerment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cheruiyot and Ferrer-Conill, 2018 Cheruiyot, D. , & Ferrer-Conill, R. (2018). Fact-checking Africa. Digital Journalism, 6(8), 964–975. doi:10.1080/21670811.2018.1493940. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21670811.2018.1493940?needAccess=true
Chi and Liao, 2022 Chi, H. , & Liao, B. (2022). A quantitative argumentation-based Automated eXplainable Decision System for fake news detection on social media. Knowledge-Based Systems, 242(22 April 2022), 108378. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108378
Chimanzi, 2022 Chimanzi, D. (2022, October 2). Gonora sounds on the move. The Sunday Mail. Harare: Zimpapers.
Chinguo, 2020 Chinguo, N. (2020). A critical discourse analysis on the role of online media in advancing the rights of persons with disabilities in Malawi. Unpublished Master of Arts in Journalism and Mass Communication thesis. doi:10.1080/174965
Chonka et al., 2022 Chonka, P. , Diepeveen, S. , & Haile, Y. (2022). Algorithmic power and African indigenous languages: Search engine autocomplete and the global multilingual internet. In Media, Culture and Society. doi:10.1177/01634437221104705
Chowdhury and Sadek, 2012 Chowdhury, M. , & Sadek, A. W. (2012). Advantages and limitations of artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Applications to Critical Transportation Issues, 6(3), 360–375.
Chuma and Matsilele, Chuma, W. , & Matsilele, T. (Forthcoming). The appropriation of artificial intelligence in Southern African Newsrooms: The case of South Africa, Zimbabwe and Lesotho. Communicare Journal.
Ciboh, 2005 Ciboh, R. (2005). Global media and culture domination. CherryBrooks.
Clegg, 2022 Clegg, N. (2022, July 26). Meta asks oversight board to advise on COVID-19 misinformation policies. Facebook. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/news/2022/07/oversight-board-advise-covid-19-misinformation-measures/
Cohen, 2015 Cohen, N. S. (2015). From pink slips to pink slime: Transforming media labour in a digital age. The Communication Review, 18(2), 98–122. doi:10.1080/10714421.2015.1031996
Cohen et al., 2011 Cohen, S. , Hamilton, J. , & Turner, F. (2011). Computational journalism. Communications of the ACM, 54(10), 66–71. doi:10.1145/2001269.2001288
Communications Authority of Kenya, 2018 Communications Authority of Kenya . (2018). CA. Communication authority, sector statistics Report-Q1-2018-2019. e-Repository. Retrieved from https://academia-ke.org/library/download/ca-communication-authority-sector-statistics-report-q1-2018-2019/. Accessed on May 18, 2019.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) . (2006). United Nations. Zurich: United Nations.
Cook et al., 2021 Cook, C. , Garcia, E. , Gyulnazaryan, H. , MelanoParusinski, J. J. , & Sabadan, A. (2021). The next wave of disruption: Emerging Market media use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. In Robert Shaw (1st ed.). Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS).
Corbin and Strauss, 2008 Corbin, J. , & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Corney, 2021 Corney, D. (2021). How does automated fact checking work? Full Fact. Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/blog/2021/jul/how-does-automated-fact-checking-work/
Cossham and Johanson, 2019 Cossham, A. , & Johanson, G. (2019). The benefits and limitations of using key informants in library and information studies research. Information Research, 24(3), 15.
Costall, 1995 Costall, A. (1995). Socializing affordances. Theory & Psychology, 5(4), 467–481.
Creswell, 2007 Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cunliffe-Jones, 2020 Cunliffe-Jones, P. (2020). From church and mosque to WhatsApp—Africa check's holistic approach to countering fake news. The Political Quarterly, 91(3), 596–599.
Curran and Gurevitch, 2005 Curran, J. , & Gurevitch, M. (2005). Mass media and society. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic.
Dagmara et al., 2015 Dagmara, B. , Ostraszewska, Z. , Turek, T. , & Tylec, A. (2015). Innovation in developing countries a new approach. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316475780_Innovation_in_Developing_Countries-a_New_Approach. Accessed on December 9, 2019.
Dalen, 2012 Dalen, A. V. (2012). The algorithms behind the headlines: How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human journalists. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 648–658. doi:10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
Dalgali and Crowston, 2020 Dalgali, A. , & Crowston, K. (2020). Algorithmic journalism and its impact on work. In Computation + journalism symposium. The National Science Foundation. Northeastern University, Boston.
Danneels, 2008, Danneels, E. (2008, May). Organizational antecedents of second-order competences. Strategic Management Journal, 29(5), 519–543. doi:10.1002/smj.684
Danzon-Chambaud, 2021 Danzon-Chambaud, S. (2021). A systematic review of automated journalism scholarship: Guidelines and suggestions for future research. Open Research Europe, 1(4), 1–19.
Dataphyte, 2021 Dataphyte . (2021). Dataphyte's top 21Stories in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.dataphytes.com/latest-reports/special. Accessed on August 12, 2022.
Daud and Shaharir, 2001 Daud, W. R. W. , & Shaharir, M. Z. (2001). Indigenisation of technology and the challenge of globalization: The case of Malaysia. CiteSeerX. Retrieved from citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.4941&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed on April 20, 2020.
Davis, 1986 Davis, F. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. Doctoral dissertation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan School of Management.
Davis, 1990 Davis, K. A. (1990). Social barriers model of disability: Theory into practice: The emergence of the “seven needs”. Paper prepared for the Derbyshire Coalition of Disabled People.
Davis, 2019 Davis, G. (2019). Revolution talk: EFF tells mabuza to brush up on 4IR. Retrieved from https://ewn.co.za/2019/10/22/revolution-talk-eff-tells-mabuza-to-brush-up-on-4ir
De Maeyer et al., 2015 De Maeyer, J. , Libert, M. , Domingo, D. , Heinderyckx, F. , & Le Cam, F. (2015). Waiting for data journalism: A qualitative assessment of the anecdotal take-up of data journalism in French-speaking Belgium. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 432–446. doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.976415
Dehghan and Ali, 2015 Dehghan, E. , & Ali, A.M. (2015). Critical discourse analysis in new media: Theoretical and methodological challenges. Malaysian Association of Modern Languages, Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics, 4(1). Retrieved from http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/58467/1/Critical%20discourse%20analysis%20in%20new%20media%20theoretical%20and%20methodological%20challenges.pdf. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/58467/. http://www.journals.mymla.org/index.php/MJLL/article/view/39
DeLanda, 2019 DeLanda, M. (2019). A new philosophy of society: Assemblage theory and social complexity. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Deleuze and Guattari, 1988 Deleuze, G. , & Guattari, F. (1988). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
de-Lima-Santos and Ceron, 2021 de-Lima-Santos, M. F. , & Ceron, W. (2021). Artificial intelligence in news media: Current perceptions and future outlook. Journalism and Media, 3(1), 13–26.
Denzin and Lincoln, 2000 Denzin, N. R. , & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Deuze and Beckett, 2022 Deuze, M. , & Beckett, C. (2022). Imagination, algorithms and news: Developing AI literacy for journalism. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1913–1918.
DeZure, 2012 DeZure, D. (2012). Interdisciplinary pedagogies in higher education. In R. Frodeman , J. T. Klein , & C. Mitcham (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of interdisciplinarity (pp. 372–386). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Diakopoulos, 2015a Diakopoulos, N. (2015a). Algorithmic Accountability: Journalistic investigation of computational power structures. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 398–415. doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.976411
Diakopoulos, 2015b Diakopoulos, N. (2015b). Computational and data journalism. Retrieved from https://hcil.umd.edu/computational-and-data-journalism. Accessed on August 14, 2022.
Diakopoulos, 2019a Diakopoulos, N. (2019a). Automating the news: How algorithms are rewriting the media. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Diakopoulos, 2019b Diakopoulos, N. (2019b). Algorithmic accountability. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 398–415.
Díaz-Campo and Segado-Boj, 2015 Díaz-Campo, J. , & Segado-Boj, F. (2015). Journalism ethics in a digital environment: How journalistic codes of ethics have been adapted to the Internet and ICTs in countries around the world. Telematics and Informatics, 32(4), 735–744. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.03.04
Dirth and Adams, 2019 Dirth, T. P. , & Adams, G. A. (2019). Decolonial theory and disability studies: On the modernity/coloniality of ability. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 7(1), 260–289.
Dirth and Branscombe, 2019 Dirth, T. P. , & Branscombe, N. R. (2019). Recognizing ableism: A social identity analysis of disabled people perceiving discrimination as illegitimate. Journal of Social Issues, 75(3), 786–813. doi:10.1111/josi.12345
Doolittle, 2017 Doolittle, R. (2017, February 3). Unfounded: Why police dismiss 1 in 5 sexual assault claims as baseless. The Globe and Mail . Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/investigations/unfounded-sexual-assault-canada-data-methodology-claims/article33891819/. Accessed on August 12, 2022.
Dörr, 2016 Dörr, K. N. (2016). Mapping the field of algorithmic journalism. Digital Journalism, 4(6), 700–722. doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748
Dörr and Hollnbuchner, 2017 Dörr, K. N. , & Hollnbuchner, K. (2017). Ethical challenges of algorithmic journalism. Digital Journal, 5(4), 404–419.
Dourish, 2003 Dourish, P. (2003). The appropriation of interactive technologies: Some lessons from placeless documents. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 12, 465–490.
Dralega, 2023 Dralega, C. A. (2023). AI and the algorithmic-turn in Journalism practice in Eastern Africa: Perceptions, practice and challenges. In C. A. Dralega (Ed.), Digitization, AI and algorithms in African Journalism and Media Contexts: Practise, policy and critical literacies (Chapter 3). Leeds: Emerald Publishing.
Dralega and Napakol, 2022a Dralega, C. A. , & Napakol, A. (Eds.). (2022a). Health crises and media discourses in Sub-Saharan Africa (p. 283). Cham: Springer Nature.
Dralega and Napakol, 2022 Dralega, C. A. , & Napakol, A. (Eds.). (2022b). COVID-19 and the media in sub-saharan Africa: Media viability, framing and health communication. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Dudfield, 2020 Dudfield, A. (2020, July 30). How we're using artificial intelligence to scale up global fact-checking. Africa Check. Retrieved from https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/blog/how-were-using-artificial-intelligence-scale-global-fact-checking
Dudfield, 2021 Dudfield, A. (2021, April 2). How AI helps us detect 100,000 potential claims a day. Full Fact. Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/blog/2021/apr/ai-google-100000--claims-day/
Duffett, 2017 Duffett, R. G. (2017). Influence of social media marketing communications on young consumers' attitudes. Young Consumers, 18(1), 19–39.
Dzisah, 2018 Dzisah, W. (2018). Social media and elections in Ghana: Enhancing democratic participation. African Journalism Studies, 39(1), 27.
Dzisah, 2020 Dzisah, W. (2020). Social media and participation in Ghana's 2016 elections. In M. M. Ndela (Ed.), Social media and Elections in Africa (Vol. 1, pp. 97–118). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dzisah, 2014 Dzisah, W. S. (2014). Case 1: Ghana—the politicization of liberalized media. In Global journalism practice and new media performance (pp. 133–145). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
EAC, 2020 EAC . (2020). Overview of EAC. East African Community. Retrieved from https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac. Accessed on April 18, 2020.
Ecker et al., 2022 Ecker, U. K. H. , Lewandowsky, S. , Cook, J. , Schmid, P. , Fazio, L. K. , Brashier, N. , … Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1, 13–29. doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y
El Gody, 2021 El Gody, A. (2021). Using Artificial Intelligence in the Al Jazeera newsroom to combat fake news. Al Jazeera Institute. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/55576315/Using_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Al_Jazeera_Newsroom_to_Combat_Fake_News
Eleraqi, 2019 Eleraqi, A. (2019). Titanic II: A practical guide to data processing. Retrieved from https://infotimes.org/titanic-ii-a-practical-guide-to-data-processing/
Ellis et al., 2021 Ellis, K. , Goggin, G. , Haller, B. , & Curtis, R. (2021). Routledge companion to disability and media. London: Routledge.
