Abandonment

, 30–31

ABC model

, 75

Adjustment

of public facilities

, 60–68

of services

, 60–68

spatial

, 4

Administrative system

, 28

Adult social care

, 24

Ageing population

, 12, 14–15

Altena 2015 strategy

, 45–46, 55–57

Attractiveness

, 11

Austria

, 40–41

Bertelsman Foundation

, 44–45

Birth rate

, 8–9, 13, 24–25, 28

Black African Minority Ethnic communities (BAME)

, 20–21

Bottom-up approach

, 76, 78, 80–81

Brownfield sites, managing

, 74–76

Bubble Economy

, 12–13

Business Angels

, 40–41

Childcare

, 24

Citizens

, 44, 80–81, 87

City

entrepreneurial

, 37–38

shrinking

, 2

Civil society

building

, 87–88

engagement

, 53–54

Closure, school

, 18

Co-assessment

, 57–59

challenges and limitations

, 59

integrative model of co-production

, 58–59

Co-commissioning

, 55, 80

Co-delivery

, 56–57, 80

Co-design(ing)

, 55–56, 80–81

Co-evaluation

, 80

Co-ordination

, 46, 56

Co-production

, 53, 59, 79–80

co-assessment

, 57–59

co-commissioning

, 55

co-delivery

, 56–57

co-design

, 55–56

Coal mining

, 71

Collaboration

, 54

Collaborative advantage

, 87–88

Community

community-led strategy development processes

, 45

governance

, 88

hub

, 64

shop

, 64

transport service

, 68

Community Sitting Room

, 63–64

Commuting

, 2, 19–20

‘Comprehensive Management Plan for Public Facilities and Infrastructure’

, 25–26

Consolidation

school

, 61

urban fabric

, 81

Contemporary analysis

, 7–8

Contemporary research

, 19–20

Contemporary studies

, 1

Contemporary urban policy

, 30

Cooperation

, 25, 56, 81–82

Costs, increasing

, 15–17

Cottbus, Germany

, 72–73

County Louth

, 41

COVID-19 pandemic

, 40

Creative destruction

, 49

‘Crisis and choice’ model

, 79–80

Cultural services

, 14

Cyclical urban development models

, 7–8

Decline

long-term

, 23

relative

, 30–31

revenue

, 15

spiral of

, 24–25

Declining populations

, 12–15

Deindustrialisation

, 29–30

Demographic change

, 1, 21, 41

Demolition

of peripheral residential area

, 69

of vacant houses

, 26

Densification of urban core

, 69

Density

of health, social care and cultural service

, 14

population

, 29

Depopulation

, 14

Derelict, land

, 18–19

Dessau, Germany

, 73–74

400m² Dessau project

, 73–74

Deterioration

, 1

Detroit

, 41, 43–44

Developing professionals

, 89–90

Discovery

, 80

Diversity

, 2, 84

DIY Cities

, 44

Domestic migrants

, 9

Downsizing. See also Rightsizing

residential area

, 76–77

service

, 45

urban fabric

, 69

Economic

growth

, 9–10

migration

, 25

re-structuring

, 24–25

Economic theory

, 7–8

Education

, 44–45

Educational facilities, sharing spaces in

, 62

Employment

, 9

Empty

building

, 69

house

, 69

property

, 64–65

Enable

, 34

Energy

, 77–78, 87–88

Engines of growth

, 9

Entrepreneurial city

, 37–38

Entrepreneurship

, 7, 64, 80

Environmental

change

, 33–34

development

, 45

problem

, 31

Europe

Eastern

, 12–13

SMTs in

, 10

European cities

, 21

European Urban Knowledge Network

, 86–87

Eurotowns

, 86–87

Expenditure

, 15, 17, 63–64

Experimentation

, 73–74, 80

Facility

cultural

, 18

educational

, 60

leisure

, 15

service

, 60–61

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)

