Prelims

Dr. Bharati Mohapatra (School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, India)

Community Management of Urban Open Spaces in Developing Economies

ISBN: 978-1-78560-639-7, eISBN: 978-1-78560-638-0

Publication date: 3 December 2016

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Citation

Mohapatra, B. (2016), "Prelims", Community Management of Urban Open Spaces in Developing Economies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xii. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78560-639-720151012

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Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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Community Management of Urban Open Spaces in Developing Economies

Title Page

Community Management of Urban Open Spaces in Developing Economies

By

Dr. Bharati Mohapatra

School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, India

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2016

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ISBN: 978-1-78560-639-7 (Print)

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Preface

Human beings need to make contact with nature in the course of their daily lives, and no special effort or journey ought to be required for experiencing it. Neighborhood Open Spaces can provide this immediate retreat amidst built environment. With both government policy and science emphasizing the critical necessity of Open Spaces within urban social-ecological systems, a focus on people-place interactions is essential to address issues of Open Space planning and management. Neighborhood Parks are multifunctional, and create the opportunity for shared use and activity, meeting and exchange, and imbibe a sense of attachment to the place, and their design, planning and management must acknowledge these characteristics. Each of these functions and the required spatial quality should be addressed holistically to create prospects for community participation, and enhance the usability and better management of Open Space in cities.

The intimate interaction between communities and neighborhood Open Space cannot be replicated or sustained solely by government intervention, but community involvement is necessary for its effective and sustainable management. Moreover, Indian cities are reeling under development pressure, social and technological change, and insufficient resources to care for social amenities like the Open Spaces. Open Spaces in Indian cities are allocated as a land use in a broad quantitative term in city Master Plans; for example, the proposal for Open Space in the Master Plan-2015 for Bangalore city is 6.72%; Master Plan-2026 for Chennai city is 5.68%; Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP-2010) for Bhubaneswar planning area is 8.74%. The mechanism for the provision and management of public Open Space has been slowly changing during the last decade, away from complete government involvement, and toward a larger role for the community sectors.

The objective of this study is to examine the social, functional, physical, and emotional aspects of neighborhood Open Space and the attitude of people for community participation in managing the Open Space, and to develop a framework for community participation by integrating the social, psychological, and spatial attributes. Hence, the key interlinked parameters for promoting Open Space planning and management taken in the present study are: Place Use (Functional content), Place Quality (Spatial content), Place Attachment (Emotional content), Place Management (Environmental Behavior), and Levels of Participation.

These parameters are derived based on the review of literature and the context of the study. The study was carried out in the context of six neighborhood Parks in different areas of the city of Bhubaneswar. Household survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire for the interview to collect the residents’ response to the Place parameters.

This empirical research has adopted qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the status of the Open Space in the city, and the community perception and attitude toward neighborhood Open Space respectively. Statistical analysis of the Place parameters is done at two stages: Overall and neighborhood wise. At both the stages, descriptive and comparative analyses are done to evaluate the social and spatial aspects of the Open Space, and identify the linkages among the parameters.

The study brought out the conceptual findings on the usage pattern, spatial quality, and emotional attachment to the neighborhood Park, and the residents’ interest for participation in management, and key relationships among these parameters were identified. These conceptual outcomes are found to have a practical implication in the planning and community based management of Urban Open Space. The integrated framework is tested, based on which community management strategies can be formulated, and location-specific issues and complexities in the people-park relationship can be addressed. Consequently, effective community participation can be facilitated for sustainable management of the neighborhood Open Space.

