Index

Citation

Martins, M.R. and da Costa, R.A. (2022), "Index", The Backpacker Tourist: A Contemporary Perspective (The Tourist Experience), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-255-320221012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Márcio Ribeiro Martins and Rui Augusto da Costa

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INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Accessibility of transport network

, 40

Achievers

, 56

Acting

, 3–4, 10, 92

African backpackers

, 74

Age

, 23

Alternative seeker

, 80

Amateur

, 80

Anarchic experience

, 12

Anomie

, 52

“Anti-tourists”

, 26

Antigen test

, 97

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 99

Asia

backpacker tourism in

, 58–59

backpackers from

, 76–80

Asian backpackers

, 39, 49

‘ATLAS BRG 2014’

, 18

Australia

, 85

Australian backpackers

, 39, 76

Authenticity

, 71, 87, 96

Backpacker

behaviour

, 85–89, 96

culture

, 72, 96

phenomenon

, 82, 92

Backpacker Research Group (BRG)

, 41

Backpacker tourism

, 1, 9, 24, 29, 33, 53–54, 91–92, 97

acting

, 3–4

activities undertaken by backpackers

, 6–7

in Asia

, 58–59

backpacker tourists

, 2–3

complex and multifaceted form of

, 3

COVID-19 pandemic

, 5–6

development of

, 4–5

development of

, 92

economic impact of

, 1–2

growth of

, 88

progressive institutionalisation of

, 7–8

Backpacker tourists

, 2–3, 4, 51

backpackers, tourists, travellers or independent travelers

, 25–27

diverse backpacker segments

, 14–21

evolution

, 11

experiences of

, 7

identification and operationalisation backpackers

, 22–25

origin and historical evolution

, 10–14

impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

, 9

Backpacker travel

, 87

in India

, 71

Backpacker(s)

, 3, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 25–27, 29–30, 37–38, 47, 51, 70, 101

activities undertaken by

, 6–7

age range

, 32

characteristics of

, 15

characteristics of

, 6

countries most visited by

, 86

differences between backpackers and mass tourism

, 61–63

from different cultures and motivations for travel

, 57–59

diversity

, 16

identification and operationalisation backpackers

, 22–25

literature on

, 4

with mixed social identities

, 73

from non-Western countries

, 74–82

in Norway

, 39

progressive institutionalisation of

, 4

sociodemographic characteristics of

, 29–34

sustainable behaviour

, 101

transformations in supply and impact on backpackers’ experience

, 45–49

types

, 80

Backpacking

, 43, 80, 101

tourism

, 46

Banana Pancake Trail

, 83

BIT Guide, Overland to India

, 34

Blog. realtravel. com

, 45

Blogs

, 45

Booking. com

, 48

Budget accommodation

, 21

‘Budget traveller’

, 69

progressive institutionalisation of

, 69

Cairns–Melbourne route

, 85

Campsites

, 5

Canadian backpacker tourists

, 46–47

Career breaker

, 17–18

Chinese backpackers

, 14, 45, 59, 73, 79

Chinese tourism market

, 77

Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)

, 102

Conceptual framework

, 12

Consumer psychology

, 12

Contemporary backpackers

, 92

Contemporary backpacking

, 3

Contemporary Israeli culture

, 38

Convergence of Chinese backpackers

, 65

Couchsurfing

, 5

COVID-19

, 5–6

impact on tourism activity

, 96–98

Cross-cultural integration

, 47

‘Cultural community’

, 75

Cultures, backpacker

, 47, 57–59

Decentralised phenomenon

, 46

Demarcation

, 47

Demographic characteristics

, 30, 41

Demographic dynamic factor

, 100

Destination experience

, 59

Destination management organisations (DMOs)

, 92, 97

Destinations

, 101

outward features

, 94

Deviant behaviour

, 6

Deviants

, 14

Digital age of internet

, 7

Digital ethnography (see Virtual ethnography)

‘Digital natives’

, 42

Digital nomads

, 19

Dimensions of life

, 46

Diverse backpacker segments

, 14

‘Donkey friends’ (see Chinese backpackers)

Dreamer

, 80

Drifter(s)

, 8, 9, 11–12, 20, 47, 68, 82

Cohen’s description of

, 69

phenomenon

, 10

tourists

, 12

Duration of trips

, 38

‘Duristas’

, 14

Eastern backpackers

, 63–65

Economic crisis

, 13

Economic growth in developing countries

, 99

Ego enhancement

, 52

Electronic social networks

, 42

Electronic word of mouth (eWoM)

