References

Allen, 2017 Allen, J. (2017). An introduction to the crusades. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.

Alonso, 2007 Alonso, V. (2007). War, peace, and international law in Ancient Greece. In K. A. Raaflaub (Ed.), War and peace in the ancient world (pp. 206–225). Oxford: Blackwell.

Ammons-Blanfort et al., 2023 Ammons-Blanfort , D'Alessio, S. , & Stolzenberg, L. (2023). Self-help and Black firearm crime. Crime & Delinquency, 69(1), 178–207.

Ammons-Blanfort et al., 1639/1969 (1639/1969). Articles of militarie discipline. Edinburgh: Da Capo Press.

Aquinas, 1485/1947 Aquinas . (1485/1947). Summa theologica. Tr. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Cincinnati, OH: Benziger Brothers.

Asbridge, 2005 Asbridge, T. (2005). The first crusade: A new history: The roots of conflict between Christianity and Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Augustine, 1950 Augustine . (1950). City of God. New York: Modern Library.

Augustine, 1958 Augustine . (1958). On Christian doctrine (D. Robertson Jr, Trans.). New York: The Liberal Arts Press.

Augustine, 1961 Augustine . (1961). Confessions (R. Pine-Coffin, Trans.). New York: Penguin Books.

Barthelemy and White, 1996 Barthelemy, D. , & White, S. (1996). The “Feudal Revolution”. Past and Present, 152, 196–223.

Bartlett, 1995 Bartlett, C. (1995). English longbowmen: 1330–1515. Oxford: Osprey Press.

Bassiouni, 2008 Bassiouni, M. C. (2008). The new wars and the crisis of compliance with the law of armed conflict by non-state actors. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 98(3), 711–810.

Beaulac, 2004 Beaulac, S. (2004). The Westphallian model in defining international law: Challenging the myth. Australian Journal of Legal History, 8, 181–213.

Bédoyére, 2020 Bédoyére, G. de la . (2020). Gladius: The world of the Roman soldier. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Bell, 2007 Bell, L. (2007). Conflcit and reconciliation in the Ancient Middle East: The clash of Egyptian and Hittite Chariots in Syria, and the world's first peace treaty between “Superpowers”. In K. Raaflaub , (Ed.), War and peace in the Ancient world providence. RI: Wiley.

Bisson, 1994 Bisson, T. (1994). The “Feudal Revolution”. Past and Present, 142 6–42.

Bisson, 1997 Bisson, T. (1997). The ‘Feudal Revolution' replay. Past and Present, 155, 205–225.

Black, 1976 Black, D. (1976). The behavior of law. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Black, 1998 Black, D. (1998). The social structure of right and wrong (Revised ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Blau and Meyer, 1987 Blau, P. , & Meyer, M. (1987). Bureaucracy in modern society (3rd ed.). Chicago: McGraw Hill.

Bonét, 1949 Bonét, H. (1949). The tree of battles: An English version with introduction (G. W. Coopland, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bonger, 1916 Bonger, W. (1916). Criminality and economic conditions (H. Horton, Trans.). New York: Agathon Press, Inc.

Bowman, 1999 Bowman, J. (1999). Councils, memory and mills: The early development of the peace of God in Catalonia. Early Medieval Europe, 8(1), 99–129.

Bracey, 2006 Bracey, D. (2006). Exploring law and culture. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.

Bradford, 2001 Bradford, A. S. (2001). With arrow, sword, and spear: A history of warfare in the ancient world. London: Praeger.

Brand, 1968 Brand, C. E. (1968). Roman military law. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Callister and Whitbread, 2022 Callister, G. , & Whitbread, R. (2022). Battle: Understanding conflict from hastings to helmand. South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books.

Castiglione, 1528/1959 Castiglione, B. (1528/1959). The book of the courtier (Tr and Ed F. Simpson). New York: Ungar Publishing.

Caxton, 1485/1926 Caxton, W. (1485/1926). The book of the order of Chivalry. Early English text society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chambliss, 1964 Chambliss, W. J. (1964). A sociological analysis of the law of vagrancy. Social Problems, 12(1), 67–77.

