Agricultural revolution

, 59–60

Air transportation

, 143

Airbus

, 152

Airline companies

, 148

Airline mobile applications

, 148

AliveCor’s algorithm

, 95–96

Altruism

, 104

Amadeus system

, 147–148

American Boeing

, 152

Apollo

, 147–148

Application programming interface (API)

, 25–26

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 2, 5–6, 20, 27, 62, 79, 87, 131, 142–143, 146

using areas for

, 91–92

difficulties and limitations

, 96–98

in digital technologies

, 94

FDA-approved algorithms

, 94–96

in healthcare management

, 89–98

opportunities

, 95

platforms and applications

, 91–92

tools

, 92–94

Augmented reality (AR)

, 2, 6, 60, 142–143, 147

Automation

, 2, 33, 62

Average variance extracted value (AVE value)

, 187

Aviation

digital transformation and

, 143–147

and future

, 151–152

industry

, 143

Aviation 4.0

, 152

Aviation Today website

, 152

Baby Boomer Generation

, 39

Behavioural analyses

, 144

Behavioural intentions

, 158, 178–179

Bibliometric analysis regarding digitalization on social entrepreneurship

, 9–12

Big data

, 88, 132, 142–145

analysis

, 60

analytics

, 79

Biometrics

, 145–146

Biotechnologies

, 131

Bitcoin (BTC)

, 21–22

Blockchains

, 2, 20–23

Boeing

, 152

Bring your own device (BYOD)

, 26

Buğday Ekolojik Yaşamı Destekleme Association

, 121

Businesses

, 2, 27

life

, 61

model

, 151

Cabin cleaning robots

, 150

Cameralism

, 48

Capital Market Law

, 122

Career concerns

, 103

conceptual background

, 108

empirical literature

, 111–112

hypothesized model

, 112–113

theoretical framework

, 108–110

Cell phones

, 39

Central Reservation Systems (CRS)

, 147–148

Changes

, 60–61

Check-in processes

, 148–149

CIGA

, 147

Civic virtue

, 104–105

Cloud computing

, 25–26, 60, 132, 142–143

Cloud services

, 20

Cloud technology

, 132

Cloud-based storage

, 26

Clustering method

, 89

Coefficient of determination

, 190

Collectivist culture

, 163–164, 180–181

Commercial entrepreneurs

, 121

Communication services

, 26

Complementary congruence

, 110

Complementary fit

, 110

Compliance

, 62

Composite reliability (CR)

, 166

Compulsory citizenship behaviours

, 105–106

Computers

, 39

Conscientiousness

, 104

Consumer personal data

, 91

Content validity

, 184, 187

Conventional algorithms

, 94

Convergent validities

, 184

Coronavirus epidemic in 2019 (COVID-19)

, 97–98

Cost–expenditure comparisons

, 144

Courtesy

, 104

Credit cards

, 119–120

Cronbach’s alpha

, 166

Cross-validation

, 89

Crowdcube.com equity-based crowdfunding platform

, 123

Crowdfunding

, 119–120, 122, 124

impact of digitalization on social entrepreneurship in facilitating

, 124–125

types

, 122–124

Crypto

, 21–23

Cryptocurrency

, 21–23

Crystal Generation

, 36

Customer satisfaction risk

, 80

Customer-oriented management

, 48–49

Cyber security

, 142–143

Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS)

, 131–132

Cyber-physical systems (CPS)

, 131–132, 142–143

Cyber-security risks

, 80–81

Dark factories

, 131

Debit cards

, 119–120

Debt-based crowdfunding

, 123

Decision trees

, 89

Deep learning methods

, 89

Descriptive norms

, 181–182

Developed countries

, 164

Diatech

, 125

Digital

, 33

Digital applications

, 148

Digital baggage cards

, 149

Digital cabin management systems

, 149

Digital competencies

, 32

Digital disruption

, 90

Digital Generation

, 36, 41

Digital loyalty programmes

, 150

Digital payment system

, 119–120

Digital platforms

, 6

Digital products and services

, 119–120

Digital Public Administration

, 49–51

voters and politicians in

, 51–54

Digital revolution

, 2, 90

Digital social entrepreneurship (DSE)

