18. THE WORLD BANK, NGOS AND THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ALLEVIATING POVERTY AND ADVANCING SOCIETAL REFORM

Abstract

Virtually, all countries in sub-Saharan Africa (perhaps with the exception of South Africa) have still not achieved the economic, social and political self-sufficiency that the pioneers of decolonization had envisaged by the closing years of the millennium. Despite the active presence of the World Bank (WB) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on the sub-region development scene, initial gains immediately after colonial rule have disappeared, resulting in economic and social stagnation and, in extreme cases, disintegration (Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo and Liberia). According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (1996, 2000) in many post-colonial countries, real per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen and welfare gains achieved since independence in areas like food consumption, health and education have declined. As a whole, in sub-Saharan Africa, per capita incomes dropped by 21% in real terms between 1981 and 1989.¹ Madagascar and Mali now have per capita incomes of $799 and $753, down from $1,258 and $898 twenty-five years ago. In 16 other sub-Saharan countries per capita incomes were also lower in 1999 than in 1975.² Nearly one-quarter of the world's population, but nearly 42% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, live on less than $1 a day. Levels of inequality have also increased dramatically worldwide. This phenomenon is vividly reflected in the well-known graphic presentation of the UNDP (1992) in Fig. 1.

Citation

Banya, K. (2004), "18. THE WORLD BANK, NGOS AND THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ALLEVIATING POVERTY AND ADVANCING SOCIETAL REFORM", Camp Yeakey, C., Richardson, J. and Brooks Buck, J. (Ed.) Suffer The Little Children (Advances in Education in Diverse Communities, Vol. 4), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 433-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-358X(04)04018-5