Academia

, 114–115

Adaptation

, 235–237

Adaptive strategies to COVID-19 pandemic

, 235, 237, 240–241

Adaptive theory

, 259–260

All-Russian Public Opinion Research Centre (VTsIOM)

, 212

Alterity

literature review

, 9–13

Other

, 16–17

Westworld

, 13–16

Anti-COVID-19 practices

, 95

Apologia

, 44

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 8–9, 136, 143, 154–155

Artisans

, 123–124

Artists

, 124–125

Association of Tour Operators of Russia (ATOR)

, 210–211

Average Variance Extracted criterion (AVE criterion)

, 101–103

Bahamas

, 65–66

Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Systems (BDAI)

, 143

Brand SA

, 51

Buenos Aires Argentina

, 77–78

Businesses

, 157

Camps

, 192

Canary Islands

, 98–99

Cape Town’s tourism image destroyer

, 46–47

Capitalism

, 9–10

Caribbean tourism

, 58–61

positive and negative elements

, 60

CARICOM

, 67

Case study approach

, 137

Centrality of tourism in success of wildlife conservancies

, 185–186

Chaos theory

, 259–260

Charcoal burning

, 194

Co-location

, 62–63

Coding process

, 120

Cognate disciplines

, 115–116

Communicative functions of language

, 83–84

Community conservancy

, 185

Competence development

, 140–142

Composite reliability (CR)

, 101–102

Compositional function

, 83–84

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

, 100

of COVID-19 practices

, 101

of experience during COVID-19

, 102

of intention to visit

, 104

of satisfaction

, 103

Conservancies

, 183–184

COVID-19 impacts on conservation

, 193–194

COVID-19 impacts on livelihoods

, 191–193

and response to COVID-19 pandemic in

, 189–194

Constructivist grounded methodological approaches

, 26–27

Convergent validity

, 101–102

Counter-monuments

, 83–84

COVID-19

, 8–9

crisis

, 1–2

disease

, 94

outbreak

, 114–115

pandemic

, 1–3, 22–24, 27–28, 94–95, 115–116, 134, 137, 204, 232

practices

, 100–101

Crime

reduction strategies

, 47–48

on South Africa’s tourism sector

, 44–45

Crisis

, 42–43, 138, 252–253

communication

, 143

types

, 253–254

Crisis management

, 139–140, 252, 254–255, 257

frameworks

, 256–257

Cromañón

, 77–78, 85

Cuba

, 66–67

Cultural perceptions of risk

, 135–138

Dark tourism

, 76–78, 80

branding darkness

, 83–85

consumption

, 77–78

Sacred-Profane

, 85–87

Sacred-Sacred

, 85–87

theory

, 80–83

Dark tourists

, 81–82

‘Day Zero’ Water Crisis

, 46–47, 50–51

Death

, 76–79, 82–83

Death-Seekers

, 207

Destination

competitiveness and restoring confidence in travel business

, 142

planners

, 138

restoration

, 140–142

Destination Management Organisations (DMOs)

, 138

Diaforisation

, 9–10

Digital globalisation

, 22–23

Digital innovation

, 23–24

Digital skills

, 2–3, 24–26

tourism/hospitality recovery and employee well-being post-pandemic

, 32

tourism/hospitality recovery and well-being post-pandemic

, 28, 31–33

Digital technology

, 8–9, 23–24, 156

Digitalisation

, 2–3, 153, 156

of hospitality and tourism sector during COVID-19 pandemic

, 154–157

in hotel sector

, 157–159

hotel sector to Latin America and Caribbean economy

, 159–161

in Latin America and Caribbean hotel sector post COVID-19

, 161–170

recommendations

, 173–175

results

, 170–173

review of literature

, 153–154

Disaster management tourism framework

competence development and destination restoration

, 140–142

cultural perceptions of risk

, 135–138

destination competitiveness and restoring confidence in travel business

, 142

disasters, trauma and tourism

, 138–139

pandemic disaster management plan

, 142–143

post-disaster recovery strategies in tourism and hospitality

, 139–140

Disasters

, 42–43

Discrimination

, 48–50

Domestic tourism

, 195–196, 209, 235, 237

Dominican Republic

, 67

E-commerce transactions

, 134–135

Ethics of hospitality

, 10–11

Events

, 187

Experience

, 95

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)