Chandler, 2022 Chandler, J. (2022). The Continental Army and ‘Military Europe': Professionalism and restraint in the American War of Independence. War in History, 29(2), 323–340.

Charni, N.D. Charni, G. de . (n.d.). De Chivalerie (Dr. T. Hatton, Trans.). Unpublished manuscript.

Clausewutz, 1832/1993 Clausewutz, C. von . (1832/1993). On war. New York: Everyman's Library.

Code of Hammurabi, N.D. Code of Hammurabi, The . (n.d.). (C. Jones, Trans). Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17150/17150-h/17150-hhtm. Accessed on January 26, 2023.

Coleman, 1918 Coleman, P. (1918). The international law and custom of Ancient Greece and Rome. London: Macmillan and Co Ltd.

Connell, 1995 Connell, R. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Connell, 2002 Connell, R. (2002). Gender. Cambridge: Polity.

Cooley, 1902 Cooley, C. (1901). Human nature and the social order. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Cooper, 1981 Cooper, N. (1981). Gustav Adolphus and military justice. Military Law Review, 92, 129–137.

Cowdrey, 1970 Cowdrey, H. (1970). The peace and the truce of God in the eleventh century. Past & Present, 46, 42–67.

Cox, 2013 Cox, R. (2013). A law of war? English protection and destruction of ecclesiastical property during the fourteenth century. English Historical Review, 128(535), 1381–1417.

Croxton, 1999 Croxton, D. (1999). The peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the origins of sovereignty. The International History Review, 21(3), 569569–569591.

Cruickshank, 1969 Cruickshank, C. (1969). Army Royal: Henry VIII's invasiob of France, 1513. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Curry, 2008 Curry, A. (2008). The military ordinances of Henry V: Texts and contexts. In C. Given-Wilsom , A. Kettle , & L. Scales (Eds.), War, government and aristocracy in the British Isles, c. 1150–1500. Essays in honour of Michael Prestwick (pp. 214–249). Suffolk: Boydell Press.

Curry, 2011 Curry, A. (2011). Disciplinary ordinances for English and Franco-Scottish armies in 1385: An international code? Journal of Medieval History, 37, 269–294.

Duby, 1978 Duby, G. (1978). Medieval marriage: Two models from twelfth-century France (E. Forster, Trans.). Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.

Durant, 1950 Durant, W. (1950). The age of faith. Vol IV. The story of civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Durkheim, 1893/1984 Durkheim, E. (1893/1984). The division of labor in society. (W. Halls, Trans.). New York, NY: Free Press.

Durkheim, 1912/1915 Durkheim, E. (1912/1915). The elementary forms of the religious life (J. Swain, Trans.). New York: The Free Press.

Erikson, 1996 Erikson, K. (1996). Wayward Puritans: A study in the sociology of deviance. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Evans-Pritchard, 1969 Evans-Pritchard, E. (1969). The Nuer: A description of the modes of livelihood and political institutions of a nilotic people. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ferguson, 2013 Ferguson, R. (2013). Pinker's list: Exaggerating prehistoric war mortality. In D. P. Fry (Ed.), War, peace, and human nature: The convergence of evolutionary and cultural views (pp. 112–131). New York: Oxford University Press.

Froissart, 1968 Froissart . (1968). Chronicles (G. Brereton Ed. And Trans.). New York: Penguin Books.

Garland, 1975 Garland, Y. (1975). War in the ancient world. New York: W. W. Norton.

Garland, 1984 Garland, Y. (1984). Hellenistic science: It's application in peace and war: War and Siege craft. The Cambridge Ancient History, 7(P II), 353–362.

Gies, 1984 Gies, F. (1984). The knight in history. New York, NY: Perennial.

Gillespie, 2011a Gillespie, A. (2011a). A history of the laws of war. Vol 1: The customs and laws of war with regards to combatants and captives. New York: Hart Publishing.

Gillespie, 2011b Gillespie, A. (2011b). A history of the laws of war. Vol I1: The customs and laws of war with regards to civilians in tomes of conflict. New York: Hart Publishing.

Goffman, 1959 Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday society. New York: Doubleday Anchor.

