Accidents

, 161–164

Acculturative stress

, 140

Actual risk

, 59

of crime and violence in tourism

, 59–64

Additional risks

, 135

Adventure tourism

, 161–164

Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030)

, 118–119

Ahiṃsā

, 121

Ancillary segments

, 220–221

Anthropomorphism

, 140–141

Armed conflicts

, 117–118

Asian Flu

, 197

At-destination

, 134

Biblical text

, 248–249

Bibliometric analysis

, 13–14, 176, 181

analysis and findings

, 15–24

future research areas, and implications

, 24–25

limitations

, 25–26

literature clusters on cultural differences and tourism

, 177–181

methodology

, 13–15

quantification of literature on cultural differences and tourism

, 176–177

Bird Flu

, 197

Brundtland Report

, 122

Burnout

, 137

Cause-effect relation

, 167

Classic terrorism

, 108–109

Climate change

, 201–203

Co-authorship analysis

, 21–24

Co-word analysis

, 19–21

Cold War

, 118

Communication

, 201

Competitiveness

, 201–203

Computer-aided text/content analysis (CATA)

, 38

Confirmation bias theory

, 136

Consumer behaviour

, 82–83, 177–178

Cosmopolitanism

, 121–122

COVID-19

, 245–246

depersonalization of tourism

, 252

historical perspective

, 249–250

new models for tourism industry

, 252–253

numbers to stochastic models

, 252

pandemic

, 12, 134, 159–160, 166

quantitative vs. quantitative insights

, 248–249

Crime

, 58, 164

by locals against other locals on tourism-related matters

, 58–59

of locals against tourists

, 58–59

of tourists against locals

, 58–59

of tourists and foreigners against tourists

, 58–59

Crisis management

, 78, 199, 201, 221

Cultural differences

, 175–176

methodology

, 176

results

, 176–190

Cultural risks

, 6

Culturalist tradition

, 105

Culture

, 66–67

Dark tourism

, 107–108, 146

Data collection methods

, 233–234

Demand determinant

, 219

Demographic school

, 3

Depersonalization

, 137

of tourism

, 252

Destination

, 63–64, 69–70

competitiveness

, 25

risk

, 228

Diaspora tourists

, 143

Digital content

, 201

Disabilities

, 230

Discourses on tourism and war

, 119–120

Dissatisfied tourists

, 143

Dreaded risks

, 38

E-products

, 247

Ebola outbreak

, 197

Economicism

, 126–127

Emotional exhaustion

, 137

Emotions

, 136

Environmental constraints

, 232

Eudaimonia

, 134

False risk assessment

, 136–137

Financial risk

, 228

Followership theory

, 134–135, 137

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

, 166

Functional risk

, 228

Geopolitics of security

, 108–109

Global risks

, 77–78

Globalization

, 197–198

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 196

Guest visual impairments

, 231–232

methods

, 232–234

results analysis

, 234–236

Guests with disabilities

, 230

Harassment

, 164

Hard products

, 247

Health hazards

, 166

Hofstede’s model

, 179–180, 189

Hong Kong Flu

, 197

Hospitality

, 2–3, 103–104

risk perception in fields of

, 3–5

sector

, 231

Hostile spots

, 108–109

Hot Spot Theory

, 63

Hotels

, 231–232

Human factor

, 127–129

Human-made risks

, 167

Hygiene and health risks

, 196

climate change, competitiveness and sustainability

, 201–203

communication and digital content

, 201

crisis management

, 199–201

globalization

, 197–198

opportunity to redesign future

, 203–204

risk perception

, 198–199

trends and outlook

, 204–206

Ideology

, 4–5

Impairments

, 230

In-depth interviews

, 232–233

Injuries

, 161–164

Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)

, 228

Interactive constraints

, 232

International Institute for Peace through Tourism (IIPT)

, 118

International tourism

, 175–176

International tourists

, 175–176

Interstate war

, 117–118

Intrinsic constraints

, 232

Last-minute concept

, 205

Leisure spots

, 103–104

Liminality

, 144

Literature review of physical risk perception

, 160, 162–163, 166

Loneliness

, 139–141

Markets

, 77–78

Mass media

, 108–109

Memory

, 145

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

, 46, 197

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 123–124

Mixed risks

, 167–168

Moral disengagement

, 135, 143, 145

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

, 118

Mystical trends

, 252–253

Nationality

, 66–67

Natural hazards

, 6–7, 165–166, 218

and demand determinant

, 219

implications

, 221–222

and supply determinant

, 219–220

tourism ancillary segments and

, 220–221

Natural landscapes

, 218

Natural risks

, 168

NBA All-Star Game

, 66

Network visualization

, 19

Nonviolent resistance

, 121

Numbers to stochastic models

, 252

Objective risks

, 161–164

Olympic Games in London

, 67

Online transactions

, 205

Online travel reviews

, 136

Organizational risks

, 7, 227, 230

Our Common Future (see Brundtland Report)

Pacifism

, 121

Pandemics

, 248

Peace

, 120–121

and sustainable development

, 122–126

People with disabilities (PwD)

, 229–231

Perceived risks

, 59–61, 161, 228

of crime and violence in tourism

, 64–70

Perceived safety and security

, 12–13

Performance analysis (see also Bibliometric analysis)

