Anchoring

, 12, 21

emotional

, 12

European Union (EU) membership

, 25–27, 29

thematic

, 12

Application Programming Interface (API)

, 7

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

, 71–72

Black Lives Matter protests

, 70–71

Blogs

, 66

@BorisJohnson

, 36–39

#BrexitBusTour

, 38

Brexit referendum

, 2–6, 47

dual role and political discourse

, 64

Twitter

, 34

British news media

, 14, 65–66

British politicians

, 13–14, 34, 40

Chi-squared test

, 9–11

Collective cognition

, 23, 31

Computational thematic analysis

, 7

Conservative Party

, 3–4, 37

COVID-19

, 70–71

@Daily_Express

, 42

@DailyMailUK

, 42

@David_Cameron

, 36–37, 48, 51–54, 56–57

Democracy

, 18–19, 25–26, 69

Dictatorship

, 12, 25–26

Dodgy govt

, 58

Echo chamber effects

, 48–49, 60, 68–69

Elasticsearch

, 16

European Communities (EC)

, 4

European media

, 35

European Union (EU)

, 1

NaziOrigin

, 25–26

Naziroots

, 25–26

Project Hope

, 28

European Union (EU) membership

, 21

anchoring

, 25–27

objectification

, 27–28

Euro-scepticism

, 2–5, 44–45

Facebook

, 49, 69

Gephi

, 16

Global financial crisis

, 2–3, 35

Globalisation

, 33, 67–68

British New Labour governments

, 33

populism

, 4

Twitter

, 44–45

Hashtags

, 7, 9–10, 24–25

Illegal immigration

, 42–43

Immigration

, 3, 27–28, 42

free movement

, 38

illegal immigrants

, 38

issues

, 27–28

media tweets

, 42

#IndependenceDay

, 26–27

Instagram

, 69

#Ivotedleave

, 58

Kibana

, 16

Labour Party

, 3–4

Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA)

, 16, 56–57, 59

Leave and Remain

, 25–30, 36, 61, 63–64

Legitimising racism

, 58

Liberal Democrat echo chamber

, 49

Media

, 35–36

Media tweets

, 40–41

economy

, 42

immigration

, 42

Migrant crisis

, 42

National Health Service (NHS)

, 2–3, 21, 39

objectification

, 28

Nationalist populism

, 67–68

NaziOrigin

, 25–26

Naziroots

, 25–26

Neoliberalism

, 4–5

News media

, 13–14, 34, 65–66

supply and demand relationship

, 35

tweeting practices

, 40–43

@Nigel_Farage

, 36–38, 48, 51–53, 55, 59

Objectification

, 12, 21

European Union (EU) membership

, 27–30

National Health Service (NHS)

, 28

Ontologisation

, 12

#Pencilgate

, 58

Personification

, 12

Political communication

, 65–66, 69–72

Political disagreement

, 50

Political discourse

, 63–64

Political homophily

, 47–51

Populism

, 2–5, 33, 64, 68

legitimising and mainstreaming

, 68–69

marginal political ideology

, 34

news media

, 34

Twitter

, 34

Populist politicians

, 35–36, 64

Populist referendum

, 60–61

Pre-referendum tweets

, 9–10

Pro-Brexit tweets

, 51

#ProjectFear

, 26–27

#ProjectHope

, 26–27

Public fear

, 42

Qualitative thematic analysis

, 51–53

Racism

, 58

Referendum

, 28, 40

Brexit

, 2–5

British news media

, 13–14

British politicians

, 13

political discourse

, 63

politician spoken news sources

, 41

social representations

, 9–12

Twitter

, 1–2

Retweeting

, 15, 51–53

@SkyNews

, 43

Social media

, 1, 5–6, 48–51, 65

everyday practice

, 22

political communication

, 69–72

popularity

, 66

populism

, 34–35

populist politicians

, 35–36

promises and problems

, 67–69

social representations

, 23–24

Social network analysis

, 7, 51–53

Social representations theory

, 17–19, 21

anchoring

, 23

objectification

, 23

political object

, 24

political values

, 24

Social thinking

, 23, 31

Term frequency and inverse document frequency (TF-IDF)

, 11–12

@TheSun

, 42

Topic modelling

, 7, 53–60

Traditional content analysis

, 7

Tweeting practices

, 30

British politicians

, 1, 13–14

news media

, 1, 13–14, 40–43

politicians

, 37–40

Twitter

, 1, 11, 37

Application Programming Interface (API)

, 7

British politicians

, 13–14, 34

data collection

, 8

democratic potential

, 65–69

dual role

, 64

European Union (EU) membership

, 25–30

hashtags

, 7

news media

, 13–14

political discourse

, 64

populism

, 6, 34

referendum

, 1–2, 6

social representations theory

, 17–19

trend over time

, 7–8

users’ responses to politicians

, 14–16

word limit

, 35–36

UK Independence Party (UKIP)

, 1, 4–5, 35

United Kingdom (UK)

, 1, 21–22

globalisation

, 33

populism

, 34

#Voteleave

, 24–25, 28

YouTube

, 66