Gonzá lez de Le ó n, 2004 González de León, F. (2004). Spanish military power and military revolution. In G. Mortimer (Ed.), Early modern military history, 1450–1815 (pp. 25–42). New York, NY: Palgrave.

Gordon, 2013 Gordon, G. (2013). The trial of Peter von Hagenbach: Reconciling history, historiography and international criminal law. In K. Heller & G. Simpson (Eds.), The hidden history of war crimes trials. New York: Oxford University Press.

Grose, 1786 Grose, F. (1786). Antiquities respecting a history of the English army from the conquest to the present time (Vol. 1). London: C. Clarke.

Grose, 1788 Grose, F. (1788). Antiquities respecting a history of the English army from the conquest to the present time (Vol. 2). London: C. Clarke.

Grotius, 1625/1971 Grotius, H. (1625/1971). The law of war and peace. In L. Friedman (Ed.). The law of war: A documentary history (Vol. 1, pp. 16–146). New York, NY: Random House.

Hagedorn, 1988 Hagedorn, J. (1988). People and folks: Gangs, crime and the underclass in a Rustbelt City. Chicago: Lake View Press.

Hampton, 2011 Hampton, V. D. (2011). Viking age arms and armor originating in the Frankish kingdoms. The Hilltop Review, 4(2), 36–44.

Harris, 1968 Harris, M. (1968). The rise of anthropological theory: A history of theories of culture. New York: Harper Collins.

Hartigan, 1982 Hartigan, R. S. (1982). The forgotten victim: A history of the civilian. Tampa, FL: Precedent Publishing.

Head, 1999 Head, T. (1999). The development of the peace of God in aquitaine (970–1005). Speculum, 74(3), 656–686.

Heider, 1977 Heider, K. (1977). Grand Valley Dani: Peaceful warriors (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace publishers.

Hirchi, 1969 Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Hobbs, 1651/1985 Hobbs, T. (1651/1985). Leviathan. (C. Macpherson, Ed.). New York: Penguin Classics.

Hoebel, 1954 Hoebel, E. (1954). The law of primitive man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hoebel, 1978 Hoebel, E. (1978). The Cheyenne: Indians of the great plains (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace publishers.

Holá et al., 2022 Holá, B. , Nzitatira, H. , & Weerdesteijn, M. (2022). Introduction: Atrocity crimes and atrocity studies. In B. Holá , H. Nzitatira , & M. Weerdesteijn (Eds.), The Oxford handbook on atrocity crimes (pp. 1–23). New York: Oxford University Press.

Hoyos, 2019 Hoyos, D. (2019). Carthage's other wars: Carthaginian warfare outside the ‘Punic Wars’ against Rome. South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Press.

Hurl-Eamon, 2022 Hurl-Eamon, J. (2022). Enslaved by the uniform: Contemporary descriptions of eighteenth-century solidering. War in History. On-line First. doi:10.1177/09683445221105258

Jacobs and Wright, 2006 Jacobs, B. , & Wright, r. (2006). Street justice: Retaliation in the criminal underworld. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jankowski, 1991 Jankowski, M. (1991). Islands in the street: Gangs and American urban society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Jochnick and Normand, 1994 Jochnick, C. , & Normand, R. (1994). The legitimation of violence: A critical history of the laws of war. Harvard International Law Jouranl, 35, 49–95.

Josephus, 2001 Josephus . (2001). The wars of the Jews: Or, the history of the destruction of Jerusalem. Project Guttenberg. Retrieved from https://Gutenberg.org/ebooks/2850. Accessed on January 29, 2023.

Journals of the Continental, 1775/1905 Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1779 . (1775/1905, June 30). Articles of war. (Vol II, pp. 111–123). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/contcong_06-30-75.asp. Accessed on December 29, 2022.

Journals of the Continental Congress, 1776 Journals of the Continental Congress . (1776, September 20). Articles of war. Retrieved from https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/contcong_09-20-76.asp. Accessed on December 29, 2022.