, 3, 8

emergence of

, 8–9

Digital solutions

, 90

Digital technologies

, 4–6, 9, 20, 32, 37–38, 61, 96–97, 142–143

Digital tools

, 50

Digital transformation (DT)

, 6–7, 32, 34–35, 49–50, 61, 78, 89, 129–130, 142

advantages

, 151

using areas for

, 91–92

and aviation

, 143–147

in healthcare management

, 89–98

projects and initiatives

, 47–48

Digital twin

, 132

applications in aviation

, 145

Digital work environment

, 34

Digitalization

, 2–3, 5–6, 8, 20, 32, 50, 61, 75–76, 119, 129–130, 142

in airline services

, 147–150

data analysis

, 21–27

impact of digitalization on social entrepreneurship in facilitating crowdfunding

, 124–125

effects of digitalization on stakeholders in management process of businesses

, 64–66

effects of digitalization on stakeholders in production process of enterprises

, 66–68

flow of research methodology

, 21

general perceptions of businesses

, 63

Generation Z

, 33–35

impact on social enterprises

, 6–12

methodology

, 20–21

in operations

, 76

possible changes expected in working life and professions with

, 69–70

on social entrepreneurship

, 10–11

stakeholders of businesses in economic and social process of digitalization effects

, 68–69

Digitization

, 20–21, 33, 102, 119–120, 142

Disappearing jobs

, 78

Discriminant validities

, 184, 187

Donation-based crowdfunding

, 122–123

DVD players

, 39

Dystopia

, 76

industry 4.0 with internal and external partners in operations

, 76–81

E-banking adoption research

, 178

literature review

, 179–184

methodology

, 184

results

, 184–191

E-government

, 50

e-Health

, 97

E-leadership

, 77–78

Electronic health records (EHRs)

, 91, 97

Empirical studies

, 7

Ensemble models

, 89

Enterprises

, 3

Entrepreneurs

, 3–5

Entrepreneurship (see also Social entrepreneurship)

, 2–3, 120

Entrepreneurship financing

, 120

impact of digitalization on social entrepreneurship in facilitating crowdfunding

, 124–125

theoretical background and literature

, 120–124

Equity-based crowdfunding

, 123

Error analyses

, 144

External partners

, 76

effects to

, 79–81

Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)

, 89

Facebook Prophet

, 89

FANUC Fabrikası

, 134–135

FDA-approved algorithms

, 94–96

Financial factors

, 78–79

Financial industry

, 5–6, 119–120

FireEye

, 80–81

‘Flying Car: Vahana’ project

, 152

Fourth industrial revolution (see Industry 4.0 (I4.0))

Galileo system

, 147–148

General Electric

, 136

Generation Y

, 32

Generation Z

, 32, 36, 43

advantages of digitalization to

, 38–41

digitalization

, 33–35

disadvantages of digitalization to

, 41–43

Generations

, 35–43

Global Crypto Adoption Index (2021)

, 23–24

Global Distribution System (GDS)

, 147–148

Google DeepMind Health Project

, 91

Google Glass

, 147

Google’s DeepBlue Artificial Intelligence

, 87–88

Health 4.0 period

, 96

Health 5.0 period

, 96

obstacles

, 98

Healthcare 1.0

, 97

Healthcare 2.0

, 97

Healthcare 5.0

, 96–97

Healthcare management, AI and DT in

, 89–98

Healthcare services

, 89

Hemşin Yaşam Production and Business Cooperative

, 124–125

Hemşin Yaşam Üretim ve İşletme Cooperative

, 121

Historical analyses

, 144

Horizontal integration

, 132–133

Human resources

, 77–78

Hyper-connectivity

, 102

Hypothesis development

, 182–184

I-Generation (i-Gen)