List of Tables

Chapter 2	Table 2.1	Factors Determining Open Space Planning.
Chapter 2	Table 2.2	Place Parameters and Dimensions.
Chapter 3	Table 3.1	Neighborhood Location, Population Density, and Size of Open Space.
Chapter 4	Table 4.1	City Area, Residential Area, and Open Space.
	Table 4.2	Distribution of Organized Open Space in the City.
	Table 4.3	Available Parks in the City.
	Table 4.4	Open Space Guidelines.
	Table 4.5	Population and Open Space.
Chapter 5	Table 5.1	Place Use.
	Table 5.2	Place Quality.
	Table 5.3	Place Attachment.
	Table 5.4	Place Management.
	Table 5.5	Description of Place Parameters of Lingaraj Nagar.
	Table 5.6	Description of Place for Unit IX.
	Table 5.7	Description of Place Parameters for Sahid Nagar.
	Table 5.8	Description of Place Parameters for IRC Village.
	Table 5.9	Description of Place Parameters for Saileshree Vihar.
	Table 5.10	Description of Place Parameters for Baramunda.
	Table 5.11	Association between Overall Place Parameters and Areas.
	Table 5.12	Associations of Place Use and Areas.
	Table 5.13	Associations of Place Quality and Areas.
	Table 5.14	Associations of Place Attachment and Areas.
	Table 5.15	Associations of Place Management and Areas.
	Table 5.16	Effect of Place Use on Place Management in Lingaraj Nagar.
	Table 5.17	Effect of Place Use on Place Management in Unit IX.
	Table 5.18	Effect of Place Use on Place Management in Sahid Nagar.
	Table 5.19	Effect of Place Use on Place Management in IRC Village.
	Table 5.20	Effect of Place Use on Place Management in Saileshree Vihar.
	Table 5.21	Effect of Place Use on Place Management in Baramunda.
	Table 5.22	Effect of Place Attachment on Place Management in Lingaraj Nagar.
	Table 5.23	Effect of Place Attachment on Place Management in Unit IX.
	Table 5.24	Effect of Place Attachment on Place Management in Sahid Nagar.
	Table 5.25	Effect of Place Attachment on Place Management in IRC Village.
	Table 5.26	Effect of Place Attachment on Place Management in Saileshree Vihar.
	Table 5.27	Effect of Place Attachment on Place Management in Baramunda.
	Table 5.28	Frequency Distribution of Participation Groups in Different Areas.
	Table 5.29	Descriptive Statistics of Place Use.
	Table 5.30	Descriptive Statistics of Place Quality.
	Table 5.31	Descriptive Statistics of Place Attachment.
	Table 5.32	Descriptive Statistics of Place Management.
	Table 5.33	Relationship between Place Use and Place Quality.
	Table 5.34	Relationship between Place Use and Place Attachment.
	Table 5.35	Relationship between Place Use and Place Management.
	Table 5.36	Relationship between Place Attachment and Place Quality.
	Table 5.37	Relationship between Place Attachment and Place Management.
	Table 5.38	Discriminant Function for Prediction of Level of Participation.
	Table 5.39	Effect of Dimensions of Place Parameters on Determination of Level of Participation.
	Table 5.40	Discriminant Function for Overall Parameters.
	Table 5.41	Effect of Overall Place Parameters on Determination of Level of Participation.
Chapter 6	Table 6.1	Spatial and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Neighborhoods.
	Table 6.2	Area-Wise Description of Place Parameters.
	Table 6.3	Relationship between Place Parameters and Areas.
	Table 6.4	Relationship between Place Use and Areas.
	Table 6.5	Relationship between Place Quality and Areas.
	Table 6.6	Relationship between Place Attachment and Areas.
	Table 6.7	Relationship between Place Management and Areas.
	Table 6.8	Effect of Place Use, Quality, and Attachment on Place Management.
	Table 6.9	Neighborhoods and Level of Participation.
	Table 6.10	Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents.
	Table 6.11	Place Parameters.
	Table 6.12	Place Parameters and Socioeconomic Characteristics.
	Table 6.13	Association between Place Parameters.
	Table 6.14	Effect of Place Parameters on Determination of Level of Participation.
Chapter 7	Table 7.1	Relationships and Effects of Place Use.
	Table 7.2	Relationships and Effects of Place Quality.
	Table 7.3	Relationships and Effects of Place Attachment.
	Table 7.4	Relationships and Effects of Place Management.
	Table 7.5	Recommendations.
Appendix A	Table A1	City Open Spaces (Formally Designated Open Spaces and Other Actual Green Open Spaces)
Appendix B	Table B1	Place Use Measurement
	Table B2	Place Quality Measurement.
	Table B3	Place Attachment Measurement.
	Table B4	Place Management Measurement.
Appendix C	Table C1	Land Use Pattern in the BDA Planning Area.
	Table C2	Land Use Pattern of Bhubaneswar City (Urban Areas).
	Table C3	Ward-Wise Population Density and Available Open Space.
Appendix D	Table D1	Principal Component Analysis of Items for Place Use
	Table D2	Principal Component Analysis of Items for Place Quality
	Table D3	Principal Component Analysis of Items for Place Attachment
	Table D4	Principal Component Analysis of Items for Place Management
	Table D5	Physical Inventory of the Parks
	Table D6	Socioeconomic Characteristics of Lingaraj Nagar
	Table D7	Socioeconomic Characteristics of Unit IX
	Table D8	Socioeconomic Characteristics of Sahid Nagar
	Table D9	Socioeconomic Characteristics of IRC Village
	Table D10	Socioeconomic Characteristics of Saileshree Vihar
	Table D11	Socioeconomic Characteristics of Baramunda
	Table D12	Overall Socioeconomic Characteristics
	Table D13	Association of Place Use and Socio-Economic Characteristics
	Table D14	Association of Place Quality and Socio-Economic Characteristics
	Table D15	Association of Place Attachment and Socioeconomic Characteristics
	Table D16	Association of Place Management and Socioeconomic Characteristics