, 8, 30

Enclaves

, 48

Escape and relaxation

, 59

Escaper

, 56, 80

European capitals

, 12

European Grand Tour

, 10–11

Existential authenticity

, 71

‘Existential’ type of experiences

, 12

Experienced independent traveller

, 14

‘Experiential’ type of experiences

, 12

Explorer

, 12

External forces

, 94

Familiarity

, 41

‘Farofeiros’

, 14

Financial affordability

, 17

Firms

, 4

First-time backpackers

, 60

5G technology

, 99, 102

Flashpacker

, 15, 16–18, 19, 23–24

in Norway

, 39

subsegment

, 45

Form-related attributes

, 3, 19–21

Freedom

, 73–74

of movement

, 39

Future backpacking transformations

, 99–103

Gap year backpacker

, 17

Gender influence information searching

, 35

Generation X tourists

, 42

Generation Y tourists

, 42

Generic skills

, 93

Geographical scales

, 45

Gigantic network

, 91

Global information network

, 65

Global nomads

, 17, 19

Globalisation

, 45–46, 74, 87, 89, 91–92

Golden Triangle

, 85

Google

, 42–43

Grand Tour

, 10–12

Green nomad

, 17

Grey nomads

, 17

Gringo trail

, 83–84, 89n1

Group self-evaluation

, 73, 80

Group self-value

, 80

Guide du Routard

, 34

Hedonistic experience

, 12

Hippie trail

, 13, 82

Holiday backpacker

, 16, 24

‘Homeland and rambling’ clubs

, 11

Hostelling International

, 11

Hostels

, 5–6, 11, 23, 47–48

Hostelworld. com

, 48, 83, 94

Host–guest interaction

, 81

‘Identity crisis’

, 73

Independent travel-related bookings

, 45

Independent travelers

, 25–27

Individual mass tourist

, 12

Information and communication technologies (ICT)

, 7, 27, 29, 41–45, 94, 99, 102

Information searching process

, 42

Information sharing

, 44–45

Information sources used by backpackers before travel

, 36

Institutionalisation

, 69

of backpackers

, 93

Institutionalised tourists

, 10

Internal dynamics of backpacker culture

, 12

Internal forces

, 55, 94

Internal motivations for backpackers

, 56

Internal motives of psychological nature

, 51

International backpackers

, 37

Internet

, 29, 35, 45, 86, 102

Internet of things (IoT)

, 102

Islamic Revolution

, 13

Israeli backpackers

, 38, 62, 70, 81–82, 86

Itinerant socialization

, 47

Kabul, Kathmandu and Kuta (3Ks of Asia)

, 82

Knowledge function of leisure travel

, 53

Language skills

, 93

Latin American backpackers

, 74

Leadership

, 93

Liberalisation of air space

, 48

Life

dimensions of

, 46

expectancy

, 9

‘Lifestyle travellers’

, 70

Lonely Planet

, 34, 69, 93, 94

Long-term budget travelers

, 11–14, 16, 47

Los mochileros

, 75

Low-cost accommodation

, 15

Low-cost airline

, 5

Low-cost carrier (LCC)

, 5

Low-cost hotels

, 5

Lower-income tourists

, 33

Male tourists

, 30

Mass tourism, differences between backpackers and

, 61–63

‘Meaning-making’ for backpackers

, 70

Mobilities of backpackers

, 46–47

‘Mobility fantasy’

, 96

Mode of transport

, 40

Modern-day backpacking

, 62

Motivation

, 25

for backpacking

, 33

to travel

, 24–25

for travel

, 57–59

and travel experience

, 59–61

Multi-destination travel

, 37, 67

Nationality influence information searching

, 35

Netnography (see Digital ethnography)

New Horizons Survey

, 85

New Zealand backpackers

, 39, 76

Nomadism

, 18

Non-institutionalised tourists

, 10, 12

Non-Western countries

backpacker subculture

, 75

backpackers from

, 74

backpackers from Asia

, 76–80

Israeli backpackers

, 81–82

‘Off-the-beaten-track’ destinations

, 98

Online diaries

, 45

Online search engines

, 35, 94

Online travel agencies

, 8

Operationalisation backpackers

, 22–25

Party backpackers

, 23

Peace in Eastern Europe

, 102

Peer-to-peer accommodation (P2P accommodation)

, 19

Personal development

, 80

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

, 97

‘Post-tourists’

, 51

Pre-travel internet

, 35

‘Predominantly young’

, 23

Preference for budget accommodation’

, 14–15

Price

, 41

Private means of transport

, 40

Progressive institutionalization

of backpackers

, 4, 27

of budget travellers and youth tourism

, 69

tourism

, 7–8

Psychological needs

, 54

Public transport travel

, 40

‘Pull factors’

, 55

‘Push factors’