, 31–34

delivery and challenges

, 33–34

demographic issues

, 31–32

government structures

, 31

model

, 35

policy frameworks

, 33

Fertility rate

, 8–9, 25, 31–32, 61

Financial

liability

, 49, 55

revitalisation

, 71

strain

, 3, 11

Financial strain

, 11

Fiscal

, 29–30

Fringe

, 64–65, 72

Funding

, 5, 24, 29, 38, 46, 69

Future High Streets Fund

, 30

Gentrification

, 29–30

German Stadtumbau policy

, 82

Germany

East

, 72

West

, 31–32

Germany

, 21

Globalisation

, 7

Governance

, 29, 34, 41, 50, 58–59, 88–89

Government

Federal

, 31, 33, 70

local

, 17, 26–27, 29–31, 84

national

, 83–84

regional

, 33–34, 46

Government policy

, 30, 49

Governmental investment

, 18

Granby Four Streets Community Land Trust

, 76–78

‘Grant coalition’ approach

, 37–38

Grassland

, 72

Greece

, 38–39

Greening

, 41

Growth, uneven

, 31

Health care services

, 15–17

Health services

, 44–45

Homes and Communities Agency

, 29–30

Housing

market

, 29–30

Market Renewal Passfinder Programme

, 29–30, 76

public

, 41

social

, 9, 26, 57, 70

Housing Market Renewal Programme

, 76

Incentive

, 30, 69

Incremental

process

, 60

service improvement

, 77

Industrial

building

, 18–19

land

, 18–19

Infrastructure

healthcare

, 66

service

, 18–19

utility

, 11

Inhabitants

, 43–44, 85–86

Initiative

Age Friendly Cities

, 41

Housing Market Renewal Pathfinder

, 29–30

pop-up shop

, 57–58

Integrated approach

, 53, 82

Integrating top-down and bottom-up policy

, 83

Integrative model of co-production

, 58–59

Internal migration

, 19–20

International Building Exhibition (IBA)