List of Figures

Chapter 2	Figure 2.1	Ladder of Involvement.
	Figure 2.2	Degree of Participation, Target Group, and Stakeholder Expectations of Public Participation
	Figure 2.3	Conceptual Framework.
	Figure 2.4	Development of Place Parameters.
Chapter 3	Figure 3.1	City Zones with Selected Neighborhoods.
Chapter 4	Figure 4.1	Location of Bhubaneswar.
	Figure 4.2	Profile of Bhubaneswar.
	Figure 4.3	Growth Pattern of Bhubaneswar.
	Figure 4.4	Planning Area Bhubaneswar.
	Figure 4.5	Otto Koenisberger’s Neighborhood Unit for Bhubaneswar.
	Figure 4.6	Neighborhoods and Open Spaces.
	Figure 4.7	Comprehensive Development Plan-1993 for Bhubaneswar.
	Figure 4.8	Comprehensive Development Plan-2010 for BDPA.
	Figure 4.9	Developed Parks in Bhubaneswar City Area.
	Figure 4.10	Existing Land Use Bhubaneswar City.
	Figure 4.11	Population Density and Open Spaces.
	Figure 4.12	Land Ownership and Open Space.
	Figure 4.13	Existing Governance Arrangement for Neighborhood Park.
Chapter 5	Figure 5.1	Lingaraj Nagar.
	Figure 5.2	Lingaraj Temple Overlooking the Park.
	Figure 5.3	Park Used as Playground.
	Figure 5.4	Modern Interpretation of Tradition in a Natural Setting.
	Figure 5.5	Unit IX.
	Figure 5.6	Part of the Open Space Not Developed.
	Figure 5.7	The Government Quarters Closely Abut the Open Space.
	Figure 5.8	Sahid Nagar.
	Figure 5.9	Park Obscured by Shabby Boundary Wall Presents a Poor Edge Quality.
	Figure 5.10	Bungalows along the Park.
	Figure 5.11	IRC Village.
	Figure 5.12	Well-Maintained Natural Landscape Features.
	Figure 5.13	Lack of Maintenance of Certain Elements Presents a Poor Edge Quality.
	Figure 5.14	Saileshree Vihar.
	Figure 5.15	Less Dense Vegetation along the Edge Fails to Create a Buffer between the Built Environment and the Park.
	Figure 5.16	Well Paved Walkway but Less Greenery Gives a Stark Look.
	Figure 5.17	Good Shaded Seating but Does Not Blend with the Nature.
	Figure 5.18	Baramunda HIG Colony.
	Figure 5.19	Well-Maintained Vegetation.
	Figure 5.20	Toddler Play Area Attracts More Women and Children Users.
	Figure 5.21	Shaded Walkways Provided within the Park.
	Figure 5.22	Place Use and Areas.
	Figure 5.23	Place Quality and Areas.
	Figure 5.24	Place Attachment and Areas.
	Figure 5.25	Place Management and Areas.
	Figure 5.26	Physical Activities.
	Figure 5.27	Informal Activities.
	Figure 5.28	Social Activities.
	Figure 5.29	Quiet Activities.
	Figure 5.30	Spatial Integration.
	Figure 5.31	Natural Features.
	Figure 5.32	Built and Atmospheric Qualities.
	Figure 5.33	Adjoining Use.
	Figure 5.34	Place Identity.
	Figure 5.35	Place Dependence.
	Figure 5.36	Social Bonding.
	Figure 5.37	Environmental Activities.
	Figure 5.38	Participative Attitude.
	Figure 5.39	Effect of Place Use on Place Management.
	Figure 5.40	Effect of Place Attachment on Place Management.
	Figure 5.41	Levels of Participation and Neighborhoods.