Ellis et al., 2020 Ellis, K. , Goggin, G. , & Kent, M. (2020). Disability, children, and the invention of digital media. In The Routledge companion to digital media and children (pp. 358–367). New York, NY: Routledge.
Elsayed et al., 2019 Elsayed, T. , Nakov, P. , Barrón-Cedeño, A. , Hasanain, M. , Suwaileh, R. , Martino, G. , & Atanasova, P. (2019). Over-view of the CLEF-2019 CheckThat! Lab: Automatic identification and verification of claims. In Experimental IR meets multilinguality, multimodality, and interaction (pp. 301–321). Cham: Springer.
Emmert-Streib, 2021 Emmert-Streib, F. (2021). From the digital data revolution toward a digital society: Pervasiveness of artificial intelligence. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 3(1), 284–298.
van der Ende, 2019 van der Ende, D. (2019, July 19). Why followers and engagement matter for your social media strategy. Social Media Explorer. Retrieved from https://socialmediaexplorer.com/social-media-marketing/why-followers-and-engagement-matter-for-your-social-media-strategy/. Accessed on July 14, 2022.
EU Parliament, 2020 EU Parliament . (2020). Civil liability regime for artificial intelligence . Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0276_EN.html. Accessed on September 17, 2022.
European Broadcasting Union, 2019 European Broadcasting Union . (2019). News report 2019: The next newsroom unlocking the power of AI for public service journalism. Retrieved from https://www.ebu.ch/files/live/sites/ebu/files/codes/news_report_2019/downloads/ebu-news-report-2019.pdf
European Union Election Observation Mission, 2021 European Union Election Observation Mission (EOM) . (2021). European union election observation mission (EOM) Ghana 2020 final report: Presidential and parliamentary election, 7 December 2020. Brussels: EU.
Ezeudu, 2022 Ezeudu, T. S. (2022). Corruption: Implication for Development in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 2nd Annual National Conference Organised by the Department of Political Science, Federal University of Gusau, Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358432296_corruption-implication-for-development-in-nigeria
Fairclough, 2003 Fairclough, N. (2003). Analyzing discourse. London: Routledge.
Fairclough, 2013 Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. London: Routledge.
Fairclough, 2017 Fairclough, N. (2017). CDA as dialectical reasoning. In The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies (pp. 13–25). London: Routledge.
Fairclough and Fairclough, 2012 Fairclough, I. , & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political discourse analysis: A method for advanced students. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203137888/
Fanta, 2017 Fanta, A. (2017). Putting Europe's robots on the map: Automated journalism in news agencies. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-09/Fanta%2C%20Putting%20Europe%E2%80%99s%20Robots%20on%20the%20Map.pdf
Fearn, 2015 Fearn, N. (2015, November 1). Nine ways tech is transforming the developing world. The next web. Retrieved from https://thenextweb.com/insider/2015/11/01/technological-innovation-for-the-third-world/. Accessed on May 24, 2019.
Felle et al., 2015 Felle, T. , Mair, J. , & Radcliffe, D. (2015). Data journalism: Inside the global future. Bury St. Edmunds: Abramis.
Finlay, 2021 Finlay, A. (2021). State of the newsroom: Then and now: Looking back at the first year of the pandemic. Wits Journalism. Retrieved from https://journalism.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/SON-2020-Final-23-Feb.pdf
Fotopoulou, 2021 Fotopoulou, A. (2021). Conceptualising critical data literacies for civil society organisations: Agency, care, and social responsibility. Information, Communication & Society, 24(11), 1640–1657.
Foucault, 1972 Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of Knowledge and the discourse on language [Trans. French by A. M. Sheridan Smith]. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
Full Fact, 2001 Full Fact . (n.d.a). Automated fact checking. Full Fact. Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/about/automated/
Full Fact, 2002 Full Fact . (n.d.b). After we fact check. Full Fact. Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/about/interventions/
Funke, 2019 Funke, D. (2019, June 21). Here's how fact-checking is developing across Africa. Poynter. Retrieved from https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2019/heres-how-fact-checking-is-developing-across-africa/
Future, 2018 Future, H. (2018). Artoficlial intelligence: Between hopes and fear for humanity. Retrieved from https://hellofuture.Orange.com/en/interactive/artificial-intelligence-hopes-fears-humankind/
Fylan, 2005 Fylan, F. (2005). Semi-structured interviewing. A Handbook of Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(2), 65–78.
Gabon - Data Protection Overview, 2022 Gabon – Data Protection Overview . (2022, August 2). Retrieved from https://www.dataguidance.com/notes/gabon-data-protection-overview. Accessed on September 7, 2022.
Gadjanova et al., 2019 Gadjanova, E. , Lynch, G. , Reifler, J. , & Ghadafi, S. (2019). Social media, cyber battalions and political mobilisation in Ghana. School of Social Sciences and International Studies, University of Exeter.
Gadjanova et al., 2022 Gadjanova, E. , Lynch, G. , & Saibu, G. (2022). Misinformation across digital divides: Theory and evidence from Northern Ghana. African Affairs, 121(483), 161–195.
GaffleyAdams and Shyllon, 2022 Gaffley, M. , Adams, R. , & Shyllon, O. (2022). Artificial Intelligence. African Insight: A Research Summary of the Ethical and Human Rights Implications of AI in Africa. HSRC & Meta AI and Ethics Human Rights Research Project for Africa – Synthesis Report . Retrieved from https://africanaiethics.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Artificial-Intelligence-African-Insight-Report.pdf. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Galily, 2018 Galily, Y. (2018). Artificial intelligence and sports journalism: Are it a sweeping change? Technology in Society, 54, 47–51.
Garbe et al., 2021 Garbe, L. , Selvik, L. , & Lemaire, P. (2021). How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech. Information, Communication & Society, 26(1), 86–103. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2021.1994623
García-Marín, 2022 García-Marín, D. (2022). Modelos algorítmicos y fact-checking automatizado. Revisión sistemática de la literatura. Documentación de las Ciencias de la Información, 45(1), 7–16. doi:10.5209/dcin.77472
García-Orosa et al., 2020 García-Orosa, B. , López-García, X. , & Vázquez-Herrero, J. (2020). Journalism in digital native media: Beyond technological determinism. Media and Communication, 8(2), 5–15.
Gelfert, 2018 Gelfert, A. (2018). Fake news: A definition. Informal Logic, 38(1), 84–117. doi:10.22329/il.v38i1.5068
Gelgel, 2020 Gelgel, N. A. (2020). Will technology take over journalism? Informasi, 50, 5–10.
Geyser, 2022 Geyser, W. (2022, March 21). TikTok statistics – 63 TikTok stats you need to know [2022 update]. Benchmark Report 2022. Retrieved from https://influencermarketinghub.com/tiktok-stats/#:∼:text=2.-,TikTok%20now%20has%201%20Billion%20Monthly%20Active%20users%20(January%202022,billion%20Monthly%20Active%20users%20worldwide!
Gibson, 1986 Gibson, J. J. (1986). Gibson's the ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gichuhi, 2022 Gichuhi, G. (2022). No, Uganda's Daily Monitor didn't publish photo, story on ‘leaks’ about activists Nyanjura and Rukirabashaija. Africa Check . Retrieved from https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/meta-programme-fact-checks/no-ugandas-daily-monitor-didnt-publish-photo-story-leaks
Goni and Tabassum, 2020 Goni, A. , & Tabassum, M. (2020). Artificial intelligence (AI) in journalism: Is Bangladesh ready for it? A study on journalism students in Bangladesh. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 6(4), 209–228.
Goodley et al., 2012 Goodley, D. , Hughes, B. , & Davis, L. (2012). Disability and social theory: New developments and directions, New York, NY: Springer.
Google News Lab, 2017 Google News Lab . (2017). Journalism resources. Retrieved from https://www.newsinitiatives.withgoogle.com/resources/journalism. Accessed on August 23, 2022.
Graefe, 2016 Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Retrieved from https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/guide_to_automated_journalism.php. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Graefe and Bohlken, 2020 Graefe, A. , & Bohlken, N. (2020). Automated journalism: A meta-analysis of readers' perceptions of human-written in comparison to automated news. Media and Communication, 8(3), 50–59. doi:10.17645/mac.v8i3.3019
Gramsci, 1971 Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. In Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith (Eds.), London: Lawrence and Wishart & Wishart.
Gray et al., 2012 Gray, J. , Gray, J. , Bounegru, L. , Chambers, L. , Hudson, K. , European Journalism, C. , & Open Knowledge, F. (2012). The data journalism handbook. In Theory in practice. Sebastopol, CA.
Greeno, 1994 Greeno, J. (1994). Gibson's affordances. Psychological Review, 101, 336–342.
Gruber, 2020 Gruber, B. (2020). Facts, fakes and figures: How AI is influencing journalism. Retrieved from https://www.goethe.de/prj/k40/en/lan/aij.html. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Guo et al., 2022 Guo, Z. , Schlichtkrull, M. , & Vlachos, A. (2022). A survey on automated fact-checking. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10(1), 178–206. doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00454.
Guzman and Lewis, 2020 Guzman, A. L. , & Lewis, S. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence and communication: A Human–Machine communication research Agenda. New Media & Society, 22, 70–86.
Guzman and Seth, 2020 Guzman, L. , & Seth, C. L. (2020). Artificial intelligence and communication: A human–machine communication research agenda. New Media & Society, 22, 70–86.
van Gyampo, 2017a van Gyampo, R. E. (2017a). Political Parties and Socia Media in Ghana. Journal of Pan African Studies, 10(1), 186–205.
van Gyampo, 2017b van Gyampo, R. (2017b). Social Media, traditional media and Party Politics in Ghana. African Review, 9(2), 125–139.
Habgood-Coote, 2019 Habgood-Coote, J. (2019). Stop talking about fake news! Inquiry, 62(9–10), 1033–1065.
Hahn and Stalph, 2018 Hahn, O. , & Stalph, F. (2018). Digital investigative journalism. In O. Hahn & F. Stalph (Eds.), Digital investigative journalism: Data, visual analytics and innovative methodologies in international reporting (pp. 1–6). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hall, 1973 Hall, S. (1973). Reflections upon the encoding/decoding model: An interview with Stuart Hall. In J. Cruz & J. Lewis (Eds.), Viewing, reading, listening. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Hamilton, 2016 Hamilton, J. (2016). Democracy's detectives: The economics in investigative journalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hamilton and Turner, 2009 Hamilton, J. T. , & Turner, F. (2009, July 27–31). Accountability through algorithm. Paper presented at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Summer Workshop.
Hanselowski et al., 2019 Hanselowski, A. , Stab, C. , Schulz, C. , Li, Z. , & Gurevych, I. (2019). A richly annotated Corpus for different Tasks in automated fact-checking. In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL), pages 493–503, Hong Kong, China . Association for Computational Linguistics.
Hansen et al., 2017 Hansen, M. , Roca-Sales, M. , Keegan, J. M. , & King, G. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Practice and implications for journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University. Retrieved from https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8X92PRD. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Hardest, 2017 Hardest, L. (2017). Explained: Neutal networks. Retrieved from https://news.mit.edu/2017/explained-neural-networks-deep-learning-0414. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Hassan et al., 2017a Hassan, N. , Zhang, G. , Arslan, F. , Caraballo, J. , Jimenez, D. , Gawsane, S. , … Tremayne, M. (2017a). ClaimBuster: The first-ever end-to-end fact-checking system. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 10(12), 1945–1948. doi:10.14778/3137765.3137815
Hassan et al., 2017b Hassan, N. , Arslan, F. , Li, C. , & Tremayne, M. (2017b). Toward automated fact-checking: Detecting check-worthy factual claims by ClaimBuster. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD international Conference on Knowledge Discovery and data mining (KDD '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1803–1812. doi:10.1145/3097983.3098131. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3097983.3098131
Hassan and Barber, 2021 Hassan, A. , & Barber, S. J. (2021). The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cognitive Research, 6, 38. doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00301-5
Hazard, 2019 Hazard, L. (2019, June 21). ‘First-generation fact-checking’ is no longer good enough. Here's what comes next. NiemanLab . Retrieved from www.niemanlab.org/2019/06/first-generation-fact-checking-is-no-longer-good-enough-heres-what-comes-next
Heath, 2021 Heath, N. (2021). What is AI? Here's everything you need to know about artificial intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-artificial-intelligence/. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Heft, 2003 Heft, H. (2003). Affordances, dynamic experiences and the challenge of reification. Ecological Psychology, 15, 149–180.
