Prelims

Claire Sinnema (The University of Auckland, New Zealand)
Alan J. Daly (University of California, USA)
Joelle Rodway (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada)
Darren Hannah (The University of Auckland, New Zealand)
Rachel Cann (The University of Auckland, New Zealand)
Yi-Hwa Liou (National Taipei University of Education, Taiwan)

Improving the Relational Space of Curriculum Realisation: Social Network Interventions

ISBN: 978-1-80382-516-8, eISBN: 978-1-80382-513-7

Publication date: 20 July 2023

Citation

Sinnema, C., Daly, A.J., Rodway, J., Hannah, D., Cann, R. and Liou, Y.-H. (2023), "Prelims", Improving the Relational Space of Curriculum Realisation: Social Network Interventions (Emerald Professional Learning Networks Series), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xvii. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-513-720231016

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2023 Claire Sinnema, Alan J. Daly, Darren Hannah, Joelle Rodway, Rachel Cann, and Yi-Hwa Liou


Half Title Page

Improving the Relational Space of Curriculum Realisation

Series Page

EMERALD PROFESSIONAL LEARNING NETWORK SERIES

Series Editors: Chris Brown, University of Portsmouth, UK and Cindy Poortman, University of Twente, The Netherlands

In the current international policy environment, teachers are viewed as learning-oriented adaptive experts. Required to be able to teach increasingly diverse sets of learners, teachers must be competent in complex academic content, skilful in the craft of teaching and able to respond to fast changing economic and policy imperatives. The knowledge, skills and attitudes needed for this complex profession requires teachers to engage in collaborative and networked career-long learning. The types of learning networks emerging to meet this need comprise a variety of collaborative arrangements including inter-school engagement, as well as collaborations with learning partners, such as universities or policy-makers. More understanding is required, however, on how learning networks can deliver maximum benefit for both teachers and students.

Emerald Professional Learning Network Series aims to expand current understanding of professional learning networks and the impact of harnessing effective networked collaboration.

Published in this series:

  • Formalise, Prioritise and Mobilise: How School Leaders Secure the Benefits of Professional Learning Networks

    Chris Brown and Jane Flood

  • School Improvement Networks and Collaborative Inquiry: Fostering Systemic Change in Challenging Contexts

    Mauricio Pino Yancovic, Alvaro González Torres and Luis Ahumada Figueroa

  • Professional Learning Networks: Facilitating Transformation in Diverse Contexts with Equity-seeking Communities

    Leyton Schnellert

  • Lessons in School Improvement from Sub-Saharan Africa: Developing Professional Learning Networks and School Communities

    Miriam Mason and David Galloway

  • Professional Learning Networks in Design-Based Research Interventions

    Mei Kuin Lai and Stuart McNaughton

Title Page

Improving the Relational Space of Curriculum Realisation: Social Network Interventions

By

Claire Sinnema

The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Alan J. Daly

University of California, USA

Joelle Rodway

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

Darren Hannah

The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Rachel Cann

The University of Auckland, New Zealand

And

Yi-Hwa Liou

National Taipei University of Education, Taiwan

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2023

Copyright © 2023 Claire Sinnema, Alan J. Daly, Darren Hannah, Joelle Rodway, Rachel Cann, and Yi-Hwa Liou.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the Author or the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80382-516-8 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-513-7 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-515-1 (Epub)

Contents

List of figures and Tables xiii
About the Authors xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction 1
Part 1: Setting the Scene 5
1: A Social Network Lens on Curriculum Realisation 7
Forms of Curriculum Change 9
Changes to Curriculum Orientation 9
Changes to Curriculum Roles 10
Changes to Curriculum Elements and Their Relationships 11
Curriculum Change and Social Capital 11
What Is Social Capital? The Seminal Examples 12
The Merchant’s Bag of Stones –Social Structures That Allow High Trust Exchange 13
The Moving Home Example – Norms ThatProvide a Source of Social Capital 14
The Kahn El Khalili Market Example – The Creation of Obligation in Social Relations 15
Bonding and Bridging 16
Trust 18
Forms of Curriculum Change and the Role of Bonding and Bridging 18
Changed Curriculum Orientations 19
Changed Curriculum Roles 20
Changed Curriculum Elements 22
The Critical Role of Social Networks in Addressing the Constraints of Curriculum Change 24
2: Social Network Interventions 27
Approaches to Social Network Interventions 27
Approaches in the Health Field 28
Approaches in the Workplace 31
Shaping Social Network Interventions 36
The Use of Social Network Theory to Inform Interventions in Education 38
The Use of Data in Social Network Interventions in Education 39
Type A Interventions 40
Type B Interventions 41
Type C Interventions 42
Type D Interventions 43
Type E Interventions 44
Type F Interventions 44
3: A Theory of Action Approach to ExaminingInterventions 47
Our Theory of Action Approach: Attention to Actions, Constraints and Consequences 48
The Notion of Constraints as Helpful 48
Why Describe Our Intervention Using a Theory of Action Approach? 49
Illuminating Intervention 50
4: The Policy Landscape and the Project Context 57
The Policy Context 57
Kahui Ako 58
The Leadership Capability Framework 60
The Project Context: Better Together 63
Participants – Curriculum Leaders 64
Intervention – Hui 65
5: Insights into the Relational Space: Our Approach to Data Collection and Analysis 69
Using Social Network Analysis 69
Sample 70
Approach to Data Collection 71
Approaches to Data Analysis 76
Carrying Out Observations 81
The Purpose of Our Observations 82
Sample 83
Approach to Data Collection 84
Approach to Data Analysis 85
Part 2: Better Together Intervention Theory of Action 89
The Big Picture 89
The Constraints That Helped Us Design an Intervention 90
6: Hui 1 – Providing Grounded Stimulus 93
Grounded in Theory 93
Grounded in Research 95
Stimulus 96
Stimulus Through Metaphor 96
Stimulus Through Metaphor Combined with Imagery 98
Moving Imagery 100
Stimulus Through Story (Research Told as Story/Personal Story) 101
Stimulating Through Intentional Moments 103
7: Hui 2 – Using Guided Discovery 107
Discovery 107
Guided Discovery 109
An Incremental Approach 110
Contrasting Cases 111
Problem Solving 113
8: Hui 3 – A Problem-Solving Approach to Action Planning 121
Critical Friends on the Content of Their Action Plan 123
Getting Logical 124
Getting Creative 127
Critical Friends on Leadership Practice 127
9: Hui 4 – Shoes of Others 131
Unfreezing 135
Divergent and Generative Thinking 136
Part 3: Intervention Impact and Looking Forward 143
10: Shifts in the Relational Space 145
Network Improvement – The Big Picture 145
Network Improvement – Some Particulars 149
More Ties Overall With Fewer Isolates 149
Greater Proportion of All Possible Ties BeingActivated 150
Lower Percentage of People Who CannotReach Each Other 152
More People Are Developing Mutual Relationships with Colleagues 153
Ease of Access to Resources Is Improving 154
Increase in the Number of People to WhomOne Is Connected 155
Some People Are More Central Than Others 156
Change in Network-Leader Behaviour: Increased Network Intentionality 157
Moving in the Right Direction: Kāhui Ako Networks are Strengthening 162
11: Looking Back to Move Forward 165
References 171
Index 197