, 55, 94

Push motivational factors

, 56

Relaxation

, 59

Relaxers

, 56

Repeat backpackers

, 60

Road status

, 72, 96

Rooms

, 47

Route selection

, 30

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

, 9

Seasonal workers

, 46–47

Sedentary society

, 19

Self enhancement

, 55

Self-actualisation

, 59

Self-categorisation

, 80

Self-developers

, 56

Self-directed movements

, 39

Self-fulfilment needs

, 54

Self-identification

, 21, 24

Self-recognition

, 24

Self-reflection

, 74

Self-report scale

, 52

Sensitivity

, 93

Short-term backpacker

, 15, 16, 23

Shorter trips

, 23

Silk Road

, 84

Social freedom

, 74

Social function

, 53

Social identity

, 71

Social interaction

, 59

Social media for travel

, 43

Social/excitement seekers

, 56

Socialisation

, 72

Sociodemographic characteristics of backpackers

, 7, 29–34

ICT

, 41–45

transformations in supply and impact on backpackers’ experience

, 45–49

travel planning and organisation

, 34–41

Southeast Asia, backpacker trail in

, 83

Space–time compression

, 45

Space–time perspectives of backpacker tourists

backpacker behaviour

, 85–89

backpackers from non-Western countries

, 74–82

changes in main international routes

, 82–85

Cohen’s description of drifters

, 69

freedom

, 73–74

identity

, 71–73

‘meaning-making’ for backpackers

, 70

travelling backpacker-style

, 67–68

Spatial freedom

, 74

Special Administrative Region (SAR)

, 77

Study backpacker

, 17, 23

Tech-savvy independent travellers (see Flashpacker subsegment)

Technological gadgets

, 86

Temporal freedom

, 74

‘The Backpacker Phenomenon’

, 13–14

‘The New Horizons Research Programme’

, 18–19

‘The Psychology of Leisure Travel’

, 51

The Road to Kathmandu (see Hippie trail)

Tourism

, 1

activity

, 46

complex and multifaceted form of

, 14

forms of

, 67

Tourism Research Australia

, 48

Tourism Victoria

, 48

Tourists

, 25–27

attractions

, 69

information sources

, 43

time budget

, 39

‘Touristy’

, 26

Traditional backpackers

, 21, 73

Traditional Europe trail

, 84

Traditional WoM

, 44

Tramping

, 11

Transformations

, 45–49

Transport

, 5, 48

Transport, mode of

, 40

Travel

, 59

narratives of Israeli backpackers

, 38

planning and organisation

, 34

preparation

, 43

social media for

, 43

Travel career pattern theory (TCP theory)

, 55

Travel careers

, 56

Travel experience

, 41

Travel guidebooks

, 94

Travel guides

, 92–93

Travel itinerary

, 37

Travel motivations

, 52–53, 94

backpackers from different cultures and motivations for travel

, 57–59

backpackers’ main motivations to travel

, 54–57, 58

conceptual framework

, 52–57

differences between backpackers and mass tourism

, 61–63

motivations and travel experience

, 59–61

Western and Eastern Backpackers

, 63–65

Travel motivators

, 53

TravelBlog. org

, 45

Travellers

, 25–27, 53

Travelling

, 10

backpacker-style

, 67–68

impetus for

, 11

information before

, 34

way of

, 12

TravelPod. com

, 45

Travelpost. com

, 45

‘Tribal nomads’

, 18

Type-related attributes

, 19

UNESCO

, 57, 87

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

, 13

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat

, 100

University gap traveller

, 17–18

‘University of Travel’

, 55, 93

Urban destination

, 40

Urban landmarks

, 42

Urban signage

, 42

Utilitarian function

, 53

Value expressive function

, 53

Vietnam War

, 13

Virtual communities

, 44

Virtual ethnography

, 45

Virtual social network

, 47

Wanderers

, 11, 47

Western backpackers

, 63–65

Word of mouth (WoM)

, 7, 30, 35, 83

Working holidaymakers (WHMs)

, 58

World tourism activity

, 91

World Tourism Organization

, 1, 26

World Travel & Tourism Council

, 1

World Youth Student Educational Travel Confederation (WYSE Travel Confederation)

, 1–2, 6, 18, 57, 82, 85, 87

Worth mentioning

, 21

Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)

, 11

Young tourists

, 92

Young travellers

, 9, 12, 31

Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)

, 11

Younger travellers

, 19, 44

Yourtraveljournal. com

, 45

Youth

movements

, 11–12

role in tackling climate change

, 100

Youth Hostel Association (YHA)

, 11

Youth Hostel Federation

, 11

Youth tourism

, 9, 18, 100

progressive institutionalisation of

, 69