Helberger and Diakopoulos, 2022 Helberger, N. , & Diakopoulos, N. (2022). The European AI act and how it matters for research into AI in media and journalism. Digital Journalism, 1–10. doi:10.1080/21670811.2022.2082505
Helberger et al., 2022 Helberger, N. , van Drunen, M. , Moeller, J. , Vrijenhoek, S. , & Eskens, S. (2022). Towards a normative perspective on journalistic AI: Embracing the messy reality of normative ideals. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1605–1626.
Heravi et al., 2021 Heravi, B. , Cassidy, K. , Davis, E. , & Harrower, N. (2021). Preserving data journalism: A systematic literature review. Journalism Practice. doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1903972
Hogan, 2019 Hogan, A. J. (2019). Social and medical models of disability and mental health: Evolution and renewal. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1(1), 16–18.
Horák et al., 2021 Horák, A. , Baisa, V. , & Herman, O. (2021). Technological approaches to detecting online disinformation and manipulation. In M. Gregor & P. Mlejnková (Eds.), Challenging online propaganda and disinformation in the 21st century. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58624-9_5
Houkes, 2009 Houkes, W. (2009). Introduction to Part II. In A. Meijers (Ed.), Handbook of philosopy of science: Philosophy of engineering and technology Sciences (Vol. 9, pp. 187–189). Belgium: Elseiver BV.
Houston, 2021 Houston, B. (2021). The history of data journalism. Retrieved from https://ijec.org/2021/the-history-of-data-journalism. Accessed on August 12, 2022.
Hove, 2019 Hove, K. (2019). The role of African governments in shaping internet governance policy, African School on internet governance. Retrieved from https://afrisig.org/2019/09/18/the-role-of-african-governments-in-shaping-internet-governance-policy
Howard, 2014 Howard, A. B. (2014). The art and science of data-driven journalism. Retrieved from https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8Q531V1. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Hughes, 2009 Hughes, J. (2009). Practical reasoning and engineering. In A. Meijer (Ed.), Philosophy of technology and engineering Sciences: Handbook of the philosophy of Sciences (pp. 375–402). Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V.
Hu et al., 2021 Hu, Y. , Kuang, W. , Qin, Z. , Li, K. , Zhang, J. , Gao, Y. , … Li, K. (2021). Artificial intelligence security: Threats and countermeasures. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(1), 1–36.
Hunt, 2019 Hunt, J. (2019). No limits: The disabled people's movement: A radical history, Manchester: TBR Imprint.
iHarare, 2022 iHarare (2022). The inspiring story of blind Zimbabwean DJ Tafadzwa Nyamuzihwa who landed a prestigious international award. Retrieved from https://www.africannewsagency.com/iharare/the-inspiring-story-of-blind-zimbabwean-dj-tafadzwa-nyamuzihwa-who-landed-a-prestigious-international-award/
ICT Authority, 2016 ICT Authority . (2016). National information and communication technology (ICT) policy . Retrieved from https://icta.go.ke/pdf/National-ICT-Policy-20June2016.pdf. Accessed on April 20, 2020.
IFCN, 2021 IFCN . (2021). State of the fact-checkers 2021. Poynter. Retrieved from https://www.poynter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/IFCN_2022_StateFactChecking2021_v06.pdf
Ighobor, 2020 Ighobor, K. (2020). COVID-19: People with disabilities facing tougher times, Africa Renewal. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/coronavirus/april-2020-special-edition-covid-19/covid-19-people-disabilities-facing-tough-times/
IJNET, 2022 IJNET (International Journalists’ Network) . (2022, July 7). These 6 newsrooms are creating innovative ways to combat misinformation in Brazil. International journalists' network (IJNET). Retrieved from https://ijnet.org/en/story/these-6-newsrooms-are-creating-innovative-ways-combat-misinformation-brazil
Ireton and Posetti, 2018 Ireton, C. , & Posetti, J. (2018). Journalism, fake news and disinformation: Handbook for journalism education and training. Paris: Unesco.
ITU, 2022 ITU . (2022). International telecommunication union development sector. Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2022 . Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx
Iyinolakan, 2023 Iyinolakan, O. (2023). Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence for supporting indigenous language journalism pedagogy in Nigeria.
Maarit, 2023 Jaakkola, M. (2023). Reporting on artificial intelligence: A handbook for journalism educators. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384551?fbclid=IwAR039wrlBlb0RaTAXjfo8ErR3haeFEIZVg4u9uTxlEXY_Y5ptJdc92ZoHZY
Jamil, 2020 Jamil, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence and journalistic practice: The crossroads of obstacles and opportunities for the Pakistani journalists. Journalism Practice, 15(10), 1400–1422.
Jamil, 2021 Jamil, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence and journalistic practice: The crossroads of obstacles and opportunities for the Pakistani journalists. Journalism Practice, 15(10), 1400–1422.
Janneck, 2009 Janneck, M. (2009). Recontextualising technology in appropriation processes. In Handbook of Research on socio-technical Design and social networking systems. Hershey, PA: Conceptualising the relationship between technology, People and Organisations.
Jansen, 2010 Jansen, H. (2010). The logic of qualitative survey research and its position in the field of social research methods. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 11(2).
Jarrahi and Sawyer, 2018 Jarrahi, M. H. , & Sawyer, S. (2018). Networks of innovation: The sociotechnical assemblage of Tabletop computing. Research Policy, 48. doi:10.1016/j.repolx.2018.100001
Jeremy, 1966 Jeremy, P. (1966). Information and public awareness. Berlin: Transparency International.
Jjuuko and Njuguna, 2019 Jjuuko, M. , & Njuguna, J. (2019). The discourses of digital inclusion of women in Rwanda's media. A thematic analysis of Imvaho Nshya and the new Times newspapers. In B. Mutsvairo & M. Ragnedda (Eds.), Mapping the digital Divide in Africa: A mediated analysis (pp. 131–150). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Johansson, 2007 Johansson, R. (2007). On case study methodology (Vol. 32, pp. 48–54). Open House International. doi:10.1108/OHI-03-2007-B0006
Jucutan, 2018 Jucutan, K. (2018). Should we worry about artificial intelligence (AI)? Retrieved from https://www.codingdojo.com/blog/dark-side-of-artifical-intelligene-ai
Kalatzi et al., 2018 Kalatzi, O. , Bratsas, C. , & Veglis, A. (2018). The principles, features and techniques of data journalism. Studies in Media and Communication, 6(2), 36. doi:10.11114/smc.v6i2.3208
Kallio et al., 2016 Kallio, H. , Pietilä, A. M. , Johnson, M. , & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: Developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 2954–2965.
Kamau, Kamau, W. (n.d.). Why newsrooms and journalism schools need data journalism. Retrieved from https://africanwomeninmedia.com/why-newsrooms-and-journalism-schools-need-data-journalism/. Accessed on August 14, 2022.
Kapantai et al., 2021 Kapantai, E. , Christopoulou, A. , Berberidis, C. , & Peristeras, V. (2021). A systematic literature review on disinformation: Toward a unified taxonomical framework. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1301–1326. doi:10.1177/1461444820959296
Karikari, 2007 Karikari, K. (2007). Overview: African media since Ghana's independence. In E. Barrat & G. Berger (Eds.), 50 Years of journalism: African media since Ghana's independence (pp. 9–20). Johannesburg: The African Editors'Forum Highway Africa and Media Foundation for West Africa.
Karlsen and Stavelin, 2014 Karlsen, J. , & Stavelin, E. (2014). Computational journalism in Norwegian newsrooms. Journalism Practice, 8(1), 34–48. doi:10.1080/17512786.2013.813190
Kazeem, 2019 Kazeem, B. (2019, June 9). We should support open data initiative. Daily Trust. Retrieved from https://dailytrust.com/we-should-support-open-data-initiative/. Accessed on August 14, 2022.
Kemp, 2022 Kemp, S. (2022, May 4). Digital 2022: Global overview report – DataReportal – Global digital insights. DataReportal. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-global-overview-report. Accessed on March 18, 2023.
Kenya, 2019 Kenya, S. (2019). Hacking open data in Africa: Building an open data community in Kenya and Nigeria. In Panel presentation at the csv. conf, v4, conference held in Portland, Oregon from May 8 – 9, 2019. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1rn5j8q_1htwytbuv-okhj5dksdx0le614etntzqbeck/edit#slide=id.g5507e8f0f3_0_94. Accessed on August 14, 2022.
Kessler, 2018 Kessler, G. (2018, December 10). Meet the bottomless Pinocchio | fact checker. Washington post . Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoS1sVZRfUU
Khanzode and Sarode, 2020 Khanzode, K. C. A. , & Sarode, R. D. (2020). Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence and machine learning: A literature review. International Journal of Library and Information Science, 9(1), 3.
Kiemde and Kora, 2021 Kiemde, S. M. A. , & Kora, A. D. (2021). Towards an ethics of AI in Africa: Rule of education. AI and Ethics, 2(1), 35–40. doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00106-8
Kim and Kim, 2018 Kim, D. , & Kim, S. (2018). Newspaper journalists' attitudes towards robot journalism. Telematics and Informatics, 35(2), 340–357. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.12.009
Kioko et al., 2022 Kioko, P. M. , Booker, N. , Chege, N. , & Kimweli, P. (2022). The adoption of artificial intelligence in newsrooms in Kenya: A multi-case study. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(22), 278. doi:10.19044/esj.2022.v18n22p278. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Kioko et al., 2022 Kioko, P. M. , Booker, N. , Chege, N. , & Kimweli, P. (2022). The adoption of artificial intelligence in newsrooms in Kenya: A multi-case study. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(22), 278. doi:10.19044/esj.2022.v18n22p278
KLab, 2012 KLab . (2012). KLab|Open space for IT entrepreneurs. kLab | Open Space for IT Entrepreneurs . Retrieved from https://klab.rw/public/about; https://mobile.monitor.co.ug/Business/technology/Mobile-phone-users-grow-23-2-. Accessed on May 26, 2019.
Knight, 2021 Knight, T. (2021). Facebook removed planted content linked to Ugandan government following an investigation. Retrieved from https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-02-10-facebook-removed-planted-content-linked-to-ugandan-government-following-an-investigation/
Konstantinovskiy et al., 2018 Konstantinovskiy, L. , Price, O. , Babakar, M. , & Zubiaga, A. (2018). Towards automated factchecking: Developing an annotation Schema and Benchmark for consistent automated claim detection. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.08193.pdf
Konstantinovskiy et al., 2021 Konstantinovskiy, L. , Price, O. , Babakar, M. , & Zubiaga, A. (2021). Toward automated factchecking: Developing an annotation schema and benchmark for consistent automated claim detection. Digital Threats: Research and Practice, 2(2), 1–16. doi:10.1145/3412869
Kothari and Cruikshank, 2022 Kothari, A. , & Cruikshank, S. A. (2022). Artificial intelligence and journalism: An agenda for journalism research in Africa. African Journalism Studies, 43(1), 17–33. doi:10.1080/23743670.2021.1999840
Kpolovie and Awusaku, 2016 Kpolovie, P. J. , & Awusaku, O. K. (2016). ICT adoption attitude of lecturers. European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 4(5), 9–57.