Katz, 1988 Katz, J. (1988). Seducations of crime. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Kauzlarich and Kramer, 1998 Kauzlarich, D. , & Kramer, R. (1998). Crimes of the American nuclear state: At home and abroad. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Kauzlarich et al., 2003 Kauzlarich, D. , Mullins, C. , & Matthews, R. (2003). A complicity continuum of state crime. Contemporary Justice Review, 6(3), 241–254.

Keegan, 1976 Keegan, J. (1976). The face of battle: A study of Agincourt, waterloo, and the somme. New York: Penguin Books.

Keeley, 1996 Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage. New York: Oxford University Press.

Keen, 1978 Keen, M. (1978). Chivalry. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Keen, 1995 Keen, M. (1995). Richard II's Ordinances of War of 1385. In R. Archer & S. Walker (Eds.), Rulers and ruled in late medieval England: Essays presented to Gerald Harriss. London: The Hambledon Press.

Keen, 1965 Keen, M. H. (1965). The laws of war in the late middle ages. In Routledge library editions: Military and naval history (Vol. 16). London: Routledge.

Keepie, 2008 Keepie, L. (2008). The army and the navy. In A. Bowman , E. Champlin , & A. Lintott (Eds.), The Cambridge ancient history (Vol. 10, pp. 371–396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kehoe, 1989 Kehoe, A. (1989). The ghost dance ethnohistory and revitalization. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

LaFree, 1989 LaFree, G. (1989). Loosing legitmacy: Street crime and the decline of social institutions in America. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Lanni, 2008 Lanni, A. (2008). The laws of war in Ancient Greece. Law and History Review, 26(3), 469–489.

LeBlanc, 2003 LeBlanc, S. (2003). Constant battles: Why we fight. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Luban, 2013 Luban, D. (2013). Military necessity and the cultures of military law. Leiden Journal of International Law, 26, 315–349.

Lutz and Reiger, 2009 Lutz, E. , & Reiger, C. (2009). Prosecuting heads of state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mackenzie, 2012 Mackenzie, M. (2012). Female Soldiers in Sierra Leone: Sex, security, and post-conflict development. New York, NY: New York University Press.

Macmunn, 1920 Macmunn, G. (1920). Gustavus Adolphus: The Northern Hurricane. London: Hodde and Stoughten Ltd.

Martinez, 2017 Martinez, A. (2017). Disciplinary ordinances for English armies and military change, 1385–1513. History, 102(351), 361–385.

McCauley and Moskalenko, 2008 McCauley, C. , & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433.

McCauley and Moskalenko, 2017 McCauley, C. , & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205–216.

McGarry and Walklate, 2019 McGarry, R. , & Walklate, S. (2019). A criminology of war? Bristol: Bristol University Press.

McNeill and Gamer, 1990 McNeill, J. T. , & Gamer, H. M. (Trans.). (1990). Medieval handbooks of penance: A translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents . New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

McVitty, 2014 McVitty, E. A. (2014). False knights and true men: Contesting chivalric masculinity in the English treason trials, 1388–1415. Journal of Medieval History, 40(4), 458–477.

Merton, 1938 Merton, R. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682.

Messerschmidt, 2014 Messerschmidt, J. (2014). Crime as structured action: Doing masculinities, race, class, sexuality, and crime (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Messerschmidt, 2018 Messerschmidt, J. (2018). Masculinities and crime: A quarter century of theory and research. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Messner and Rosenfeld, 2007 Messner, S. , & Rosenfeld, R. (2007). Crime and the American dream (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Michell, 1940 Michell, H . (1940). The economics of Ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Miller, 2008 Miller, J. (2008). Getting played: African Americn girls urban inequality and gendered violence. New York, NY: New York University Press.

Minear, 1971 Minear, R. (1971). Victors' justice: The Tokyo war crimes trial. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co.

Morgan, 1997 Morgan, G. (1997). Images of organization (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mortimer, Mortimer, G. (2004). War by contract, credit and contribution: The thirty years war. In G. Mortimer (Ed.), Early modern military history, 1450–1815 (pp. 101–117). New York, NY: Palgrave.

Mullins, 2006 Mullins, C. (2006). Holding your square: Masculinities, stretlife, and violence. Cullompton-Devon: Willan Publishing.