, 15–18

cited journals

, 16–17

cited publications in journals

, 17

publications and citations by author

, 17–18

publications by journal

, 16

publications per year

, 15–16

Personal achievement, loss of

, 137

Personal happiness

, 246

Physical risk perception

, 160

literature review

, 160, 162–163, 166

schematic representation

, 166–168

Physical risks

, 6, 160–161, 228

Physical-equipment risk

, 228

Place attachment theory

, 141–143

Place detachment

, 135

Pleasure travels

, 2–3

Political instability

, 165

Positive psychology

, 134

Post-conflict tourism

, 107–108

Postmodern terrorism

, 108–109

Pre-trip

, 134

Priming theory

, 136–137

Probabilist-tradition

, 105

Psycho-sociological school

, 3–4

Psychological risks

, 6, 134, 228

false risk assessment

, 136–137

moral disengagement

, 143–145

place attachment theory

, 141–143

risk of rumination

, 145–147

in tourism

, 135

tourists’ loneliness

, 139–141

travel burnout

, 137–139

Psychological well-being

, 134

Qualitative analysis (see also Performance analysis)

, 176

of literature on cultural differences, tourism and risk

, 181–182, 188, 190

Qualitative insights

, 248–249

Quantitative insights

, 248–249

Race

, 66–67

Rape

, 164

Referential theory

, 136

Resilience

, 140

Rio ‘Earth Summit’ (1992)

, 123

Rio Declaration

, 123

Risk dimensions

, 32–33

findings

, 39–50

literature review

, 33–36

methodology

, 37–39

Slovic’s

, 33–34

updated typology of risk based on correspondence analysis results

, 42–49

Risk perceptions

, 32–33, 82–83, 160–161, 175–176, 198–199, 229–230

critical perspective

, 4–5

in fields of tourism and hospitality

, 3–5

theory

, 2–3, 107–108

Risks

, 59, 104, 176, 228

nature

, 104–106

of rumination

, 145–147

in tourism

, 2–3, 160

in tourist markets

, 78

types affecting tourism industry

, 5–7

typology

, 42–49

Robbing of tourists

, 63

Rumination

, 135

risk

, 145–147

Safety

, 196

destination

, 20–21

in tourism

, 2–3

Science mapping

, 18–24

co-authorship analysis

, 21–24

co-word analysis

, 19–21

Secure destination

, 14

Security

, 57–58

Self-determination theory

, 141

Self-esteem

, 139

September 11 attacks

, 12

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

, 46, 166, 197

in Hong Kong

, 35

Sexual offenses

, 164

Sexual violence

, 146

Situational risk

, 228

Slovic’s risk dimensions

, 33–34

Slum tourism

, 129

Social action

, 118

Social media

, 140

Social risk

, 228

Sociology of risk

, 105

Spanish flu

, 197

Stockholm Conference (1972)

, 122–123

Supply determinant

, 219–220

Sustainability

, 122, 124, 201, 203

Sustainable development

, 119, 122, 126

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 122, 124

SDG 16

, 118–119, 125

Terroredia

, 112

Terrorism

, 78–79, 103–104, 164–165

as danger

, 111–112

and evolution

, 79–81

mediatic and deadly terrorism attacks

, 84–97

risk

, 6, 78

risks, threats and worries

, 110–112

targeting tourism

, 83

and tourism

, 6, 107, 110

tourism and

, 81–83

as worry

, 112

Terrorist groups

, 107

Theories and methods in tourism research

, 2–3

Threats

, 110–112

Tourism

, 2–3, 31–32, 57–58, 103–104, 118, 126, 129, 134, 196, 218

activity

, 159

actual risk of crime and violence in

, 59–64

ancillary segments

, 220–221

challenges

, 7

depersonalization

, 252

disabled people and risks

, 230–231

discourses on tourism and war

, 119–120

experience

, 177–178

history

, 120–121

industry

, 248

issue of quantitative vs. qualitative data in tourism science

, 249–250, 252

new models for tourism industry

, 252–253

and peace

, 120

peace and sustainable development

, 122–126

perceived risk of crime and violence in

, 64–70

preliminary clarifications

, 119–122

products

, 77–78

risk perception in fields of

, 3–5

risk types affecting tourism industry

, 5–7

safety and security

, 12–13, 107–108

and terrorism

, 81, 83, 107, 110

tourism-peace nexus

, 121–122

tourism-related crime

, 58

and war

, 120

Tourists

, 57–59, 61–62, 64, 68, 164, 205

attitudes

, 182–188

destinations

, 103–104

loneliness

, 139–141

practices

, 118

risk

, 12

security

, 12

Trauma porn

, 129

Travel

, 32, 134

burnout

, 137–139

career ladder

, 67

safety

, 12

stress studies

, 134

travel-related risks

, 60

Travel Alert Reports

, 109–110

Travel Alert System

, 4–5

Travel risks

, 12, 34–35, 46, 228

and evolution over time

, 35–36

higher-level dimensions

, 50

higher-order dimensions

, 36–37

places and destinations

, 35

study

, 37

typology

, 36–37

Traveling risks

, 232

Travellers

, 34–35, 137

Trends and outlook of hygiene and health risks

, 204–206

Trip

, 62, 68–69

Uncanny Valley theory

, 141

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

, 123

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 166

Unknown risks

, 38

Vacation risk

, 228

Victimization

, 62

Violence

, 59, 146, 164

and tourism

, 79

Visual impairment

, 230

VOSviewer

, 176

War

, 120

Wild and safe destinations

, 108–109

Work-travel border

, 138

World Tourism Organization (WTO)

, 120

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 230

Worries

, 110–112