Kudless, 2023 Kudless, A. (2023). Hierarchies of bias in artificial intelligence architecture: Collective, computational, and cognitive. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 21(2), 256–279. doi:10.1177/14780771231170272
Kulkarni et al., 2016 Kulkarni, M. , Böhm, S. A. , & Basu, S. (2016). Workplace inclusion of persons with a disability: Comparison of Indian and German multinationals. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, International Journal, 35(7/8), 397–414.
Kulundu, 2020 Kulundu, M. (2020, March 18). Ugandan president has not announced elections postponement; officials dismiss claim. AFP Kenya . Retrieved from https://factcheck.afp.com/ugandan-president-has-not-announced-elections-postponement-officials-dismiss-claim
Kwanda and Lin, 2019 Kwanda, F. A. , & Lin, T. C. (2019). Fake news practices in Indonesian newsrooms during and after the palu earthquake: A hierarchy-of-influences approach. Information, Communication & Society, 23(6), 849–866. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1759669
Labrouche, 2014, Labrouche, G. (2014, May). Les capacités dynamiques: Un concept multidimensionnel en construction. In Conférence de l’AIMS. XXIIIe Conférence Internationale de Management Stratégique. Retrieved from http://www.sietmanagement.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Labrouche2014.pdf
Lane, 2019 Lane, D. C. (2019). Presuming competence: An examination of ableism in film and television. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University.
Latar, 2018 Latar, N. L. (2018). Robot journalism: Can human journalism survive? Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.
Latour, 2005 Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lazarski et al., 2021 Lazarski, E. , Al-Khassaweneh, M. , & Howard, C. (2021). Using NLP for fact checking: A survey. Designs, 5(3), 42. doi:10.3390/designs5030042
Lehren, 2018 Lehren, A. W. (2018). The rise of investigative data journalism. In O. Hahn & F. Stalph (Eds.), Digital investigative journalism: Data, visual analytics and innovative methodologies in international reporting. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97283-1_2
Leković, 2004 Leković, S. (2004, September 22). What is investigative reporting? Mediacentar. Retrieved from https://www.media.ba/en/istrazivacko-novinarstvo-novinarstvo/what-investigative-reporting
Lewis et al., 2008 Lewis, J. , Williams, A. , & Franklin, B. (2008). Four rumours and an explanation: A political economic account of journalists’ changing newsgathering and reporting practices. Journalism Practice, 2(1), 27–45.
Lewis et al., 2019 Lewis, S. C. , Guzman, A. L. , & Schmidt, T. R. (2019). Automation, journalism, and human–machine communication: Rethinking roles and relationships of humans and machines in news. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 409–427.
Lewis and Usher, 2013 Lewis, S. C. , & Usher, N. (2013). Open source and journalism: Toward new frameworks for imagining news innovation. Media Culture & Society, 35(5), 602–619.
Lewis and Westlund, 2016 Lewis, S. C. , & Westlund, O. (2016). Mapping the human–machine divide in journalism. In T. Witschge , C. W. Anderson , D. Domingo , & A. Hermida (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of digital journalism (pp. 341–353). London: SAGE.
Linden, 2017 Linden, C.-G. (2017). Decades of automation in the newsroom: Why are there still so many jobs in journalism? Digital Journalism, 5(2), 123–140. doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1160791
Lindén, 2017 Lindén, C.-G. (2017). Algorithms for journalism: The future of news work. The Journal of Media Innovations, 4(1), 60–76. doi:10.5617/jmi.v4i1.2420
Li et al., 2018 Li, J. , Philip, L. , & Low, D. (2018). Media representation of digital-free tourism: A critical discourse analysis. Tourism Management, 69, 317–329. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.06.027/
Liang et al., 2023 Liang, W. , Yuksekgonul, M. , Mao, Y. , Wu, E. , & Zou, J. (2023). GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.02819
Litskevich, 2022 Litskevich, V. (2022). How much does artificial intelligence (AI) cost in 2021? Retrieved from https://azati.ai/how-much-does-it-cost-to-utilize-machine-learning-artificial-intelligence/. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Lokot and Diakopoulos, 2016 Lokot, T. , & Diakopoulos, N. (2016). News Bots: Automating news and information dissemination on Twitter. Digital Journalism, 4, 682–699.
Lund, 2021 Lund, E. M. (2021). Examining the potential applicability of the minority stress model for explaining suicidality in individuals with disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology, 66(2), 183–191. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/rep0000378
Lundberg et al., 2019 Lundberg, M. , Engström, S. , & Lidelöw, H. (2019). Diffusion of innovation in a contractor company: The impact of the social system structure on the implementation process. Construction Innovation, 19(4), 629–652.
Lunga and Mthembu, 2019 Lunga, M. C. , & Mthembu, V. M. (2019). Investigating the source and strategies adopted by mainstream media in combating fake news in the kingdom of Eswatini. African Journalism Studies, 40(4), 96–111. doi:10.1080/23743670.2019.1664606
Maarit, 2023 Maarit, J. (2023). Reporting on artificial intelligence: A handbook for journalism educators. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000384551?fbclid=IwAR039wrlBlb0RaTAXjfo8ErR3haeFEIZVg4u9uTxlEXY_Y5ptJdc92ZoHZY. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
MacKenzie and Wajcman, 1999 MacKenzie, D. , & Wajcman, J. (1999). The social shaping of technology. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Maedche et al., 2019 Maedche, A. , Legner, C. , Benlian, A. , Berger, B. , Gimpel, H. , Hess, T. , … Söllner, M. (2019). AI-based digital assistants: Opportunities, threats, and research perspectives. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 61(4), 535–544. doi:10.1007/s12599-019-00600-8
Makwambeni, 2013 Makwambeni, B. (2013). Re-appraising entertainment-education praxis and reception in subaltern spaces: the case of Tsha Tsha in South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of Fort Hare).
Makwambeni and Salawu, 2018 Makwambeni, B. , & Salawu, A. (2018). Accounting for youth audiences’ resistances to HIV and AIDS messages in the television drama Tsha Tsha in South Africa. SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 15(1), 20–30.
Mantas, 2021 Mantas, H. (2021, August, 19). Lessons learned from a year covering fact-checking. Poynter. Retrieved from https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/lessons-learned-from-a-year-covering-fact-checking/
Manyika et al., 2013 Manyika, J. , Chui, M. , Bughin, J. , Dobbs, R. , Bisson, P. , & Marrs, A. (2013). Disruptive Technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy. McKinsey Global Institute.
Manyika et al., 2017 Manyika, J. , Chui, M. , Miremadi, M. , Bughin, J. , George, K. , Willmott, P. , & Dewhurst, M. (2017). Harnessing automation for a future that works. Report by McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works
Manzoor and Vimarlund, 2018 Manzoor, M. , & Vimarlund, V. (2018). Digital technologies for social inclusion of individuals. Health and Technology, 8, 377–390.
Marconi, 2020 Marconi, F. (2020). Newsmakers: Artificial intelligence and the future of journalism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Marconi et al., 2017 Marconi, F. , Siegman, A. , & Journalist, M. (2017). The future of augmented journalism: A guide for newsrooms in the age of smart machines. Retrieved from https://www.ap.org/assets/files/2017_ai_guide.pdf. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Mare, 2014 Mare, A. (2014). New media technologies and internal newsroom creativity in Mozambique. Digital Journalism, 2(1), 12–28.
Mare et al., 2019 Mare, A. , Mabweazara, H. M. , & Moyo, D. (2019). Fake news and cyber-propaganda in sub-Saharan Africa: Recentering the research agenda. African Journalism Studies, 40(4), 1–12. doi:10.1080/23743670.2020.1788295
Mare and Matsilele, Mare, A. , & Matsilele, T. (forthcoming). Journalism and AI in selected South African newsrooms. In G. Ogola (Ed.), AI and journalism in Africa: Emerging issues and debates. London: Routledge.
Marta-Lazo et al., 2020 Marta-Lazo, C. , Peñalva, S. , & Rodríguez Rodríguez, J. M. (2020). Digital journalism competences. Systematic review of the scientific literature on new professional profiles of the journalist. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social. (ART-2020-119215).
Mathews, 2017 Mathews, J. R. (2017). Understanding indigenous innovation in Rural West Africa: Challenges to diffusion of innovations theory and current social innovation practice. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-Centered Development, 18(2). Special Issue on Social Innovation for Human Development.
Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy (November, 2018 Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy . (2018, November). A report by the working group on ArtificialIntelligence. Retrieved from https://ncb.govmu.org/ncb/strategicplans/MauritiusAIStrategy2018.pdf
Mawingu Networks Ltd, 2019 Mawingu Networks Ltd . (2019). Our story. Retrieved from https://www.mawingunetworks.com/our-story. Accessed on April 16, 2019.
Mbolekwa, 2022 Mbolekwa, S. (2022). Government steadily improving plight of people with disabilities: Ramaphosa. Retrieved from https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/politics/2022-12-08-government-steadily-improving-plight-of-people-with-disabilities-ramaphosa/
McIntosh and Morse, 2015 McIntosh, M. J. , & Morse, J. M. (2015). Situating and constructing diversity in semi-structured interviews. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 2, 2333393615597674.
McLuhan, 2013 McLuhan, M. (2013). Understanding media: The extensions of man. Berkeley, CA: Gingko Press Inc.
McLuhan and McLuhan, 1988 McLuhan, M. , & McLuhan, E. (1988). Laws of media: The new science. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Medina et al., 2014 Medina, E. , IvanMarques, da C. , & Holmes, C. (Eds.). (2014). Beyond imported magic. Essays on science, technology, and society in Latin America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Meel and Visharkarma, 2020 Meel, P. , & Visharkarma, K. D. (2020). Fake news, rumor, information pollution in social media and web: A contemporary survey of state-of-the-arts, challenges and opportunities. Expert Systems with Applications, 153, 112986. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112986
Mesgari and Faraj, 2012 Mesgari, M. , & Faraj, S. (2012). Technology affordances: The case of Wikipedia. Paper 13, 1–9. AMCIS 2012 Proceeding.
Mesmer, 2022 Mesmer, K. R. (2022). An “Assumption of bad faith”: Using fake news rhetoric to create journalistic teaching moments. Journalism Practice, 1–19. doi:10.1080/17512786.2022.2086158
Michaels, 2003 Michaels, C. F. (2003). Affordances: Four points of debate. Ecological psychology, 15(2), 135–148.
Mihailidis and Viotty, 2017 Mihailidis, P. , & Viotty, S. (2017). Spreadable spectacle in digital culture: Civic expression, fake news, and the role of media literacies in “post-fact” society. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(4), 441–454. doi:10.1177/00027642177012
Mikton and Shakespeare, 2014 Mikton, C. , & Shakespeare, T. (2014). Introduction to special issue on violence against people with disability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(17), 3055–3062.
Milan and Treré , 2019 Milan, S. , & Treré, E. (2019). Big data from the South (s): Beyond data universalism. Television & New Media, 20(4), 319–335.
Minnesota Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2022 Minnesota Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (MAND) . (2022). The roots of nutrition and dietetics: Encouraging new branches and planting new seeds. Marriott Southwest: MAND. Retrieved from https://eatrightmn.org/mand-2022-annual-conference/
Miranda et al., 2019 Miranda, S. , Vlachos, A. , Nogueira, D. , Secker, A. , Mendes, A. , Garrett, R. , … Marinho, Z. (2019). Automated fact checking in the news room. In The web conference 2019 – Proceedings of the World Wide web conference, WWW 2019. 3579–3583.
Mohamed et al., 2020 Mohamed, S. , Png, M. T. , & Isaac, W. (2020). Decolonial AI: Decolonial theory as sociotechnical foresight in artificial intelligence. Philosophy & Technology, 33, 659–684.
Mojaye and Msughter, 2022 Mojaye, E. M. , & Msughter, E. A. (2022). Theoretical perspectives in world information systems: A propositional appraisal of new media-communication imperatives. Journal of Communication and Media Research, 14(1), 100–106.