	Figure 5.42	Place Use and Socioeconomic Characteristics.
	Figure 5.43	Place Quality and Socioeconomic Characteristics.
	Figure 5.44	Place Attachment and Socioeconomic Characteristics.
	Figure 5.45	Place Management and Socioeconomic Characteristics.
	Figure 5.46	Relationships between Place Use and Place Quality.
	Figure 5.47	Relationship between Place Use and Place Attachment.
	Figure 5.48	Relationship between Dimensions Place Use and Dimensions of Place Attachment.
	Figure 5.49	Relationship between Place Use and Place Management.
	Figure 5.50	Relationship between Dimensions of Place Use and Dimensions of Place Management.
	Figure 5.51	Relationship between Place Quality and Place Attachment.
	Figure 5.52	Relationship between Dimensions of Place Quality and Dimensions of Place Attachment.
	Figure 5.53	Relationship Between Place Quality and Place Management.
	Figure 5.54	Place Attachment and Place Management.
	Figure 5.55	Relationship between Dimensions of Place Attachment and Dimensions of Place Management.
	Figure 5.56	Determination of Level of Participation.
Chapter 6	Figure 6.1	Highest Place Value.
Chapter 6	Figure 6.2	Lowest Place Value.
Chapter 7	Figure 7.1	Implication of the Conceptual Framework.
	Figure 7.2	Proposed Operational Framework.
	Figure 7.3	Proposed Governance Arrangement.
Appendix B	Figure B1	Research Methodology.

List of symbols and abbreviations

₹: Rupee
ac: Acre
ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
B: Unstandarized Regression Coefficient
BCUC: Bhubaneswar Cuttack Urban Complex
Beta: Standardized Regression Coefficient
BDA: Bhubaneswar Development Authority
BDPA: Bhubaneswar Development Planning Area
BMC: Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation
CBM: Community-Based Management
CDP: Comprehensive Development Plan
EMP: Environmental Management Plan
EPA: Environmental Planning Agency
F: Ratio of the Explained Variance to the Unexplained Variance
GA: General Administration
GFI: Goodness of Fit Index
ha: Hectare
HIG: Higher Income Group
JNNURM: Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
km: Kilometer
m: Mean Value
MMA: Madras Metropolitan Area
MIG: Middle Income Group
mt: Meter
N: Number of Respondents
ORSAC: Orissa Remote Sensing Centre
p: Probability of Obtaining a Test Statistic
PEB: Pro-Environmental Behavior
R ²: Squared Multiple Correlation
RWA: Residential Welfare Association
TCPO: Town and Country Planning Organisation
UDPFI: Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation
ULB: Urban Local Bodies
WFD: Water Framework Directives

Book Chapters

Prelims

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

Chapter 4 Open Space in Bhubaneswar

Chapter 5 Case Study of Neighborhood Parks

Chapter 6 Findings

Chapter 7 Conclusions

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

References

Index