Mullins, 2011 Mullins, C. (2011). War crimes in 2008 Georgia-Russia conflict. British Journal of Criminology, 51(6), 918–936.

Mullins, 2016 Mullins, C. (2016). Sexual violence during war. In R. McGarry & S. P. Walklate (Eds.), Palgrave handbook on criminology and war (pp. 117–132). London: Palgrave.

Mullins and Rothe, 2008 Mullins, C. , & Rothe, D. (2008). Blood, power, and bedlam: Violations of International Criminal Law in Post-Colonial Africa. New York: Peter Lang Press.

Mullins et al., 2004 Mullins, C. , Wright, R. , & Jacobs, B. (2004). Gender, streetlife, and criminal retaliation. Criminology, 42(4), 911–940.

Murphy, 2015 Murphy, N. (2015). Henry VIII's invasion of France: The Gascon expedition of 1512. English Historical Review CXXX, 542, 25–56.

Napier, 1837 Napier, C. (1837). Remarks on military law and the punishment of flogging. London: T and W Boone.

Neff, 2005 Neff, S. (2005). War and the law of nations: A general history. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Neville, 1990 Neville, C. , (Ed.). (1990). A plea roll of Edward I's Army in Scotland, 1296. Miscellany of the Scottish Historical Society (Vol. XI, pp. 7–134). Edinburgh: Pillans & Wilson, Ltd.

Newhall, 1940 Newhall, R. (1940). Muster and review: A problem of English military administration 1420–1440. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Oehler, 1997 Oehler, C. (1997). The Great Sioux Uprising. New York: Da Capo.

Ȫgren, 1996 Ȫgren, K. (1996). Humanitarian law in the articles of war decreed in 1621 by King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden. International Review of the Red Cross, 313.

Otterbein, 2009 Otterbein, K. (2009). The anthropology of war. Long Grove, IL: Waveland.

Parker, 2020 Parker, G. (2020). Dynastic war: 1494–1660. In G. Parker (Ed.), The Cambridge history of warfare (2nd ed., pp. 147–166). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pausanias, 1898/2013 Pausanias . (1898/2013). In J. Frazer (Ed.), Pausanias's description of Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Perrow, 1984 Perrow, C. (1984). Normal accidents: Living with high-risk technologies. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Perrow, 1996 Perrow, C. (1996). Complex organizartions: A critical essay (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Polybius, 1889 Polybius . (1889). Histories (Tr E. Shuckburgh, Trans.). New York: MacMillan and Co. The Internet Archive. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/historiespolybi00hultgoog/page/n7/mode/2up. Accessed on January 29, 2023.

Porter, 1946 Porter, E. (1946). The articles of war. The Historian, 8(2), 77–102.

Power, 1991 Power, M. (1991). The Egalitarians—Human and Chimpanzee an anthropological view of social organization. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Pritchett, 1971 Pritchett, W. K. (1971). The Greek state at war. Part I. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Pritchett, 1974 Pritchett, W. K. (1974). The Greek state at war. Part II. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Pritchett, 1991 Pritchett, W. K. (1991). The Greek state at war. Part V. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Reckless, 1961a Reckless, W. (1961a). The crime problem. New York, NY: Appleton Centruy.

Reckless, 1961b Reckless, W. (1961b). A new theory of delinquency and crime. Federal Probation, 25, 42–46.

Reuter and Wickham, 1997 Reuter, T. , & Wickham, C. (1997). Debate: The ‘Feudal Revolution'. Past and Present, 155, 177–208.

Rodgers, 2004 Rodgers, C. (2004). The Medieval legacy in early modern military history, 1450–1815. In G. Mortimer (Ed.), Early modern military history, 1450–1815 (pp. 6–24). New York, NY: Palgrave.

Roesdahl, 1987 Roesdahl, E. (1987). The vikings. New York: Penguin.

Roe and Watts, 1632 Roe, T. & Watts, W. (1632). The Swedish Discipline: Religious, civile, and military. London: Nath: Butter and Nish.