Möller et al., 2018 Möller, J. , Trilling, D. , Helberger, N. , & van Es, B. (2018). Do not blame it on the algorithm: An empirical assessment of multiple recommender systems and their impact on content diversity. Information, Communication & Society, 21(7), 959–977. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444076
Monitor, 2019 Monitor, D. (2019). Facebook extends fact-checking programme to 10 new African states. Daily Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/facebook-extends-fact-checking-programme-to-10-new-african-states-1852472
Monitor, 2020 Monitor, D. (2020, March 27). Fake news on coronavirus: Media should create “Fact Check” corner. Retrieved from https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/fake-news-on-coronavirus-media-should-create-fact-check-corner-1882722
Montal and Reich, 2017 Montal, T. , & Reich, Z. (2017). I, robot. You, journalist. Who is the author? Digital Journalism, 5(7), 829–849. doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083
Morini, 2023 Morini, F. (2023). Data journalism as “terra incognita”: Newcomers' tensions in shifting towards data journalism epistemology. Journalism Practice. doi:10.1080/17512786.2023.2185656
Mosco, 2008 Mosco, V. (2008). Current trends in the political economy of communication. Global Media Journal, 1(Inaugural Issue), 45.
Mosseri, 2017 Mosseri, A. (2017). Working to stop misinformation and fake News. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/news/2017/04/working-to-stop-misinformation-and-false-news
Mousa and Abdulfattah, 2020 Mousa, E. , & Abdulfattah, A. (2020). Attitudes of journalists and leaders towards employing artificial intelligence technologies in newsrooms of the Egyptian newspapers. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(1), 1–66.
Moy, 2021 Moy, W. (2021, January). Scaling up the truth: Fact-checking innovations and the pandemic. Global insights. National Endowment for Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Fact-Checking-Innovations-Pandemic-Moy.pdf
Moyo and Munoriyarwa, 2019 Moyo, D. , & Munoriyarwa, A. (2019). Data journalism in the age of big data: An exploration into the uptake of data journalism in leading South African newspapers. In B. Mutsvairo , S. Bebawi , & E. Borges-Rey (Eds.), Data journalism in the Global South (pp. 85–105). Basel: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Moyo and Munoriyarwa, 2021 Moyo, D. , & Munoriyarwa, A. (2021). ‘Data must fall’: Mobile data pricing, regulatory paralysis and citizen action in South Africa. Information, Communication & Society, 24(3), 365–380.
Msimanga et al., 2022 Msimanga, M. , Tshuma, L. , & Matsilele, T. (2022). Journalism pedagogy and ICTs in a time of pandemic: A case study of selected journalism schools in Southern Africa. Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, 46–63. doi:10.30547/worldofmedia.2.2022.4 10.1080/17512786.2023.2185656
Mtimde, 2000 Mtimde, L. (2000). Radio broadcasting in South Africa: An overview. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 3(2), 173–179.
Muhindo, 2021 Muhindo, C. (2021, August 26). 50 Ugandan journalists trained on fact-checking. ACME. Retrieved from https://acme-ug.org/2021/08/26/50-ugandan-journalists-trained-on-fact-checking/
Munoriyarwa, 2022 Munoriyarwa, A. (2022). Data journalism uptake in South Africa's mainstream quotidian business news reporting practices. Journalism, 23(5), 1097–1113.
Munoriyarwa and Chambwera, 2020 Munoriyarwa, A. , & Chambwera, C. (2020). Who are the arbiters of truth? Mainstream journalists' responses to fake news during the 2017 Zimbabwe coup. Communication: South African Journal of Communication Theory and Research, 46(4), 75–95. doi:10.1080/02500167.2020.1854805
Munoriyarwa and Chiumbu, 2023 Munoriyarwa, A. , & Chiumbu, S. (2023). Diving into data: Pitfalls and promises of data journalism in semi-authoritarian contexts. Communication, 49(1), 1–22.
Munoriyarwa et al., 2021 Munoriyarwa, A. , Chiumbu, S. , & Motsaathebe, G. (2021). Artificial intelligence practices in everyday news production: The case of South Africa's mainstream newsrooms. Journalism Practice, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–19. doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1984976
Munoriyarwa et al., 2023 Munoriyarwa, A. , Chiumbu, S. , & Motsaathebe, G. (2023). Artificial intelligence practices in everyday news production: The case of South Africa’s mainstream newsrooms. Journalism Practice, 17(7), 1374–1392.
Musinguzi, 2021 Musinguzi, B. (2021, July 22). Uganda: Museveni's fight against fake news after reports of his death. theafricareport. Retrieved from https://www.theafricareport.com/109493/uganda-musevenis-fight-against-fake-news-after-reports-of-his-death/
Mutsvairo, 2019 Mutsvairo, B. (2019). Challenges facing development of data journalism in non-western societies. Digital Journalism, 7(9), 1289–1294. doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1691927
Mutsvairo and Bebawi, 2019 Mutsvairo, B. , & Bebawi, S. (2019). Journalism educators, regulatory realities, and pedagogical predicaments of the “fake news” era: A comparative perspective on the Middle East and Africa. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 74(2), 143–157. doi:10.1177/1077695819833552
Mutsvairo et al., 2019 Mutsvairo, B. , Bebawi, S. , & Borges-Rey, E. (2019). Data journalism in the Global South. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25177-2. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Mwai, 2020 Mwai, P. (2020, December 20). Uganda election: False claims about Joe Biden and others. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55353891
Najmeh and Farjam, 2017 Najmeh, H. , & Farjam, E. (2017). Affordance theory in social media research: Systematic review and synthesis of the literature. In 25th European Conference on information systems (ECIS). Guimaraes. Portugual.
Nakov et al., 2018 Nakov, P. , Barrón-Cedeño, A. , Elsayed, T. , Suwaileh, R. , Màrquez, L. , Zaghouani, W. , … Martino, G. (2018, September 10–14). Overview of the CLEF-2018 CheckThat! Lab on automatic identification and verification of political claims. In 9th International Conference of the CLEF Association, CLEF 2018. Avignon, France, Proceedings.
Nakov et al., 2021 Nakov, P. , Corney, D. , Hasanain, M. , Alam, F. , Elsayed, T. , Barrón-Cedeño, A. , … Da San Martino, G. (2021). Automated fact-checking for assisting human fact-checkers. arXiv. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.07769.pdf
Namasinga, 2018 Namasinga, F. (2018). Sourcing in converged media spheres: A study of how print journalists in Uganda use social media in routine news coverage. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Oslo.
Napakol et al., 2022 Napakol, A. , Kitego, E. , & Dralega, C. A. (2022). Mis) information, sources and credibility: Targeting youth in public health response to COVID-19 in Uganda. In COVID-19 and the media in Sub-Saharan Africa: Media viability, framing and health communication (pp. 77–98). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Napoli, 2012 Napoli, P. M. (2012). Audience evolution and the future of audience research. International Journal on Media Management, 14(2), 79-97. doi:10.1080/14241277.2012.675753
Napoli, 2013 Napoli, P. M. (2013). The algorithm as institution: Toward a theoretical framework for automated media production and consumption. Fordham University Schools of Business Research Paper. SSRN. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2260923 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.2260923
Napoli, 2021 Napoli, P. M. (2021). The platform beat: Algorithmic watchdogs in the disinformation age. European Journal of Communication, 36(4), 376–390.
Naudé , 2017 Naudé, W. (2017). Entrepreneurship, education and the fourth industrial revolution in Africa. IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper 10855. Retrieved from https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/10855/entrepreneurship-education-and-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-in-africa. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Ndavula and Mueni, 2014 Ndavula, J. , & Mueni, J. (2014, August). New media and political marketing in Kenya: The case of 2013 general elections. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 3(6), 69–84.
Ndlela, 2020 Ndlela, M. (2020). Social media algorithms, Bots and elections in Africa. In W. Mano & M. Ndlela (Eds.), Social media and elections in Africa: Theoretical perspectives and election campaigns (Vol. 1, pp. 13–37). Cham: Palgrave Mcmillian.
Ndlela and Mano, 2020 Ndlela, M. N. , & Mano, W. (2020). The changing face of election campaigning in Africa. In Social media and elections in Africa, volume 1: Theoretical perspectives and election campaigns, 1–12.
Nduhura, 2019 Nduhura, D. (2019). Hobbling across Bumps and grinds: A study on the possibilities of journalistic reinvention through data journalism in Rwanda. In B. Mutsvairo , S. Bebawi , & E. Borges-Rey (Eds.), Data journalism in the Global South (pp. 53–72). Basel: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Negroponte, 1995 Negroponte, N. (1995). Being digital. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Nenadović et al., 2017 Nenadović, V. , Stanimirović, D. , & Dimoski, S. (2017). The social disability model and its impact on theory and practice in psychology and rehabilitation, Specijalna Edukacija i Rehabilitacija, 16(4), 467–489.
NESH, 2021 NESH . (2021). The national committee for research ethics in the social sciences and the humanities (NESH) (5th ed.). Oslo: NESH (The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities).
NESH, 2022 NESH . (2022). Guidelines for research ethics in the social sciences and the humanities. Retrieved from https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-the-social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/
AuthorAnonymous, 2018 NMG . (2018). Editorial policy. Retrieved from https://www.nationmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Editorial-policy-online.pdf
Nettel et al., 2022 Nettel, P. F. , Rogerson, A. , Westgarth, T. , Lida, K. , Mbayo, H. , Finotto, A. , … Petheram, A. (2022). Government AI Readiness Index 2021. Oxford Insights . Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58b2e92c1e5b6c828058484e/t/61ead0752e7529590e98d35f/1642778757117/Government_AI_Readiness_21.pdf. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Neufville, 2020 Neufville, R. D. (2020, October 7). instrumentalism . Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/instrumentalism. Accessed on May 7, 2022.
Newman, 2022 Newman, N. (2022). Journalism, media, and technology trends and predictions 2022. Digital news project. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-01/Newman%20-%20Trends%20and%20Predictions%202022%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed on June 10, 2023.
Newman, 2022 Newman, N. (2022, January). Journalism, media, and technology trends and Predictions 2022. Digital news project. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-01/Newman%20-%20Trends%20and%20Predictions%202022%20FINAL.pdf
Newman, 2023 Newman, N. (2023). Journalism, media and technology trends and Predictions 2023. Reuters Institute. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2023-01/Journalism_media_and_technology_trends_and_predictions_2023.pdf. Accessed on June 11, 2023.
Ngwainmbi, 2020 Ngwainmbi, E. (2020, September 2–3). Mystifying and demystifying shared information on covid-19 across cyber mediated news networks: A scioliogical approach to solutions for vulnerable populations. A paper presented at the 1st virtual and 7th Annual Conference of the Association of Communication Scholars & Professionals of Nigeria (ACSPN), in collaboration with UNESCO . IFAD & COMEST.
Noain-Sánchez, 2022 Noain-Sánchez, A. (2022). Addressing the impact of artificial intelligence on journalism: The perception of experts, journalists and academics. Communications Society, 35(3), 105–121. doi:10.15581/003.35.3.105-121
Norman, 1998 Norman, D. (1998). The design of everyday things. New York, NY: MIT Press Reader.
Nwabueze, 2005 Nwabueze, C. D. (2005). The art of investigative reporting practical guide. Enugu: Daisy Press.
Nwabueze et al., 2015 Nwabueze, C. , Nnaemeka, F. O. , Umeora, D. , & Okika, E. (2015). Newspaper coverage of climate change issues. European Scientific Journal, 11(17), 171–184. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352644937_NIGERIAN_NEWSPAPERS'_COVERAGE_OF_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ISSUES
Nwanyanwu and Nwanyanwu, 2021 Nwanyanwu, N. C. , & Nwanyanwu, M. (2021). Utilization of artificial intelligence in journalism in Nigeria. KIU Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 205–212.
Nwuneli, 2020 Nwuneli, O. (2020, September 2–3). Communication technologies and globalized identities. In A keynote address presented at 1st virtual and 7th Annual Conference of the Association of Communication Schoars & Professionals of Nigeria (ACSPN), in collaboration with UNESCO . IFAD & COMEST.