, 36

IBM’s AlphaGo

, 87–88

IGA Istanbul Airport

, 147

Individual item reliability

, 184

Industrial revolutions

, 60, 130

Industry 1.0

, 60

Industry 2.0

, 60

Industry 3.0

, 60

Industry 4

, 76

Industry 4.0 (I4.0)

, 60, 90, 129–130, 133, 136, 142

effects to external partners

, 79–81

effects to internal partners

, 77–79

with internal and external partners in operations

, 76–81

Industry stakeholders

, 144

Inflight entertainment systems

, 150

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)

, 2, 102–103, 112–113

Information system (IS)

, 158

Information technology (IT)

, 158

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

, 25–26

Initial coin offerings

, 119–120

Injunctive norm

, 181–182

Innovation

, 4–5

Insurtech firms

, 119–120

Intelligent automation

, 62

Internal consistency reliability

, 184

Internal partners

, 76

effects to

, 77–79

Internalization

, 183

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

, 144

Internet of medical things (IoMT)

, 96–97

Internet of things (IoT)

, 5–6, 60, 96–97, 131, 142–143, 146

iPods

, 39

KAMER

, 121

Kiva

, 123

KLM Airlines

, 146

Korean Airlines

, 146

Legal Tech

, 5–6

Lights out manufacturing

, 78

Lilium

, 152

Linear regression

, 89

Logistic regression

, 89

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)

, 89

Loyalty programmes

, 150

Machine learning

, 62, 88

types

, 88–89

Management strategies

, 143

Memory

, 89

Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT)

, 135

Mobile commerce (M-commerce)

, 158, 162–163

Mobile information system

, 158–159

Mobile internet

, 5–6

Mobile phones

, 159

Mobile technologies

, 32

Modern workforce

, 62

Monopolisation risk

, 81

MP3 players

, 39

Nano Technology Children (see Generation Z)

Nanotechnologies

, 131

Narrow AI

, 87–88

National Performance Evaluation

, 50

Nestle

, 25

New Public Administration Movement

, 48–49

New Public Management (NPM)

, 48

New Public Service

, 48

New Silent Generation, The

, 36

New Social Media

, 51–54

Next Generation

, 36, 40

Non-profit enterprises

, 124

Online check-in and boarding services

, 148–149

‘Online Generation’ (Instant Online)

, 36

Organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB)

, 102

and components

, 105

conceptual background

, 103–106

and dimensions

, 104–106

empirical literature

, 111–112

hypothesized model

, 112–113

theoretical framework

, 108–110

Oxford English Dictionary (OED)

, 33

Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM)

, 165–166, 184

Partners

, 76

Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV)

, 152

Pebble

, 124

‘Pegasus’ ‘Bol Points’ programme

, 150

Perceived ease of use

, 178–179

Perceived usefulness

, 161, 178–179, 182–183

Personal descriptive norms

, 181–182

Personal injunctive norms

, 163, 181–182

Personality traits

, 4–5

Person–environment fit theory (PE fit theory)

, 110

Pokemon Go (game)

, 6

Portable devices

, 159

Predictive relevance

, 190

Primary appraisal level

, 109

Principal component analysis

, 89

Product preference

, 80

Professionals

, 102–103

Public administration

, 47–48

digital transformation in

, 47–48

literature review and theoretical background

, 48–54

Public Administration 1.0

, 48

Public Administration 2.0

, 48

Public Administration 3.0

, 48–49

Public Administration 4.0

, 49–51

Public Administration 5.0

, 51

Public policy-making

, 50

Public service delivery

, 50

Public services

, 49–50

Q² value

, 190

Random forests

, 89

Reassessment level

, 109

Reinforcement learning (RL)

, 89

Research and development (R&D)

, 76, 79

Rewards-based crowdfunding

, 123–124

Risk

, 7, 62

Robot technology

, 146

Robotic process automation (RPA)

, 67

Robotics

, 131, 146

Robotization

, 2

Saber

, 147–148

Schneider Electric Manisa Factory (SEMF)