, 100

Fear

, 9–11

Food Business Operators (FBOs)

, 27

Fortress conservation

, 183–184

Global South

, 41–42

Greater Caribbean Antilles, tourism in

, 63

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 40, 152–153, 161

Ground zero

, 77–78

Group conservancies

, 185

Group ranches

, 185

Guests

, 8–9

Haiti

, 58, 61, 63, 66–67

Haitian tourism crisis

, 61–62

comparative method

, 64–65

potential opportunities for tourism in Haiti

, 65–67

tourism, co-location and networking

, 62–63

tourism development in Caribbean

, 58–61

tourism in Greater Caribbean Antilles

, 63

HBO Saga Westworld

, 13

Heritage studies

, 82–83

Hospitality

, 9, 11, 22–23

Hoteliers

, 158, 241

Hotels sector

, 97–98

impact of COVID-19 pandemic

, 239–240

digitalisation in

, 157–159

to Latin America and Caribbean economy

, 159–161

literature review

, 233–238

methodology

, 238–239

results

, 239–243

Human-caused disasters

, 42

Image repair theory

, 43–44

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic

, 239–240

Information communication technologies (ICT)

, 3, 152

transformation of contemporary tourism

, 153–154

Information literacy

, 30

Intention to travel

, 98

Intention to visit

, 95

Internet of things (IoT)

, 156

Kenya

, 23–24, 182–183

Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association (KWCA)

, 189, 194

Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)

, 194

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

, 3, 152, 156–157, 162

Livestock keeping

, 195

Lodges

, 192

Maasai Mara National Reserve

, 183

Maasai Mara region

, 189

Maasai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association (MMWCA)

, 189, 194, 197–198

Machine Learning techniques

, 143

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

, 96

Modal function

, 83–84

Multi-destination tourism

, 58

Natural disasters

, 42

Near Field Communication (NFC)

, 155, 158–159

Network Readiness Index (NRI)

, 152, 163, 170

Networking

, 62–63

Northern Rangeland Trust (NRT)

, 189, 197–198

Offline-to-online work environments (O2O work environments)

, 23–24

Online pedagogy in tourism and cognate disciplines

, 115–116

Online purchases

, 134–135

Online teaching

, 114–115

data analysis

, 120

data collection

, 118–120

findings

, 120–125

and learning

, 115

limitations

, 126–127

literature review

, 115–118

online pedagogy in tourism and cognate disciplines

, 115–116

policy recommendations

, 125–126

theoretical foundation and conceptual framework of study

, 116–118

Other

, 9–10, 12–13, 16–17

Other’s death

, 76–83

Otherness

, 8–9

Painters

, 120–123

Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC)

, 143–144

Pandemic disaster management plan

, 142–143

Pay as you earn (PAYE)

, 160–161

Pedagogy

, 115–116

Personal protective equipment (PPEs)

, 194

Political instability

, 61–62, 187

Political stability

, 61–62

Political turmoil

, 42

Political violence

, 44–45

Post-COVID

, 22–23

Post-COVID-19 strategies

, 237–238, 242–243

Post-disaster recovery strategies in tourism and hospitality

, 139–140

Post-pandemic tourism recovery

, 24–25

Post-pandemic tourism well-being

, 25–26

Private conservancies

, 185

Pro-poor tourism

, 59

Protected areas

, 184

Public Health Emergency of International Significance (PHEIC)

, 232

Purposive sampling

, 119–120

Questionnaire design

, 99–100

Racism

, 48–50

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

, 155

Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)

, 40

Recovery strategies

, 137

Reduction, readiness, response and recovery (4Rs)

, 256, 260

Regional tension

, 42

Regional wildlife conservancies associations

, 189

Representational function

, 83–84

Republica de Cromañón

, 85

Research question (RQ)