Nyabuga and Ugangu, 2018 Nyabuga, G. , & Ugangu, W. (2018). Romancing the media: A critical interrogation of political communication in presidential elections in Kenya. In B. Mutsvairo & B. Karam (Eds.), Perspectives on political communication in Africa (pp. 189–202). Springer.
Nyam, 2021 Nyam, I. I. (2021). Knowledge societies: Artificial intelligence and the media. In A. Fayoyin & I. Ademosu (Eds.), Digital dichotomy theory: Towards propositional appraisal of artificial intelligence based media-communication imperative. Paris: UNESCO.
Obijifor, 2003 Obijifor, L. (2003). New technologies and journalism practice in Nigeria and Ghana. Asia Pacific Media Educator, (14), 36–56.
Ogundipe, 2016 Ogundipe, S. , & Ibekwe, N. (2016). British Prime Minister, David Cameron, says Nigeria is ‘fantastically corrupt’. Premium Times . Retrieved from https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/203181-british-prime-minister-david-cameron-says-nigeria
Ogune, 2021 Ogune, M. (2021). Nigeria loses $582b to corruption in 61 years, says YIAGA Africa. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria-loses-582b-to-corruption-in-61-years-says-yiaga-africa/
Okiyi and Nsude, 2019 Okiyi, G. O. , & Nsude, I. (2019, June). Adopting artificial intelligence to journalistic practices in Nigeria: Challenges and way forward. International Journal of Communication: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication Studies, 24(1).
Okurut, 2011 Okurut, M. K. (2011, September 28). Uganda deserves trained journalists. New Vision. Retrieved from https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1004576/uganda-deserves-trained-journalists
Oliffe et al., 2021 Oliffe, J. L. , Kelly, M. T. , Gonzalez Montaner, G. , & Yu Ko, W. F. (2021). Zoom interviews: Benefits and concessions. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 16094069211053522.
Oliver, 2013 Oliver, M. (2013). The social model of disability: Thirty years on. London: Routledge.
Opara, 2021 Opara, I. (2021, September 28). NIPC emerges winner of 2021 national FOI ranking. The ICIR. Retrieved from https://www.icirnigeria.org/nipc-emerges-winner-of-2021-national-foi-ranking/. Accessed on August 12, 2022.
OpenAFRICA, 2022 OpenAFRICA . (2022). About openAFRICA. Retrieved from https://ogptoolbox.org/en/use-cases/45219. Accessed on August 20, 2022.
Opundo, 2018 Opundo, D. (2018). Winch Hub aims to accelerate energy and Internet across rural Uganda. Retrieved from https://www.spacedaily.com/reports. Accessed on February 12, 2019.
Orlikowski et al., 1995 Orlikowski, W. J. , Yates, J. , Okamura, K. , & Fujimoto, M. (1995). Shaping technology and journalism-as-labour: Historical perspectives. Journalism, 11(1), 57–74.
Ouchchy et al., 2020 Ouchchy, L. , Coin, A. , & Dubljević, V. (2020). AI in the headlines: The portrayal of the ethical issues of artificial intelligence in the media. AI & Society, 35(4), 927–936.
Owolabi, 2014 Owolabi, T. O. S. (2014). Media coverage of SMEs in Nigeria: Implications for national development. In Being a PhD thesis submitted to the faculty of humanity and social sciences. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde.
Owusu Nsiah, 2020 Owusu Nsiah, I. (2020). An epoch of Nadiral Readership: Encouraging the reading culture in Africa-the Ghana case. SSRN. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3608425
Oyibo and Vassileva, 2020 Oyibo, K. , & Vassileva, J. (2020). HOMEX: Persuasive technology acceptance model and the moderating effect of culture. Frontiers of Computer Science, 2, 10.
OzuruE &Ekeanyanwu, 2013 Ozuru, E. , & Ekeanyanwu, N. (2013). Audience assessment of the influence of social media network on the global news flow controversy. In D. Wilson (Ed.), Communication and the news media in Nigeria social engagements, political development and public discourse. African Council for Communication Education.
Parasie, 2019 Parasie, S. (2019). Data journalism the promise of transparency. In H. Tumber & S. Waisbord (Eds.), The routledge companion to media and scandal. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781351173001-27. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332113322_Data_journalism_and_the_promise_of_transparency. Accessed on August 16, 2022.
Parasie and Dagiral, 2013 Parasie, S. , & Dagiral, E. (2013). Data-driven journalism and the public good: “Computer-assisted-reporters” and “programmer-journalists” in Chicago. New Media & Society, 15(6), 853–871. doi:10.1177/1461444812463345
Parveen and Showkat, 2017 Parveen, H. , & Showkat, N. (2017). An integrative approach to content analysis. In K. A. Neuendrof (Ed.), The content analysis guidebook (pp. 36–69). Sage.
Pashevich, 2018 Pashevich, E. (2018). Automation of news production in Norway: Augmenting newsroom with artificial intelligence. Master's thesis.
Pasquale and Cockfield, 2018 Pasquale, F. , & Cockfield, A. J. (2018). Beyond instrumentalism: A substantivist perspective on law, technology and the digital persona. Brooklyn Scholarship, 821–868.
Pate, 2021 Pate, A. U. (2021). In A. Fayoyin & I. Foreword (Eds.), Knowledge societies: Artificial intelligence and the media. Paris: UNESCO.
PEN, 2017 PEN . (2017, October 12). Faking news: Fraudulent news and the fight for truth. Retrieved from https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2017-Faking-News-11.2.pdf
Penplusbyte, 2017 Penplusbyte . (2017, January 13). Ghana's Media Comes of Age in Elections Coverage. penplusbytes.org. Retrieved from https://www.penplusbytes.org/ghanas-media-comes-of-age-in-elections-coverage/. Accessed on July 20, 2022.
Penplusbytes, Penplusbytes . (n.d.). Policy Brief Digital Campaigns and Elections: What works? Penplusbytes Webnair Series. Accra, Ghana. Retrieved from https://www.penplusbytes.org/publications/5544/. Accessed on July 20, 2022.
Picard, 2015 Picard, R. (2015). The humanisation of media? Social media and thereformation of communication. Communication Research and Practice, 1(1), 32–41.
Porter and Wood, 2021 Porter, E. , & Wood, T. J. (2021, September 10). The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(37). doi:10.1073/pnas.2104235118. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2104235118
Posetti et al., 2019 Posetti, J. , Simon, M. F. , & Shabbir, N. (2019, April). Lessons in innovation: How international news organizations combat disinformation through mission-driven journalism RISJ. Retrieved from https://ijnet.org/en/story/global-south-newsrooms-are-leading-innovation-against-disinformation-new-report-finds
Prempeh and Asare, 2017 Prempeh, H. , & Asare, S. (2017). Ghana Political Paries Financing Policy (GPPFP). A Discussion/Policy Document prepared for Financial Transparency and Accountability – Africa.
Protection of Personal, 2013 Protection of Personal Information Act. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/3706726-11act4of2013popi.pdf. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Qu and Dumay, 2011 Qu, S. Q. , & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 8(3), 238–264.
Radchenko and Sakoyan, 2014 Radchenko, I. , & Sakoyan, A. (2014). The view on open data and data journalism: Cases, educational resources and current trends (pp. 47–54). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Raffaghelli and Stewart, 2020 Raffaghelli, J. E. , & Stewart, B. (2020). Centering complexity in ‘educators’ data literacy’ to support future practices in faculty development: A systematic review of the literature. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(4), 435–455.
Ramanathan and Hoon, 2015 Ramanathan, R. , & Hoon, T. B. (2015). Application of critical discourse analysis in media discourse studies. 3L. Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 21(2), 57–68.
Rantao and Njenga, 2020 Rantao, T. , & Njenga, K. (2020). Predicting communication constructs towards determining information security policies compliance. South African Journal of Information Management, 22(1), 1–10.
Rapley, 2011 Rapley, T. (2011). Doing conversation, discourse and document analysis. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
Rashidian et al., 2018 Rashidian, N. , Brown, P. , Hansen, E. , Bell, E. , Albright, J. , & Hartstone, A. (2018). Friend and Foe: The Platform Press at the Heart of Journalism. Columbia Journalism Review.
Ravi and Priya, 2015 Ravi, B. , & Priya, V. (2015). Digital democracy social media in political campaigns: The 2014 Lok Sabha experience in India. Academic Research International, 6(2), 286.
Rawlinson, 2016 Rawlinson, K. (2016, April 17). How newsroom pressure is letting fake stories on the web. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/apr/17/fake-news-stories-clicks-fact-checking
Reese and Shoemaker, 2016 Reese, S. D. , & Shoemaker, P. J. (2016). A media sociology for the networked public sphere: The Hierarchy of Influences Model. Mass Communication & Society, 19(4), 389–410. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1174268
Reuters Institute, 2022 Reuters Institute . (2022). Digital News Report 2022. University of Oxford. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/Digital_News-Report_2022.pdf
Reyes-de-Cózar et al., 2022 Reyes-de-Cózar, S. , Pérez-Escolar, M. , & Navazo-Ostua, P. (2022). Digital competencies for new journalistic work in media outlets: A systematic review. Media and Communication, 10(1), 27–42.
Rice and Chandler, 2019 Rice, C. , & Chandler, E. (2019). Representing difference, disability, digital storytelling and public pedagogy. New York, NY: Routledge.
RISJ, 2017 RISJ (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism) . (2017, March 24). How can we combat fake news? The role of platforms, media literacy, and journalism. RISJ. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/how-can-we-combat-fake-news-role-platforms-media-literacy-and-journalism
Rodriguez-Perez et al., 2021 Rodriguez-Perez, C. , Paniagua-Rojano, F. J. , & Magallon-Rosa, R. (2021). Debunking political disinformation through journalists' perceptions: An analysis of Colombia's fact-checking news practices. Media and Communication, 9(1), 264–275. doi:10.17645/mac.v9i1.3374
Rogers, 1995 Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press.
Rogers, 2013 Rogers, S. (2013). Facts are Sacred: The Power of Data. London: Faber & Faber.
Rohwerder, 2018 Rohwerder, B. (2018). Disability stigma in developing countries. K4D Helpdesk Report. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/13795/Disability_stigma_in_developing_countries.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Rosen, 2020 Rosen, G. (2020, April 16). An Update on Our Work to Keep People Informed and Limit Misinformation About COVID-19. Facebook. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/news/2020/04/covid-19-misinfo-update
Russell and Norvig, 2010 Russell, S. J. , & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Russell and Norvig, 2019 Russell, S. , & Norvig, P. (2019). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Berkeley: Pearson Education.
Salaverría and de-Lima-Santos, 2020 Salaverría, R. , & de-Lima-Santos, M. F. (2020). Towards ubiquitous journalism: Impacts of IoT on news. In J. Vázquez-Herrero , S. Direito-Rebollal , A. Silva-Rodríguez & X. López-García (Eds.), Journalistic metamorphosis: Media transformation in the digital age volume 70 of studies in Big data (1st ed., pp. 1–15). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Salimi, 2019 Salimi, M. (2019). The status of data journalism in Iranian media. In B. Mutsvairo , S. Bebawi , & E. Borges-Rey (Eds.), Data journalism in the Global South (pp. 205–237). Basel: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Saltzis and Dickinson, 2008 Saltzis, K. , & Dickinson, R. (2008). Inside the changing newsroom: Journalists' responses to media convergence. ASLIB Proceedings, 60. doi:10.1108/00012530810879097
Sánchez-García, 2016 Sánchez-García, P. (2016). The effects of the first phase of the EHEA in journalism education in Spain: More specialized and practical training. Communication & Society, 29(1), 125–143. doi:10.15581/003.29.35938
Santos and Ceron, 2022 Santos, M. F. D. , & Ceron, W. (2022). Artificial intelligence in news media: Current perceptions and future outlook. Journal of Media, 3, 13–26.
