Index
Adrija Dey
(SOAS South Asia Institute, University of London, UK)
Nirbhaya, New Media and Digital Gender Activism
ISBN: 978-1-78754-530-4, eISBN: 978-1-78754-529-8
Publication date: 22 August 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Dey, A. (2018), "Index", Nirbhaya, New Media and Digital Gender Activism (Digital Activism and Society: Politics, Economy And Culture In Network Communication), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78754-529-820181010
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Aadhar
, 75
Aam Admi Party (AAP)
, 94
Acid attack victims
, 148
Activist and People’s Union for Civil Liberties
, 69
Affective ties, role in collective identity formation
, 20
All Indian Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA)
, 55
All Indian Women’s Conference (AIWC)
, 55
All India Students’ Association (ISA)
, 94
ALS ice bucket challenge
, 75
Alternative Law Forum
, 70
Anti-corruption movement
, 72, 104, 106, 185
Anti-dowry movement
, 61–66
Anti-rape movement
, 61–66
Arab Spring
, 12, 106, 130–131
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
, 120
Autonomous women’s groups
, 55, 67
Azerbaijan
ICT’s role in social movements
, 12
Azim Premji Foundation
, 80
Bazee.com
, 82
BBDO India
, 140
Beijing Platform for Action
, 43–44
‘Bekhauf Azadi’ (Freedom without fear)
, 113
Belarus
ICT’s role in social movements
, 12
Bhagwati, P.N.
, 165
Bhanwari Devi case
, 68–70
Black feminists
, 39
‘Black Lives Matter’ movement
, 46
Blogs
, 45, 73, 83, 91, 109, 134, 166
See also Microblogging
Booshaka.com
, 104
Breakdown theory
, 15
Breaking news syndrome
, 32
Bridgespace
, 146
‘Bring Back Our Girls’ movement
, 46
Campaigns
‘Close the Gap’
, 80
‘emBODYindia’
, 144–145
‘HeforShe’
, 156, 195
‘#Hokkoloraob’
, 142–144
‘One Billion Rising’
, 105, 153, 185
‘Web We Want’
, 84
‘We are all Khaled Said’
, 106
Capitalism
, 3
Caste
, 4, 8, 163–179
violence
, 174
Censorship
, 33, 81–85
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
, 68, 104
CGNet Swara
, 136
Change.org
, 127
Changes in law
, 114–121
Chauvinism
, 13
China
ICT’s role in social movements
, 12
Citizenship
, 30
Civil rights movements
, 18
Civil society groups
, 45
Class
, 3, 4, 8, 41, 163–179
identity
, 165
‘Close the Gap’ campaign
, 80
Code of Criminal Procedure
, 116
Collective action
, 6
defined
, 90
frames
, 25, 26
Nirbhaya case
, 89–103
relationship with ICTs
, 20
theory
, 10
Collective identity
, 15, 19–21, 23, 113
affective ties and
, 20
culture and
, 20
defined
, 19
emotions and
, 20
formation of
, 90
Colonisation, influence on masculinity construction
, 41
Committee for the Protection of the Rights of Muslim Women
, 67
Communal identities
, 66–68
Communal violence
, 67
Communication
, 21, 29, 37
socialised
, 31
Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M)
, 55
Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist (CPI-ML)
, 94
Community-based organisations (CBOs)
, 79
Conflict environment
, 13, 53
Conflict mapping
, 13, 53
Conflict theory
, 7, 9, 13
Congress Party
, 57
Consortium of Pub-Going, Loose and Forward Women
, 71
Council of States
, 116
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act
, 116
Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act 1983
, 63, 183
Criminal Law
, 116
Section
, 498, 65
Crowdfunding
, 102, 148
Crunk Feminist Collective
, 46
Culture
political
, 24–25