Roth, 2009 Roth, R. (2009). American homicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rothe and Mullins, 2006 Rothe, D. , & Mullins, C. (2006). The international criminal court: Symbolic gestures and the generation of global social control. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Rousseau, 1762 Rousseau, J. (1762). Du Contract Social, Ou, Principes du Droit Politique. Geneva: Chez Marc Michel Rey.

Rueda and Tanner, 2016 Rueda, G. , & Tanner, S. (2016). To prevent the existence of people dedicated to ‘causing trouble’: Dirty work, social control, and paramilitaries in Columbia. British Journal of Criminology, 56, 87–104.

Rutar, 2022 Rutar, T. (2022). The prehistory of violence and war: Moving beyond the Hobbes-Rousseau quagmire. Journal of Peace Research. Online first. doi:10.1177/00223433221090112

Saccio, 2000 Saccio, P. (2000). Shakespeare's English kings: History, chronicle, and drama (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sandholtz, 2007 Sandholtz, W. (2007). Prohibiting plunder: How norms change. New York: Oxford University Press.

Saul, 1997 Saul, N. (1997). Richard II. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Singha, 2016 Singha, R. (2016). The “rare infliction”: The abolition of flogging in the Indian army, circa 1835–1920. Law and History Review, 34(3), 783–818.

Steuben, 1779/1786/2019 Steuben, F. (1779/1786/2019). Regulations for the order and discipline of the troops of the United States. Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books.

Stewart, 1985 Stewart, W. (1985). True blue: The loyalist legend. Toronto, ON: Collins.

Strauss, 1983 Strauss, B. (1983). Aegospotami reexamined. American Journal of Philology, 104(1), 24–35.

Sykes and Matza, 1957 Sykes, G. , & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of Neutraloization: A thery of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 664–670.

Thucydides, 2009 Thucydides . (2009). The Peloponnesian war (M. Hammond, Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.

Totten, 2012 Totten, S. (2012). Genocide by attrition: The Nuba Mountains of Sudan. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 Treaty of Westphalia . (1648). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41932578. Last accessed January 27, 2023.

Troyes, 1970 Troyes, C. (1970). Romans de la Table Ronde. Folio: Gallimard.

Underwood et al., 2018 Underwood, P. , Pfaff, S. , & Hechter, M. (2018). Threat, deterrence, and penal severity: An analysis of flogging in the royal navy, 1740–1820. Social Science History, 42(3), 411–439.

Vaughan, 2002 Vaughan, R. (2002). Charles the Bold: the last Valois duke of Burgundy. Suffolk: Boydell Press.

Vegetius, 2019 Vegetius, F. (2019). De Re Militari J. Harper and L. Adet, trans. Dubai: Harper-Mclaughlin-Adet.

Visigothic Code, 634/1910 Visigothic Code . (634/1910). (Scott, Trans.). Boston: The Boston Book Company.

Walklate and McGarry, 2015 Walklate, S. , & McGarry, R. (2015). Criminology and war: Transgressing the borders. Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Watkin, 1942 Watkin, W. (1942). The middle ages: The approach to the truce of God. Rice Institute Pamphlet, XXIX(4), 291–309.

Weber, 1919/2015 Weber, M. (1919/2015). Weber's rationalism and modern society (D. Owen and T. Strong, Trans. and Ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Books.

Wilson, 2004 Wilson, P. (2004). New approaches under the old Regime. In G. Mortimer (Ed.), Early modern military history, 1450–1815 (pp. 135–154). New York, NY: Palgrave.

Wilson, 2021 Wilson, I. (2021). The book of Geoffroi de Charny. Suffolk: The Boydell Press.

Winlow, 2001 Winlow, S. (2001). Badfelllas: Crime, tradition and new masculinities. London: Berg.

Winthrop, 1920 Winthrop, W. (1920). Military law and precedents. Washington, DC: G.P.O. Library of Congress. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/war20000086/. Accessed on December 2, 2022.

Witt, 2012 Witt, J. (2012). Lincoln's code: The laws of war in American history. New York, NY: Free Press.

Wood and Wood, 2006 Wood, E. (2006). Variation in sexual violence during war. Politics & Society, 34(3), 307–341.