Sarr and Sall, 2017 Sarr, E. N. , & Sall, O. (2017). Automation of fact-checking: State of the Art, obstacles and perspectives. In IEEE 15th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 15th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 3rd Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress (pp. 1314–1317). DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech. doi:10.1109/DASC-PICom-DataCom-CyberSciTec.2017.212. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8328556
Sasu, 2023, Sasu, D. (2023, February 13). Digital 2023: Ghana – DataReportal – Global digital insights. DataReportal. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-ghana#:∼:text=Ghana%20was%20home%20to%206.60,percent%20of%20the%20total%20population
Sasu, 2023 Sasu, D. D. (2023). Social media in Ghana. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/topics/9778/social-media-in-ghana/#topicHeader__wrapper. Accessed on March 18, 2023.
Sayad, 2020 Sayad, A. (2020, September 2–3). Education for the future, means respond to the present. In A paper presented at the 1st virtual and 7th Annual Conference of the Association of Communication Scholars & Professionals of Nigeria (ACSPN), in collaboration with UNESCO. IFAD & COMEST.
Schapals, 2018 Schapals, A. K. (2018). Fake news: Australian and British journalists' role perceptions in an era of “alternative facts”. Journalism Practice, 12(8), 976–985. doi:10.1080/17512786.2018.1511822
Schapals and Bruns, 2022 Schapals, A. K. , & Bruns, A. (2022). Responding to “fake news”: Journalistic perceptions of and reactions to a delegitimizing force. Media and Communication, 10(3), 5–16. doi:10.17645/mac.v10i3.5401
Schick, 2020 Schick, N. (2020). Deep fakes and the infocapse. London: Monaray.
Schiller, 1976 Schiller, H. I. (1976). Communication and cultural domination. New York, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press.
Schudson, 2010 Schudson, M. (2010). Political observatories, databases and news in the emerging ecology of public information. Dædalus, 139(2), 100–109.
Schudson and Anderson, 2009 Schudson, M. , & Anderson, C. (2009). Objectivity, professionalism and truth seeking in journalism. In K. Wahl Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (pp. 88–101). New York, NY and London: Routledge.
Schwab, 2015 Schwab, K. (2015). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York, NY: Crown Business.
Selnes, 2021 Selnes, N. F. (2021). Internet restrictions in Uganda: Examining their impact on journalism. Information, Communication & Society, 24(3), 490–506. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1859580
ShakespeareNdagire and Seketi, 2021 Shakespeare, T. , Ndagire, F. , & Seketi, Q. (2021). Triple jeopardy: Disabled people and the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 397(10282), 1331–1333. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00625-5
Siles and Boczkowski, 2012 Siles, I. , & Boczkowski, P. J. (2012). Making sense of the newspaper crisis: A critical assessment of existing research and an agenda for future work. New Media & Society, 14(8), 1375–1394. doi:10.1177/1461444812455148
SAS, 2021 SAS . (2021). Five AI technologies that you need to know. Retrieved from https://www.sas.com/en_in/insights/articles/analytics/five-ai-technologies.html. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Smart Africa and AuthorAnonymous, Smart Africa . (n.d.). Artificial Intelligence for Africa – Smart Africa. Retrieved from https://smartafrica.org/knowledge/artificial-intelligence-for-africa/. Accessed on May 3, 2022.
Smith, 2003 Smith, D. (2003). Waiting for the internet Dhaba: Case studies of technology access, indigenisation and e-government in India. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 36(9), 63–67. doi:10.1016/s1474-6670(17)35743-9
Smith, 1994 Smith, M. R. (1994). Technological determinism in American culture. In M. R. Smith & L. Marx (Eds.), Does technology drive history? The dilemma of technological determinism (pp. 1–35). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Smith, 2009 Smith, J. A. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. Sage Publication.
Snæfríðar-Og Gunnarsdóttir et al., 2023 Snæfríðar-Og Gunnarsdóttir, H. , Traustadóttir, R. , Einarsdóttir, T. , & Rice, J. G. (2023). Through an intersectional lens: Prevalence of violence against disabled women in Iceland. Violence against women. doi:10.1177/10778012231155174
Sobowale, 2008 Sobowale, I. (2008). Scientific journalism. Lagos: Idosa Konsult.
Soola, 2003 Soola, E. O. (2003). Development communication: The past, the present and future. In E. O. Soola (Ed.), Communicating for development purposes. Ibadan: Kraft Books.
South African Government Gazette, 2020 South African Government Gazette . (2020). Report of the Presidential Commission on the 4th Industrial Revolution (PC4IR): Summary Report & Recommendations (pp. 1–222). Pretoria: Government Printing Works. Retrieved from https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202010/43834gen591.pdf
Splendore et al., 2016 Splendore, S. , Di Salvo, P. , Eberwein, T. , Groenhart, H. , Kus, M. , & Porlezza, C. (2016). Educational strategies in data journalism: A comparative study of six European countries. Journalism, 17(1), 138–152. doi:10.1177/1464884915612683
Sraders, 2019 Sraders, A. (2019). What is artificial intelligence? Examples and news in 2019. Retrieved from https://www.thestreet.com/technology/what-is-artifical-intelligence-14822076
Stamou et al., 2016 Stamou, A. G. , Alevriadou, A. , & Soufla, F. (2016). Representations of disability from the perspective of people with disabilities and their families: A critical discourse analysis of disability groups on Facebook. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 18(1), 1–16. doi:10.1080/15017419.2014.96261/
Stavelin, 2014 Stavelin, E. (2014). Computational Journalism. When journalism meets programming. The University of Bergen.
Steensen and Westlund, 2021 Steensen, S. , & Westlund, O. (2021). What is digital journalism studies? London: Routledge.
Straubhaar and LaRose, 2006 Straubhaar, J. , & LaRose, R. (2006). Media now: Understanding media, culture, and technology, 2008 update (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Strauss and Corbin, 1997 Strauss, A. , & Corbin, J. M. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stray, 2019 Stray, J. (2019). Making artificial intelligence work for investigative journalism. Digital Journal, 7(8), 1076–1097.
Stypinska, 2023 Stypinska, J. (2023). AI ageism: A critical roadmap for studying age discrimination and exclusion in digitalized societies. AI & Society, 38(2), 665–677.
Sullivan, 2017 Sullivan, D. (2017, March 14). Google launches new effort to flag upsetting or offensive content in search,” Search Engine Land. Retrieved from searchengineland.com/google-flag-upsetting-offensive-content-271119
Sun et al., 2022 Sun, M. , Hu, W. , & Wu, Y. (2022). Public perceptions and attitudes towards the application of artificial intelligence in journalism: From a China-based survey. Journalism Practice. doi:10.1080/17512786.2022.2055621
Tacchi, 2002 Tacchi, J. (2002). Transforming the mediascape in South Africa: The continuing struggle to develop community radio. Media International Australia, 103(1), 68–77.
Tacchi, 2003 Tacchi, J. (2003). Promise of citizens' media: Lessons from community radio in Australia and South Africa. Economic and Political Weekly, 2183–2187.
Tandoc et al., 2017 Tandoc, E. , Lim, Z. , & Ling, R. (2017). Defining ‘Fake News’: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(3), 137–153. doi:10.1080/21670811.2017
Tandoc et al., 2018 Tandoc, E. C. Jr ., Edson, C. , Zheng, W. L. , & Ling, R. (2018). Defining ‘fake news’: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153.
Tannous et al., 2019 Tannous, N. , Belesiotis, P. , Tchakarian, N. , & Stewart, R. (2019). Public engagement with politics, information and news in Nigeria. Africa Check . Retrieved from https://1stdirectory.co.uk/_assets/files_comp/d563c2e5-3f1b-4c06-841c-75e7d3c72e77.pdf
Tejedor-Calvo et al., 2020 Tejedor-Calvo, S. , Romero-Rodríguez, L. M. , Moncada-Moncada, A. J. , & Alencar-Dornelles, M. (2020). Journalism that tells the future: Possibilities and journalistic scenarios for augmented reality. Profesional de la información, 29(6).
Teng and Joo, 2020 Teng, C. E. , & Joo, T. M. (2020). Representation of disabled community in mainstream media. International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology, 10(2), 19–37. doi:10.5865/IJKCT.2020.10.2.019
Tessema and Coetzee, 2020 Tessema, S. T. , & Coetzee, S. (2020). Conflicting discourses on conceptualising children with disabilities in Africa. 7 African Disability Rights Yearbook 59–80. doi:10.29053/2413-7138/2019/v7a3
The Data Protection Act 2017, 2017 The Data Protection Act . (2017, December). Retrieved from https://dataprotection.govmu.org/Pages/The%20Law/Data-Protection-Act-2017.aspx
The Economist, 2012 The Economist . (2012). Africa’s Singapore? The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/business/2012/02/25/africas-singapore. Accessed on April 18, 2020.
The Future Society, August 22 The Future Society . (2022, August 22). Stakeholder consultation workshops drive insights for National AI Strategies in Tunisia and Ghana. Retrieved from https://thefuturesociety.org/2022/06/09/stakeholder-consultation-workshops-drive-insights-for-national-ai-strategies-in-tunisia-and-ghana/#:%7E:text=Building%20on%20existing%20digital%20policies,growth%20while%20establishing%20precautionary%20guardrails. Accessed on September 7, 2022.
The Presidency Republic of South Africa, 2019 The Presidency Republic of South Africa . (2019). President appoints Commission on Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Presidency Republic of South Africa . Retrieved from https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-appoints-commission-fourth-industrial-revolution. Accessed on May 8, 2022.
Thienthaworn, 2018 Thienthaworn, E. (2018). Data journalism: Principle, development and knowledge adaptation in Thailand. Being a PhD Thesis submitted to the Department of Communication Arts and Innovation. National Institute of Development Administration. Retrieved from https://repository.nida.ac.th/bitstream/handle/662723737/4366/b204596.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Thompson, 2014 Thompson, M. (2014). A critical review of water purification technology appropriate for developing countries: Northern Ghana as a case study . Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014. Accessed on April 9, 2020.
Thorne and Vlachos, 2018 Thorne, J. , & Vlachos, A. (2018). Automated fact checking: Task formulations, methods and future directions. In 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2018). doi:10.48550/arXiv.1806.07687
Thorne et al., 2019 Thorne, J. , Vlachos, A. , Cocarascu, O. , Christodoulopoulos, C. , & Mittal, A. (2019). The FEVER2.0 shared task. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on fact extraction and VERification (FEVER) (pp. 1–6). Association for Computational Linguistics.
Thurman et al., 2017 Thurman, N. , Dörr, K. , & Kunert, J. (2017). When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing: Professionals consider automated journalism's capabilities and consequences. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1240–1259. doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1289819
Thurman et al., 2019 Thurman, N. , Lewis, S. C. , & Kunert, J. (2019). Algorithms, automation, and news. Digital Journalism, 7(8), 980–992. doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1685395
Tietaah, 2013 Tietaah, G. (2013). Political Advertising and the imperative of broadcast regulation in Ghana. Journal of African Media Studies, 5(2), 203–217. Retrieved from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/24553
Todaro and Smith, 2013 Todaro, M. P. , & Smith, S. C. (2013). Economic development (8th ed.). Delhi: Pearson Educational.
Trattner et al., 2021 Trattner, C. , Jannach, D. , Motta, E. , Meijer, I. C. , Diakopoulos, N. , Elahi, M. , … Moe, H. (2021). Responsible media technology and AI: Challenges and research directions. AI Ethics, 2, 585–594.
Trevisan, 2020a Trevisan, F. (2020a). Do you want to be a well-informed citizen, or do you want to be sane? Social media, disability, mental health, and political marginality. Social Media + Society, 6(1). doi:10.1177/2056305120913909
Trevisan, 2020b Trevisan, F. (2020b). Making focus groups accessible and inclusive for people with communication making focus groups accessible and inclusive for people with communication disabilities: A research note. Impact Factor, 21(4). doi:10.1177/1468794120941846
Tsatsou, 2021 Tsatsou, P. (2021). Is digital inclusion fighting disability stigma? Opportunities, barriers, and recommendations. Disability & Society, 36, 702–729.