, 136

Secondary assessment level

, 109

Sector Prioritization Model

, 135

Self-configuration production ecosystems

, 130

Self-healing production ecosystems

, 130

Self-monitoring production ecosystems

, 130

Service delivery

, 47

Siemens

, 92

Siemens Amberg Digital Factory

, 134

Silent Generation

, 36, 39

Simulation

, 132, 142–143

Small Air Transport

, 152

Smart Factories

, 60, 131, 133

advantages

, 133

components

, 131–133

examples

, 134–136

industry 4.0 and smart factories applications

, 133–136

researches in context of smart factories in Turkey

, 135–136

studies in context of smart factories in world

, 133–135

Smart Manufacturing

, 5–6

Smart robots

, 142–143

Social enterprises

, 2–4

impact of digitalization on social enterprises

, 6–12

Social entrepreneurs

, 2, 5, 7, 20, 121

Social entrepreneurship

, 2–3, 5, 20, 120, 122

digitalization and technological advancement

, 5–6

impact of digitalization on social enterprises

, 6–12

impact of digitalization on social entrepreneurship in facilitating crowdfunding

, 124–125

innovation and entrepreneurs

, 4–5

Social exchange theory

, 108–109

Social impact

, 160

Social influence

, 179

Social innovation

, 5

Social media

, 52–53

Social networks

, 37

Social standards

, 159

Societal norms

, 182

Software as a Service (SaaS)

, 25–26

Sony Smartwatches

, 147

South Africa

, 102

Space

, 131

Spencer robot

, 146

Sportsmanship

, 104

Stakeholders

of businesses in economic and social process of digitalization effects

, 68–69

effects of digitalization on stakeholders in management process of businesses

, 64–66

effects of digitalization on stakeholders in production process of enterprises

, 66–68

Stone-Geisser’s predictive relevance test

, 190–191

Strategy

, 61–62

Stress

, 106

Structural model

, 187–190

Subjective norms

, 162–163, 178–179

Super Smart Society

, 51

Supervised learning

, 88–89

Supplemental fit

, 110

Supplementary congruence

, 110

Support vector machines

, 89

Sustainability

, 8

Targeted malware

, 80–81

Tax loss

, 81

Techno-complexity

, 107

Techno-insecurity

, 107

Techno-invasion

, 107

Techno-overload

, 107

Techno-uncertainty

, 107

Technological advancement

, 5–6

Technological developments

, 60–61

Technological devices

, 37–38

Technology

, 2, 32, 102

Technology acceptance model (TAM)

, 160, 178–179

hypothesis development

, 164–165

literature review

, 160–165

methodology

, 165–166

results

, 166–173

TAM2

, 160, 179

Technology adoption study

, 159

Technostress

, 103

and components

, 107

conceptual background

, 106–107

and dimensions

, 107

empirical literature

, 111–112

hypothesized model

, 112–113

theoretical framework

, 108–110

Telehealth

, 97

Telemedicine

, 5–6

Tesla

, 151

Thailand

, 158–159, 163–164, 180–181

Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

, 178

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

, 178

3D

printers

, 131

printing

, 142–143

Transaction-based model of stress

, 109–110

Transformation (see also Digital transformation (DT))

, 49–50, 60–61

obligation of forming new models in

, 79

Trust

, 51

TÜBİTAK

, 135

‘Turkish Airlines’ ‘Miles & Smiles’ programme

, 150

Tyson Foods

, 25

Uber

, 151

Uniform subjective norms

, 163

Unilever

, 25

Unsupervised learning

, 89

Urban Air Mobility (UAM)

, 152

Value management

, 61–62

Vestel Group of Companies

, 136

Virtual reality (VR)

, 2, 6, 142–143, 147

Virtual team leadership

, 77–78

Vocation fit

, 110

Walmart

, 25

Wearable technology

, 147

Web 1.0

, 52

Web 2.0

, 52

Web 3.0

, 52

Weberian bureaucracy

, 48

WeWalk

, 124

Workplace technostress

, 106–107

World GoFundMe

, 123

Xiaomi Smart Factory

, 134

Zorgprisma Publiek

, 91