, 114–115

Resilience

, 252, 257, 260

frameworks

, 259–260

of SMEs

, 233–234

Risk

communication

, 136

cultural perceptions of

, 135–138

Robots, artificial intelligence and service automation (RAISA)

, 156

Robots

, 8–9, 136, 154–155

in tourism

, 11–13

Rock Chabon

, 86–87

Roll Back Xenophobia campaign (RBX campaign)

, 49

Root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA)

, 100

Russian tourists

, 204

literature review

, 204–208

methodology

, 208–223

results and findings

, 223–225

Sacred-Profane

, 85–87

Sacred-Sacred

, 85–87

Safety-Seeking Travellers

, 207

Sampling method

, 99, 238–239

Satisfaction

, 95, 97, 99–100

Self-check-in kiosks and automated services

, 136

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

, 94

Siem Reap province

, 239–240

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 2–3, 233–234, 260–261

Small tourism businesses

, 252, 260–261

crisis management

, 252, 257

resilience

, 257–260

Small-and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMTEs)

, 23–24, 260–261

causes of stress

, 29–30

digital skills and post-pandemic tourism recovery

, 24–25

digital skills and post-pandemic tourism well-being

, 25–26

findings

, 27–33

literature review

, 24

research methodology

, 26–27

Social crime

, 42

Social distancing norms and restrictions

, 134–135

Social networking media

, 208

Social networks

, 208

South Africa

, 44–48

South Africa Human Rights Commission (SAHRC)

, 49

‘Spanish’ flu

, 96

Spillover effects

, 58

Sustainability factors affecting tourism

, 186–188

Sustainable development

, 24

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 59

Technology

, 9, 11

Technoreference

, 24

Terrorism

, 42

Thanaptopic element

, 76–77, 79–80

Thanatopsis

, 76–78, 80

Thematic analysis method

, 239

3-phase management approach

, 140–142

Tourism

, 1–2, 62–63, 134, 138–139, 232, 252

development in Caribbean

, 58–61

education

, 116

in Greater Caribbean Antilles

, 63

growth

, 58

industry

, 8–9, 22–23, 204

planners

, 137

potential opportunities for tourism in Haiti

, 65–67

recovery

, 254–255

resilience

, 137

robots in

, 11–13

in Siem Reap

, 240

studies on SARS

, 96

Tourism crisis management

, 41–42

Cape Town’s tourism image destroyer

, 46–47

impact of crime and violence on South Africa’s tourism sector

, 44–45

literature review

, 42–43

policies and strategies

, 47–51

theoretical framework

, 43–44

xenophobic attacks on foreign nationals

, 45–46

Tourism disaster management framework (TDMF)

, 43

Tourism information centres (TICs)

, 48

Tourist

destination

, 136

experience during COVID-19 pandemic

, 96–97

motivation

, 204

satisfaction

, 97–98

Transformation theory

, 259–260

Transformative intellectuals

, 125–126

Trauma

, 138–139

Traumascape

, 83–84

Travel

, 232

Trends in tourism

, 209

TTCI

, 171–172

Uncertainties

, 183

United Nation World Conference (UN World Conference)

, 49

United Nation World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

, 114–115

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

, 49

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 233–234

Universal 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

, 1–2

User-generated content (UGC)

, 30

Vacations in Russia

, 214

Violence on South Africa’s tourism sector

, 44–45

Virtual Reality (VR)

, 136

Virtual tourism

, 134, 136–137

War

, 42

Water conservation and water demand management (WC/WDM)

, 50

Well-being challenges to SMTE workforce in tourism sector

, 27–28

Westworld

, 13–16

Wildlife conservancy-based tourism

, 183

building blocks for resilient and sustainable

, 194–198

centrality of tourism in success of wildlife conservancies

, 185–186

conceptual issues

, 183–185

research methodology

, 188–189

results

, 189–198

Wildlife Management and Conservation amendment Act

, 184–185

Wildlife tourism

, 183

Workforce recovery

, 26–27

World Trade Center (WTC)

, 85

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 22–23

Xenophobia

, 48–50

Xenophobic attacks on foreign nationals

, 45–46