, 33

International migration

, 19–20

Investment in public facilities

, 15–17

Ireland, urban shrinkage in

, 28

Japan

delivery and challenges

, 26–27

demographic issues

, 24

government structure

, 24

Japanese Model

, 35

policy frameworks to tackle urban shrinkage

, 24–26

reducing revenues and increasing costs

, 15–17

right sizing of urban fabric

, 69

shrinking region

, 13

urban shrinkage and

, 8–9

Yubari

, 71–72

Japanese national policy

, 25–26

Job

creation in SMTs

, 25

losses

, 44

Kaso process

, 24–25

Labour market

, 12–13, 15, 17, 19–20

Land use

, 26, 56–57, 74, 76

Latvia

, 64–65

Leadership

, 21, 86

Leading change collaboratively

, 85–87

Leisure services

, 44–45

Liability

, 41

Local authorities

, 28

Local building techniques

, 69

Local communities

, 27

Local Comprehensive Strategy

, 25

Local decision makers

, 82

Local Exchange and Trading schemes

, 89

Local job losses

, 12–13

Local Population Projection Vision Report

, 25

Local revenue generation

, 15

Local tax revenues

, 15

Location Normalization Plan

, 26

Logics of bureaucracy

, 37–38

Low skilled

immigrant workers

, 8

people

, 19–20

Marzahn-Hellersdorf

, 70

Masuda report

, 25

Metropolitan areas

, 9

Metropolitan areas

, 12–13

Migration

, 19–22

internal

, 19–20

international

, 19–21

inward

, 21

out

, 15, 18

Mining town

, 43–44

Mobile postal service, creating

, 67

Modelling national policy approaches to urban shrinkage

, 34–36

Municipal budgets

, 15

Municipal chief executives

, 5

Municipal expenditures

, 17

Municipalities

, 24

National Comprehensive Strategy

, 25

‘National Long-term Vision’ policy

, 25

National policy

, 76–77

Nationwide Balanced Development

, 24–25

Negative development

, 11–12

Neighbourhood

, 20–21, 26, 54, 60, 76, 84–85

Northern Ireland

, 28

OECD

, 21

Old people

, 13

‘One size fits all’ response

, 9–10

Op-Act network of small and medium sized towns

, 40–41

Open space

, 33, 46, 70, 73–74, 76–77

Opportunity

, 60, 63–64, 73–74

Otherness

, 22

Outmigration

of economically active citizens

, 15

of economically active residents

, 18

Outsource of service

, 89–90

Outward migration of economically active residents

, 44–45

Oversized

facilities

, 50

infrastructure

, 25, 46

service

, 55, 60

Oversized infrastructures

, 25

Oversupply

of public facilities

, 9

residential property

, 18

Pedestrianising

, 56–57

Perforation

, 18

Periphery

, 18–19, 73

Phoenix Cities

, 44

Planning, land use

, 26

Policy

approaches

, 85

economic

, 23

making

, 86

national

, 9, 34, 36

social

, 38

spatial

, 29, 38

urban

, 23, 25, 29–30

Policy framework

, 2–3

to tackle urban shrinkage

, 24–26

Polishing diamonds

, 40–41, 51, 79

Political representatives

, 27

Political upheaval

, 24–25

Polluting production processes

, 18–19

Pop-up shops

, 2–3

initiative

, 57–58

promoting

, 64–66

Population

over

, 8–9

ageing

, 12, 14–15

declining

, 12–15

decrease

, 81

density

, 29

depopulation

, 14

loss

, 8, 12–13, 24–25, 31, 76–77

urban

, 7

Privatisation

, 60–61, 68

Pro-growth approach

, 37–38

Problem

economic

, 30

environmental

, 31

socioeconomic

, 31

Programme

Housing Market Renewal Programme

, 76

Market Renewal Passfinder Programme

, 29–30, 76

national programmes targeted at specific cities

, 23

Stadtumbau Ost

, 33

Public deliberation

, 88

Public facilities and services

adjustment of

, 60–68

changing service delivery models

, 66–67

creating community shop

, 64

creating mobile postal service

, 67

promoting pop-up shops

, 64–66

re-purposing buildings for community use

, 62–63

reducing education facilities

, 61

running community transport service

, 68

sharing spaces in educational facilities

, 62

Public funding

, 5

Public servants

, 5

Public transport

, 15

Public-private

collaboration

, 54

partnership

, 75

Publicly funded healthcare services

, 66

Quality of life

, 79

Quasi federal administrative system

, 28

Re-envisioning

, 41, 50

Re-grow(ing) smaller

, 4, 38, 40, 43, 53, 79

case of Altena

, 43–48

from crisis to choice

, 49–51

cycle of decline and development

, 49

Re-purpose

for childcare, youth clubs, senior day care, food banks

, 61

re-purposing buildings for community use

, 62–63

Reciprocity

, 54

Redevelopment

, 75

Reducing/reduction

cost

, 15–17

educational facility

, 61

housing stocks

, 70

liability

, 16

revenue

, 15–17

risk

, 4

space

, 60–61

of total floor area

, 60–61

Refugee

