Observing experiences with the VSM

Abstract

This paper offers a senior manager's reflections on experiences with the viable system model (VSM) in different situations of its application. These reflections are based on second‐order observation; that is on observing the forms of first‐order distinctions. Recently, systems thinking developed by Niklas Luhmann serves as an epistemological background. The VSM is recognized as a valuable tool to study and to change organizations, however, its “upgrade” is recommended in the light of insights, such as the protologic of distinctions or the more consistent realization of systems properties, such as operational closure and self‐reference.

Citation

Schuhmann, W. (2004), "Observing experiences with the VSM", Kybernetes, Vol. 33 No. 3/4, pp. 609-631. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410523607