and political opportunity structures
, 24
role in formation of collective identity
, 20
Custodial rape
, 63, 64, 85, 164, 171, 183
Custodial violence
, 171
Cyberconflict
ethnoreligious
, 13
framework
, 5–6, 7, 9–51, 53, 90, 182, 189–190
gendered
, 34–42
ICT’s role in social movements
, 9–13
media framework
, 28–33
social movement theory
, 13–27
sociopolitical
, 13
Cycles of protest
, 23
Dairy Information System Kiosk (DISK)
, 79
Democracy
, 34
Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG)
, 75
Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY)
, 75
Diffusion process of frames
, 26
Digital activism
, 2, 34
defined
, 9
Digital divide
defined
, 42, 76
in ICTs
, 44, 45
in India
, 76–80, 192
Digital intersectionality
, 176–178
Digital technologies
, 5, 8, 28–30, 48, 192, 193
Digitisation
, 73
Dignity
, 135
Discontent model of breakdown theory
, 15
Discrimination, gender
, 35, 37, 40, 43, 54, 80, 147, 165
Dissemination of information
, 2, 31, 44
Division of political labour
, 59
Domestic violence
, 169–170
Dual-system theorists
, 3
eBay India
, 82
Economic independence of women
, 58
e-governance
, 75
Egypt
ICT’s role in social movements
, 12
‘emBODYindia’ campaign
, 144–145
Emotions, role in collective identity formation
, 20
Empowerment
, 5, 48, 53, 69, 73, 79, 92, 94, 154, 159, 179, 190
Encoding/decoding model
, 32
Entrepreneurial theory of movement formation
, 18
Equality
, 34
gender
, 41, 61, 70, 134, 154, 156
Ethnic-religious affiliation
, 13
Ethnoreligious cyberconflicts
, 13
Exclusion
, 13
Facebook
, 12, 70–72, 74–75, 93, 94, 97, 98, 102, 109, 122, 130–131, 138, 184
Family network
, 37
Feminism
, 35, 39, 53–54, 134, 156
online
, 46
pre-independence versus post-independence
, 56–58
second wave of
, 54, 183
test for
, 140
Feminist(s)
Marxist
, 3
radical
, 3
theory
, 34
Forum Against Oppression of Women (FAOW)
, 64, 67
Forum Against Rape (FAR). See Forum Against Oppression of Women (FAOW)
Fourth World Conference on Women
, 41, 43–44
Framing process
, 6, 9, 13, 25–27
defined
, 25, 27
diffusion process
, 26
gender and
, 37
ICTs and
, 27
Nirbhaya case
, 108–114
social media effects on
, 15
Fraternal groups
, 15
Freedom Summer movement
, 36
Free-riding, Olsen’s theory of
, 17
Friendship network
, 14, 96, 184
Gandhi, Mahatma
, 59
Gang rape
, 62, 63, 68, 69, 108, 109, 115, 117, 137, 174, 183
Gender
, 33–51
activism
, 5, 6, 9, 13, 34, 42, 48
See also Gender activism, role of social media and ICT’s in
discrimination
, 35, 37, 40, 43, 54, 80, 147, 164–165
equality
, 41, 61, 70, 134, 154, 156
hierarchy
, 35
identity
, 48, 165
inequality
, 3, 41, 54, 172
mainstreaming
, 34
oppression
, 60
as power relation
, 37
relations
, 3, 41
segregation
, 4
violence
, 54, 94, 125, 161, 164–165, 182–183
Gender activism, role of social media and ICT’s in
, 125–161
changing nature of gender activism
, 149–159
continuation of movement
, 141–149
Indian diaspora, participation of
, 141–149
Nirbhaya protests
, 126–132
sexual violence, personalisation of
, 132–141
Gendered cyberconflict framework
, 34–42
Gendered divisions of labour
, 4
Gillette
, 140–141
Global civil society
, 30
Global economy
, 29
Globalisation
, 6, 29–30
GlobalWebIndex
, 128
Google + Hangouts
, 74
Google Transparency
, 83–84
‘Got Stared At’
, 133
Government reactions to social movement
, 114–121
Grassroots political organizations
, 55
Hazare, Anna