, 3, 21–22, 62

Refurbish of housing stock

, 33

Regeneration

process

, 53–54

urban

, 29–30, 72

Relative decline

, 30–31

Renewal

, 49–50, 69

Residential towns

, 28–29

Resource

financial

, 60–62, 80–81

legal

, 45

local

, 2–3, 38, 69, 79–80

planning

, 7–8

Restructure, urban fabric

, 4

Resurgence

, 54

Revenues

decline

, 15

local tax

, 15

reducing revenues and increasing costs

, 15–17

Revitalization

, 71

Rhurgebiet in south-western Germany

, 4

Rightsizing. See also Downsizing

Cottbus, Germany

, 72–73

Dessau, Germany

, 73–74

Granby Four Streets Community Land Trust

, 76–78

infrastructure

, 25

managing Brownfield sites

, 74–76

Marzahn-Hellersdorf

, 70

right sizing social housing

, 70

social housing

, 70

urban fabric

, 69, 78, 81

Yubari, Japan

, 71–72

Romania

, 12–13, 28

Safety

, 15–17

Second strategic pathway

, 80–81

Senior towns

, 13

Service

centres

, 12–13

changing service delivery models

, 66–67

charge

, 60–61

childcare

, 62

cultural

, 14

education

, 3

essential

, 24

health care

, 15–17

leisure

, 3, 14

local

, 24, 26

medical

, 67

mobile

, 67

outsource

, 89–90

postal

, 67

transportation

, 38–39

welfare

, 24, 60

Settlement

closure

, 69

concentration

, 9, 81

relocation

, 26

Sharing of space

, 62

Sharing spaces in educational facilities

, 62

Short-term utilisation

, 46, 57–58, 64–65

Shrink(ing) smart

, 4, 38, 40, 43, 53, 79

case of Altena

, 43–48

from crisis to choice

, 49–51

cycle of decline and development

, 49

Shrinkage. See also Urban shrinkage

, 43–44

dynamic

, 11–12

problems

, 11

studies

, 89

Shrinking

, 1, 8

SMTs

, 38, 53

towns

, 13

Shrinking Cities International Research Network

, 7–8

Slovenia

, 62, 65

Small town category in Japan

, 1–2

Small-and medium-sized towns (SMTs)

, 1–2, 5, 41, 43, 79

with ageing populations and low fertility rates

, 61

in Europe

, 10

international migration and

, 20–21

job creation in

, 25

shrinkage problem types and

, 11

in shrinking smart

, 90

social integration of refugees

, 22

in vacant shops and public buildings

, 18–19

Social

care

, 14

housing

, 9, 26, 70

integration of refugees

, 22

needs

, 55

St Ives Community Transport project

, 68

Stadtumbau

Ost programme

, 9, 33–34, 70

West programme

, 9, 33

Steel town

, 43–44

Stellwerk

, 55–56

Strategic approach

, 79–80

Strategic pathways

, 53

adjustment of public facilities and services

, 60–68

co-production

, 53–59

right sizing of urban fabric

, 69–78

Strategy, inclusive

, 4, 43

Sub-urbanisation

, 8

Subsidiary principle

, 33–34

Subsidy

to bus companies

, 68

for health care services

, 15–17

for people

, 17

Super diversity

, 19–20

Surplus

building

, 11–12

housing stock

, 45

infrastructure

, 50

land

, 73

Sustainability

, 54

Sustainable

lifestyles

, 81

urban development

, 33

Taxation

, 13, 15–16

Temporary

contract

, 64–65

use

, 73–74

Top-down approach

, 76, 78, 81

Towns Fund

, 30

Traditional models of leading

, 86

Transport

community transport service

, 68

local community transport project

, 2–3

public

, 15, 24, 44–45, 69

route

, 38–39

St Ives Community Transport project

, 68

volunteer

, 63–64

Underused

asset

, 15, 60–61

buildings

, 17, 19, 41

land

, 17–19

Unemployment

, 12–13, 19–20, 29–31

United Kingdom

delivery and challenges

, 29–31

demographic issues

, 28–29

government structures

, 28

model

, 36

policy frameworks

, 29

URBACT funded Re-grow City project

, 63

URBACT Programme

, 40–41, 46, 86–87

Urban

agglomerations

, 19–20

core

, 26

decline

, 89

development

, 7, 49, 79

planning literature

, 88

policy implications

, 25

population

, 7

right sizing of Urban fabric

, 69–78

Urban shrinkage

, 1–2, 7–9, 23, 30–31, 86–87

countries with clear national priorities and policies to address

, 23

FRG

, 31–34

Japan

, 24–27

modelling national policy approaches to

, 34–36

national programmes targeted at specific cities

, 23

not recognising

, 23

United Kingdom

, 28–31

Urban strategy

, 49

Urbanisation

, 8

USA

American urban agglomerations

, 8

suburbanisation in

, 8

Vacant

buildings

, 18

industrial buildings

, 18–19

land

, 3

retail premises

, 46

Volunteering

, 55–56

Volunteers

, 55–56

Welfare services

, 24

Withdrawal

of governmental investment

, 18

of neighbourhood

, 76

of public investment

, 18

of urban settlements

, 83–84

Working towns

, 28–29

World cities

, 7

World Health Organisation

, 13, 41

Yubari, Japan

, 71–72