List of figures and tables

Figures

Fig. 1: Social Network Map Example: Two Distinct Subgroups Within One Department/Division 33
Fig. 2: Social Network Map Example: Connectivity Between Groups/Departments/Divisions 34
Fig. 3: Social Network Map Example: Patterns Related to Individuals in the Network 34
Fig. 4: Genres of Approaches to SNA Data Use inInterventions. 39
Fig. 5: Theory of Action Elements 51
Fig. 6: Overview of Intervention Activity 66
Fig. 7: Example Network Map 80
Fig. 8: Theory of Action: Better Together Intervention 91
Fig. 9: Theory of Action: Hui 1—Grounded Stimulus 94
Fig. 10: Theory of Action: Hui 2—Guided Discovery 108
Fig. 11: The Problem-Solving Approach 114
Fig. 12: Exploration of Maps 115
Fig. 13: Theory of Action: Hui 3—Action Planning Critical Friends 122
Fig. 14: Improvement Goal Dependency 123
Fig. 15: Theory of Action: Hui 3—A Picture of Practice for Across-School Leads 128
Fig. 16: Theory of Action: Hui 4—Shoes of Others 132
Fig. 17: Step-back consulting process 134
Fig. 18: Termly Collaboration Maps at Time 1 and Time 2 in the Pūriri Kāhui Ako 146
Fig. 19: Termly Collaboration Maps at Time 1 and Time 2 in the Mānuka Kāhui Ako 146
Fig. 20: Schematic Representing Shifts in the Right Direction in Whole Network Measures 148
Fig. 21: Network of considerations for social network interventions 167

Tables

Table 1: Example SNA Statistics: Tie Density Within-Department and Between-Departments 35
Table 2: Intervention Activity Examples for Valente’s Four Intervention Approaches 37
Table 3: Survey Response Rates 71
Table 4: Overview of Social Network Survey Questions 74
Table 5: Network Measures 77
Table 6: Map-Reading Tool 112
Table 7: Strengths and Problematic Patterns Identified by Participants 117
Table 8: Proposed Causes of Problematic Patterns 119
Table 9: Logical Development of Constraints to Guide New Actions 125
Table 10: Network Intentionality by Role (Time 2) 159
Table 11: Impact of Intervention on Network Intentionality 161

About the Authors

Claire Sinnema is an Associate Professor at The University of Auckland. Her research deals with educational improvement and the realisation of curriculum and other educational policies in practice. Her work addresses the role of curriculum design, networks, practitioner inquiry, leadership and problem-solving in educational contexts.

Alan J. Daly is a Professor and the Director of Educational Leadership Doctoral Programs in the Department of Education Studies at the University of California, San Diego. His research primarily focusses on the role of social networks and their impacts on social systems.

Joelle Rodway is an Assistant Professor at the Memorial University of Newfoundland. Her research is on the role of social capital in whole system educational change.

Darren Hannah is an EdD graduate of The University of Auckland. His research interest is the generation of actionable knowledge that can be used for organisational improvement through the diagnosis of and engagement with theories of action.

Rachel Cann is a PhD candidate at the University of Auckland. Her research relates to the individual, relational and organizational influences on educator wellbeing, drawing on positive psychology and social network theory.

Yi-Hwa Liou, Professor of the Department of Educational Management at the National Taipei University of Education, Taiwan. She researches leadership and development and professional and networked learning communities using social network analysis.

Acknowledgements

This book is both about collaboration and arises from collaboration. We would like to acknowledge the new relational ties that were established between our project team, and the many teachers and curriculum leaders in schools and across the two communities of learning that we worked in. The design of our project was co-constructed with many of them, and we greatly value their commitment to and energy for the work! We have enormous respect for their receptiveness to new ways of thinking about their leadership practice, and their efforts to foreground the relational space in support of curriculum realisation.