, 104
‘HeforShe’ campaign
, 156, 195
Hetal Parekh case
, 166
‘#Hokkoloraob’ campaign
, 142–144
Hole in the Wall Experiment
, 80
Honour
, 135
Hostility
, 134
Hyperlinked communication networks
, 22
‘I am Anna Hazare’
, 106
IBM
, 105
Ideal rape
, 174, 188
Identity-based politics
, 38
Inclusion
, 13
India
digital divide in
, 76–80
feminist movement in. See Indian Women’s Movement (IWM)
gender divide in ICTs
, 43
ICT’s role in social movements
, 12
independence of
, 57
Internet regulation in
, 81
See also individual entries
India Against Corruption
, 94, 104
Indian Common Wealth Games scam
, 104
Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (ICERT)
, 82
Indian diaspora, participation of
, 141–149
Indian Evidence Act
, 116
Indian Penal Code (IPC)
, 62, 116, 121
Section
, 375, 119
Indian Women’s Movement (IWM)
1970’s sociopolitical movements
, 58–61
anti-rape and anti-dowry movements
, 61–66
censorship
, 81–85
digital divide
, 76–80
history of
, 6, 53–87
ICTs and social media, role of
, 70–72
Personal Law and communal identities
, 66–68
pre-independence versus post-independence feminism
, 56–58
rise of women’s organisations
, 58–61
Sexual Harassment Law
, 68–70
Inequality, gender
, 3, 56, 172
Informationalism
, 28, 29
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
, 2–3, 5–8, 56, 86, 89, 121–123
collective action and
, 20
digital divide in
, 44–45
and framing process
, 27, 108–109
impacts of
, 21
in India, power of
, 72–75
and political opportunity structures
, 23, 103, 104
role in gender activism
, 125–161
role in IWM
, 70–72
role in social movements
, 9–13, 28–33
women and
, 42–50
Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking of Access of Information by Public) Rules
, 83
Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception, Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules
, 83
Information Technology Act
Section 66A
, 83
Section 69B
, 83
Section
, 79, 83
Intangible assets
, 16
Inter-city Marketing Network of Women Entrepreneurs
, 79
International Clinical Epidemiologists Network
, 169
International Women’s Day
, 62
International Women’s Year
, 54
Internet
, 10–14, 22, 23, 28, 33, 42–43, 48, 76, 132, 136, 159, 192
censorship
, 83
as medium/media theory
, 13
regulation in India
, 81–82
rhizomatic structure of
, 99–100
Internet and Mobile Association of India
, 126
Internet Democracy Project
, 154
Intersectionality
, 38–40, 187–188, 193
defined
, 38, 163–165
digital
, 176–178
in India
, 163–179
Nirbhaya case
, 171–176
political
, 39
representational
, 38
structural
, 38
IT Rules 2011
, 83
ITU
, 44
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)
, 91
Justice
, 34
Kabir, Altamas
, 127
Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul
, 165
Kinship network
, 14, 37, 96, 184
Krishnan, Sunitha
, 138
Leadership structures of social movements
, 36, 99, 100
LGBTQ + community
, 35, 38
Mainstream media
in India, power of
, 72–75, 130
social. See Social media
‘Make Love Not Scars’
, 148
Male domination
, 169
Marginalisation
, 38
Marital rape
, 119, 120
Marxist feminists
, 3
Masculinity
, 41, 121, 154–155, 158, 161, 194
networked
, 195
Mass society theory
, 10
Mathura case
, 63–64
Matson, Erin
, 102
Maya Tyagi case
, 61
Media framework
, 28–33
Media representation, of social movements
, 31–32
Media theory
, 7, 9, 13
Mehra, Usha
, 114
‘Me Too’ movement
, 46
Microblogging