Túñez-López et al., 2021 Túñez-López, J. M. , Ceide, C. F. , & Vaz-Álvarez, M. (2021). Impact of artificial intelligence on journalism: Transformations in the company, products, contents and professional profile. Communications Society, 34(1), 177–193. doi:10.15581/003.34.1.177-193
Turner, 2015 Turner, A. (2015). Generation Z: Technology and social interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 103–113.
UCC - Uganda Communications Commission, 2019 UCC – Uganda Communications Commission . (2019). Post, Broadcasting and Telecommunications Market & Industry Q2 Report, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ucc.co.ug/statistics-and-figures-2/. Accessed on June 18, 2019.
UCC, 2022a UCC . (2022a). List of approved radio broadcasters. Retrieved from https://www.ucc.co.ug/list-of-approved-radio-broadcasters/
UCC, 2022b UCC . (2022b). Licensed television broadcasters as at October 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ucc.co.ug/licensed-television-broadcasters/
Ukonu, 2017 Ukonu, M. (2017). Specialised journalism: A complete course (2nd ed.). Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press.
UNDP, 2011 UNDP . (2011). Report on Human development . United Nations Development Programme. What is Human Development? | Human Development Reports. Retrieved from undp.org
UNESCO, 2019 UNESCO . (2019). Artificial intelligence for sustainable development synthesis report: Mobile learning week 2019. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO, 2021 UNESCO . (2021). Investigative Journalism. Retrieved from https://www.en.unesco.org/. unesco.org
UNESCO, 2021a UNESCO . (2021a). UNESCO member states adopt the first ever global agreement on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-member-states-adopt-first-ever-global-agreement-ethics-artificial-intelligence. Accessed on May 8, 2022.
UNESCO, 2021b UNESCO . (2021b). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380455. Accessed on September 17, 2022.
UNESCO, 2022 UNESCO . (2022). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. Paris. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
UNESCO-IBE, 2019 UNESCO-IBE . (2019). Technical report. Retrieved from http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/geqaf/technicalnotes/concept-governance
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Disability, 2020 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Disability . (2020). Geneva. United Nations.
United Nations International Children’ s Emergency Fund, 2007 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) . (2007). Promoting the rights of children with disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/474-promoting-the-rights-of-children-with-disabilities.html
Uskali and Kuutti, 2015 Uskali, T. I. , & Kuutti, H. (2015). Models and streams of data journalism. The Journal of Media Innovations, 2(1), 77–88. doi:10.5617/jmi.v2i1.882
Utz, 2009 Utz, S. (2009). The (potential) benefits of campaigning via social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 221–243.
Van Dijk, 1998 Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London: Sage.
Van Dijk, 2015 Van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Tannen , H. E. Hamilton , & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (2nd ed., pp. 466–485). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Van Dijk, 2017 Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2017). Digital divide: Impact of access. In P. Patrick Rössler , C. A. Hoffner , & L. van Zoonen (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media effects. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Van Dijk, 2020 Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2020). The digital divide. Cambridge: Polity.
Van Drunen, 2021 Van Drunen, M. (2021). Editorial independence in an automated media system. Internet Policy Review, 10(3). doi:10.14763/2021.3.1569
Veglis and Bratsas, 2017 Veglis, A. , & Bratsas, C. (2017). Reporters in the age of data journalism . Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 6(2), 225–244. doi:10.1386/ajms.6.2.225_1
Venkatesh and Davis, 2000 Venkatesh, V. , & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204.
Verhoeff et al., 2023 Verhoeff, N. , van Es, K. , & Es, K. V. (2023). Introduction: Situating data as cultural inquiry. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Vesnic-Alujevic et al., 2020 Vesnic-Alujevic, L. , Nascimento, S. , & Polvora, A. (2020). Societal and ethical impacts of artificial intelligence: Critical notes on European policy frameworks. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6), 101961.
Vision Group, 2014 Vision Group . (2014). Vision editorial policy. New Vision Printing and publishing. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/newvisionpolicy/docs/243661083-editorial-policy-complete
Vos, 2018 Vos, T. (2018). Journalism. In T. Vos (Ed.), Journalism (pp. 1–18). Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781501500084-001
Vu and Saldañ a, 2021 Vu, H. T. , & Saldaña, M. (2021). Chillin' effects of fake news: Changes in practices related to accountability and transparency in American newsrooms under the influence of misinformation and accusations against the news media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 98(3), 769–789. doi:10.1177/1077699020984781
Wairegi et al., 2021 Wairegi, A. , Omino, M. , & Rutenberg, I. (2021). AI in Africa: Framing AI through an African lens. Communication, Technologies et Développement, (10). doi:10.4000/ctd.4775
Waisbord, 2010 Waisbord, S. (2010). Watchdog journalism in South America. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Waiswa and Okello-Obura, 2014 Waiswa, R. , & Okello-Obura, C. (2014). To what extent have ICTs contributed to e-Governance in Uganda? UNL Institutional Repository. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?chapter=2891&context=libphilprac. Accessed on April 9, 2020.
Wardle and Derakhshan, 2017 Wardle, C. , & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making Information Disorder Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking. Council of Europe. Retrieved from https://shorensteincenter.org/information-disorder-framework-for-research-and-policymaking/
Wasserman and Madrid-Morales, 2019 Wasserman, H. , & Madrid-Morales, D. (2019). An exploratory study of “fake news” and media trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. African Journalism Studies, 40(1), 107–123. doi:10.1080/23743670.2019.1627230
Watermeyer et al., 2006 Watermeyer, B. , Swartz, L. , Lorenzo, T. , Schneider, M. , Priestley, M. (Eds.). (2006). Disability and social Change: A South African agenda. Cape Town: The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) – HSRC Press.
Weiss and Retis, 2018 Weiss, A. S. , & Retis, J. (2018). ‘I don't like maths, that's why I am in journalism’: Journalism student perceptions and myths about data journalism. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 28(1), 1–15. doi:10.1177/1326365X18780418
Wettstein et al., 2018 Wettstein, M. , Esser, F. , Schulz, A. , Wirz, D. S. , & Wirth, W. (2018). News media as gatekeepers, critics, and initiators of populist communication: How journalists in ten countries deal with the populist challenge. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4), 476–495. doi:10.1177/1940161218785979
World Health Organization, 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) . (2022). Equity within digital health technology within the WHO European Region: A scoping review. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Wilkinson, Wilkinson, K. (2022, June 24). Panel: Where is automated fact-checking heading to? GlobalGact9, International Fact-Checking Network, Poynter Institute. Oslo, Norway. Retrieved from https://globalfact9.com/home
Wilson, 2021 Wilson, J. (2021). Knowledge societies: Artificial intelligence and the media. The fake news phenomenon: Can AI technology stem the tide in Nigeria. Paris: UNESCO.
Wilson and Jibrin, 2019 Wilson, J. , & Jibrin, R. (2019). Mitigating hate speech in Nigeria: The possibilities of artificial intelligence. Analisi: Quadarns ComunicacioCultura, 6(1), 17–30.
Witschge and Harbers, 2018 Witschge, T. , & Harbers, F. (2018). Journalism as practice. In T. P. Vos (Ed.). P. J. Schulz & P. Cobley ( Series Eds.), Journalism handbooks of communication science [HoCS] ser. (Vol. 19, pp. 616). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Inc. Beckett, C. New powers, new responsibilities, a global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. London School of Economies and Political Sciences, London.
Wodak and Chilton, 2005 Wodak, R. , & Chilton, P. (2005). A new agenda in (critical) discourse analysis theory, methodology and interdisciplinarity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
Wodak and Meyer, 2009 Wodak, R. , & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods for critical discourse analysis. New Delhi: Sage.
Wodak and Meyer, 2016 Wodak, R. , & Meyer, M. (2016). Critical discourse studies: History, agenda, theory and methodology. In. R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse studies. London: Sage.
World Bank, 2006 World Bank . (2006). Global monitoring report 2006: Strengthening mutual accountability – Aid, trade, and governance. Retrieved from https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgipdf/wps4370.pdf
World Economic Forum, 2016 World Economic Forum . (2016). Networked readiness index. Global Information Technology Report 2016. Retrieved from https://reports.weforum.org/global-information-technology-report-2016/networked-readiness-index/. Accessed on April 18, 2020.
World Population Review, 2023 World Population Review . (2023). WhatsApp users by country 2023. Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/whatsapp-users-by-country. Accessed on March 18, 2023.
Wright et al., 2019 Wright, K. , Zamith, R. , & Bebawi, S. (2019). Data journalism beyond majority world countries: Challenges and opportunities. Digital Journalism, 7(9), 1295–1302.
Xanthidis and Nikolaidis, 2015 Xanthidis, D. , & Nikolaidis, P. (2015). People with disabilities in the digital era: A basic review of the policies and the technologies. In Conference: ACACOS '15 wseas. Kuala Lumpur. 12, 359–367.
Xiaou, 2021 Xiaou, C. (2021). Fostering the practice of fact-checking in Africa: An evaluation of the Africa Facts network. Africa Check. Retrieved from https://africacheck.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2021-05/041521_Africa%20Facts%20network_case%20study_v9%20%281%29.pdf
Yang and Du, 2016 Yang, F. , & Du, Y. R. (2016). Storytelling in the age of big data: Hong Kong students' readiness and attitude towards data journalism. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 26(2), 148–162. doi:10.1177/1326365X16673168
Young and Hermida, 2015 Young, M. L. , & Hermida, A. (2015). From Mr. and Mrs. Outlier to central tendencies. Digital Journalism, 3, 381–397.
Young and Hermida, 2019 Young, M. L. , & Hermida, A. (2019). Data journalism and the regeneration of news. New York, NY: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/product/isbn/9781138058934
Yu and Robinson, 2012 Yu, H. , & Robinson, D. G. (2012). The new ambiguity of ‘open government’. UCLA Law Review Discourse, 59, 178–208.
Zajko, 2022 Zajko, M. (2022). Artificial intelligence, algorithms, and social inequality: Sociological contributions to contemporary debates. Sociology Compass, 16(3). doi:10.1111/soc4.12962
Zhang et al., 2021 Zhang, D. , Mishra, S. , Brynjolfsson, E. , Etchemendy, J. , Ganguli, D. , Grosz, B. , … Raymond Perrault, R. (2021). The AI index 2021 annual report. AI Index Steering Committee. Stanford, CA: Human-Centered AI Institute, Stanford University. Retrieved from https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2021-AI-Index-Report_Master.pdf. Accessed on May 8, 2022.
Zhao, 2019 Zhao, Y. (2019). Research trends of journalism ethics in the age of artificial intelligence. Journal of Zhejiang University, 5(2), 100–114. doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2018.09.041
- Prelims
- Part I AI and Algorithms in Journalism and Media Practice
- Chapter 1 Towards Automated Fact-Checking in Africa: The Experience With Artificial Intelligence at Africa Check
- Chapter 2 Between Utopia and Dystopia: Investigating Journalistic Perceptions of AI Deployment in Community Media Newsrooms in South Africa
- Chapter 3 AI and the Algorithmic-Turn in Journalism Practice in Eastern Africa: Perceptions, Practice and Challenges
- Chapter 4 New Challenges Old Tactics: How Ugandan Newsrooms Combat Fake News
- Chapter 5 Newsday and the Herald's Inclusion of Disabled People in the Use of Digital Media in Zimbabwe
- Part II Policy, Governance, Indigenisation of Digital Innovation and Critical Literacies
- Chapter 6 A Comparative Study of AI Policy Frameworks on Journalism Practice in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Chapter 7 Analysis of Facebook and Twitter Usage in Ghana's 2020 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections
- Chapter 8 Conceptualising Data-Driven Journalism and the Quest for Good Governance in Nigeria
- Chapter 9 Technology Indigenisation and Popularisation for Life Transformation in East Africa
- Chapter 10 An Agenda for Developing Critical Literacies for Journalism Education in an Era of Datafication
- Bibliography
- Index