, 102
See also Blogs
Middle class participation, in social movements
, 15–16, 172
Minimally Invasive Education
, 78
Mitra, Sougata
, 78–79
Mobile phones
, 2, 5, 11, 12, 28, 63, 79, 81, 93, 97, 102, 106, 121, 122, 126, 127, 132, 134, 136, 141, 150, 160, 178, 181, 184, 190
See also Smartphones
Mobile Vaani
, 80
Mobilisation
, 2, 5, 11, 14–17, 19–21, 23, 25–27, 29, 31, 35–37, 53, 56, 74, 85, 89, 90, 92–93, 96, 100, 106, 108–109, 113, 122, 131, 148, 149, 182, 183–184, 191, 192, 194
physical
, 30
structures
, 6, 9, 13, 23
defined
, 14
gender and
, 35–37
Nirbhaya case
, 89–102
social media effects on
, 13
social structures of
, 14–16
tactical repertoires
, 16–22
Modi, Narendra
, 75
Molestation
, 97
Movement identity
, 20
M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
Village Knowledge Centre
, 79
Mukherjee, Pranab
, 127
Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Bill
, 67
Muthalik, Pramod
, 71
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
, 75
National Students Union of India (NSUI)
, 94
Naxalbari Movement
, 56, 59, 85
NDTV (New Delhi Television)
‘Young India Rising’
, 95
Netcore Company
, 105
Net neutrality
, 33, 84
Netnography
, 48
Netwars
, 11
Networked masculinity
, 195
Networked society
, 28, 30, 184
New social movements (NSMs)
, 10, 14, 15–16, 25, 30, 89, 91, 109, 172
Nirbhaya case
, 1–8
analysis through social-movement framework
, 89–123
framing process
, 108–114
government action and change in law
, 114–121
mobilisation structure and collective action
, 89–102
political opportunity structure
, 103–108
cyberconflict analysis of
, 5
intersectionality of
, 171–176
No Country for Women
, 145
Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs)
, 55, 80, 92, 94, 97, 149–150, 153, 159
Nundy, Samiran
, 2
Obama, Barack
, 75
Olsen’s theory of free-riding
, 17
‘One Billion Rising’ campaign
, 105, 153, 185
Online activism
, 125–161, 187
Online feminism
, 46
Online organizing
, 46
Online surveillance
, 33
Oppression
, 38, 39
gender
, 60
triple
, 40
Orkut
, 84
Oxfam India
, 80
Pakistan
, 57
Panopticon metaphor
, 33
Party-connected women’s organizations
, 55
Patriarchy
, 3–5, 35, 37, 60, 77, 121, 125, 147, 161, 169, 170, 186
PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants)
, 79
Personal Law
, 66–68
Section
, 125, 66
Pink Underwear Campaign
, 70–72
Planning Commission of India
, 75
Political clubs
, 15
Political culture
, 24–25
defined
, 24
kinds of
, 24
Political fields
, 24
Political intersectionality
, 39
Political opportunity structures
, 6, 9, 13, 22–25
culture and
, 24
cycles of protest
, 23
defined
, 23, 185
dimensions of
, 22
gender and
, 37
ICTs and
, 23
Nirbhaya case
, 103–108
social media effects on
, 13
Political participation of immigrants
, 143–144
Prakash, Pranesh
, 82
Pratyush, Shrikanth
, 73
Pre-independence versus post-independence feminism
, 56–58
Progressive Organisation of Women (POW)
, 60
Project Help
, 65
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012
, 121
Race/racism
, 35, 36, 38–39, 42, 163
Radical feminists
, 3
Raja Rammohan Roy
, 56, 154
Rameezabee case
, 61
Ram Sena
, 71
Ranganekar, Ahilya
, 60
Rape
, 1–8, 61–66, 89–123, 126–132
by authority
, 164
cases
, 167–168
See also individual cases
custodial
, 64, 85, 164, 171, 183
gang
, 62, 63, 68, 69, 108, 109, 117, 137, 174, 183
ideal
, 174, 188
marital
, 119, 120
real
, 174, 188
Ray, P.N.
, 61
Real rape
, 174, 188
Relative deprivation theory
, 10
Representational intersectionality
, 39
Resource mobilization theories (RMT)
, 10, 89, 121
Resurrection of civil society
, 23
Roy, Nilanjana
, 91
Safecity.in
, 136
Safety
, 97, 107
Sandhu, Kanwar
, 81
Sati
, 56
‘Satya Meva Jayate’
, 155–156
Saxena, Shambhavi
, 95
Secularism
, 183
Security
, 97, 107
Self-communication
, 30
Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)
, 60
Self-regulation
, 33
Sense of separation
, 146
Sexism
, 39, 132, 163, 190
Sexual abuse
, 129
Sexual assault
, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120
Sexual harassment
, 98, 136
Sexual Harassment Law
, 68–70
Sexual violence
, 3, 39, 54, 94, 96, 120, 125, 150, 164, 186
personalisation of
, 132–141
Shah Bano case
, 66
Single national state
, 30
Smart mob
, 11
‘SlutWalk’ movement
, 46
Smartphones
, 106, 114, 126, 187
See also Mobile phones
SocialBakers
, 106
Socialised communication
, 31
Social media
, 7–8, 28, 48, 50–51
campaigns
, 46
effects of
framing process
, 13
mobilisation structures
, 14
political opportunity structures
, 14
role of
gender activism
, 125–161
Indian Women’s Movement
, 70–72
social movements
, 9–13
See also Mainstream media
Social movement communities (SMCs)
, 14–15
Social movement organisations (SMOs)
, 14–15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 26
defined
, 21
Social movement theory
, 6, 9, 13–27
framing process
, 25–28
mobilisation structures
, 14–22
political opportunity structures
, 22–25
Social structures of mobilisation
, 14–16
Sociopolitical cyberconflicts
, 13
Sociopolitical movements, in 1970s
, 58–61
Solidarity
, 17–18, 21, 90, 96, 106, 107, 132, 196
Solidarity model
, 14–15
Southern Africa
masculinity
, 41
Srivastava, Kavita
, 70
Stalking
, 116, 117
Strategic fitting/accommodation
, 26
Strategic selection/adaptation
, 26
Structural intersectionality
, 38
Student movements
, 18
Susan, Nisha
, 71
‘Swift Justice in Delhi Gang-Rape Case’
, 109
Tactical repertoires
, 16–22
defined
, 16
Tangible assets
, 16
Tarvinder Kaur case
, 64
Telangana movement
, 81
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
, 84
Television Rating Point (TRP)
, 72, 74
Textile Labour Association (TLA)
, 60
‘Towards Equality…’
, 54
Triple oppression
, 40
Trivialisation
, 134
Turning Points: A Journey through Challenges (A.P.J. Abdul Kalam)
, 165
Twitter
, 12, 74, 81, 91, 93, 97, 109, 122, 130, 138, 184
2G scam
, 104
UNIFEM
, 169
Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)
, 75
United States (USA)
Black women in
, 163, 187
Freedom Summer movement
, 36
gender discrimination
, 43
Nirbhaya movement
, 100
online activism
, 141, 145–147
United Women’s Anti-Price Rise Front
, 60
University of Cornell US–India Initiative (CUII)
, 145–146
Verma, J.S.
, 115–116
Verma Commission
, 115, 119, 149–150
Verma Commission Report
, 116, 119
Vertical-hierarchical organizations
, 29
Victim blaming
, 128–129, 134
Vidyasagar, Ishwar Chandra
, 56, 154
Violence
caste
, 173
communal
, 67
custodial
, 171
domestic
, 169–170
gender
, 54, 92, 127, 161, 164, 183
sexual
, 3, 39, 54, 94, 96, 120, 125, 132–141, 150, 164, 186
Vishakha Guidelines
, 70, 183
‘VithYou’
, 137
Voluntary organisations
, 55–56
Voyeurism
, 116–117
Waqf Board
, 67
Watson, Emma
, 156, 195
‘Web We Want’ campaign
, 84
Whatsapp
, 74, 93, 122, 143, 151
Wikileaks
‘Cash for votes’ scandal
, 104
Womanhood
, 40
Women(’s)
economic independence of
, 58
and ICTs
, 42–50
in leadership positions
, 36
Women’s developmental organisations
, 55
Women’s Development Programme
, 70
Women’s organisations, rise of
, 58–61
Women’s research institutes
, 55
Working class-ness
, 40
World Summit on Information Society (WSIS)
, 42, 44
World Telecommunications Development Conference
, 44
World Wide Web Foundation
, 86
‘We are all Khaled Said’ campaign
, 106
‘Young India Rising’
, 95
‘Youth Ki Awaz’ (the voice of the youth)
, 109, 133
YouTube
, 12, 73, 74, 105
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 The Cyberconflict Framework and Conceptual Considerations
- Chapter 2 Brief History of the Indian Women’s Movement and Tracing Out the Sociopolitical and Media Environment
- Chapter 3 Analysing the Nirbhaya Case through the Lens of the Social-movement Framework
- Chapter 4 Nirbhaya and Beyond – Role of Social Media and ICTs in Gender Activism in India
- Chapter 5 The Nirbhaya Case – An Intersectional Analysis
- Chapter 6 Conclusion: The Beginning of the New Phase in the Indian Women’s Movement
- Bibliography
- Index